HIV and AIDS - Class VIII

Gonorrhea is caused by a Diplococcus bacterium. The victim feels a burning sensation during urination. The incubation period is around 25 days. 

 HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4⁺ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cell. It, directly and indirectly, destroys CD4⁺ T cells.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by HIV in which a person's immunity is badly damaged such that any disease may effect his or her health adversely resulting in appreciable effect on the overall  life expectancy of that person.

AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is an infection which is caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The causative agent of the disease is a virus and so the disease can spread from one person to the other by sexual contact. The disease alsoe spreads through the use of teh infected needles, syringes and blood transfusion from the infected person.

AIDS is a disorder of cell-mediated immune system of the body. AIDS is transmitted only by a contact of infected cells containing the blood of a patient with the blood of a healthy person as in :

HIV is an enveloped retrovirus. Each virus particle contains two copies of an RNA genome. Hence HIV is a type of retrovirus which has an envelope enclosing the diploid RNA genome.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an enveloped retrovirus that specifically contains two identical molecules of single-stranded RNA and two molecules of the enzyme reverse transcriptase enclosed within its protein core.

HIV is transmitted through specific body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. It is not transmitted through casual contact, air, or contaminated water and food.

AIDS is primarily transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids, such as blood. Sharing needles and syringes is a high-risk activity for HIV transmission, whereas casual contact like shaking hands or mosquito bites does not spread the virus.

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is the standard screening test used to detect HIV antibodies in the blood. While Western Blot is used for confirmation, ELISA is the primary diagnostic test mentioned in this context.

Movement through a circuit is called as circulation. This term is generally used for fluid. Transfer is an act of moving of a thing from one place to another place. Conduction is conveying something though a passage or a medium. 
The act of moving something through a medium such as air, water insects etc., is called as transmission. This term is generally used for disease transmission. Therefore, option C is correct. 

Since, HIV causes AIDS. It affects the T-lymphocytes in the body and thus, cancer of lyphmatic system is more likely to occur in AIDS. 

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). HIV is transmitted primarily sexually, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles and from mother to child during pregnancy, breast-feeding.However, AIDS does not spread by mere hand-shake or sharing food.Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'It can be transmitted by shakehand and sharing food'.

if any pregnant female has AIDS and then without treatment, 1/3rd of children has the chance of getting HIV. That means, if 30 pregnant females AIDS patients are admitted to the hospital, therefore 10 children has the probability of having AIDS. However, this risk can be reduced to about one in 20 if females take the drug called zidovudine. Hence, the correct answer is option C.

AIDS is an infectious disease that spreads through sexual contact. It also spreads through blood transfusion, use of common needles and syringes or from infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or breast feeding.

Human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, is a human retrovirus that infects lymphocytes and causes AIDS. It spreads through body fluid by sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and through the placenta. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

AIDS is caused by the HIV virus when transferred body fluid from the infected person to the non-infected or healthy ones while sharing infected syringes or blood transfusion or breastfeeding from an infected person to a healthy one, sexual contact etc. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

AIDS and hepatitis-B are sexually transmitted diseases that are spread by contact with infected body fluids which include blood, semen, vaginal fluid or other body fluids through the mucous. Thus the correct answer is option A.

ELISA is the standard diagnostic test used to detect the presence of HIV antibodies in a patient's serum. Other options like endoscopy or electron microscopy are not standard diagnostic tools for HIV infection.

HIV virus is a retrovirus which contains single stranded RNA surrounded by protein coat (core shell) as genetic material. It causes AIDS.

The T helper cells are a type of T-cell that plays an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system. They help the activity of other immune cells by releasing T cell cytokines. When the HIV infects the man it enters into the T-helper cells for replication and they utilize energy from T- help cells. By the viral replication, T-helper cells get damaged and gradually reduced their numbers.

There are three stages in the development of AIDS. 

HIV spreads mainly by having sex or sharing injection drug equipment such as needles with someone who has HIV. Also, certain fluid like blood from an HIV-infected person can transmit HIV. So, the person who has multiple sex partners or who takes drugs intravenously (through needles, injections) and who require repeated blood transfusions are at high risk of HIV.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the RNA-containing virus belong to the retrovirus. It targets the immune system especially TH cells, where they replicate. As the virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient. It is transmitted from infected to healthy man through body fluid by sexual contact or sharing a needle with an infected person. The symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection. Though people living with HIV tend to be most infectious in the first few months, many are unaware of their status until later stages. The first few weeks after initial infection, individuals may experience no symptoms or an influenza-like illness including fever, headache, rash or a sore throat. It can be treated by using the anti-retroviral drug which is partially effective. Hence, the correct answer is option E.

The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. HIV is a retrovirus that uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA, which violates the standard flow of information.

• 'AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• The first AIDS cases in the world were reported in the United States in June 1981.
• In  India, in the year 1986, the first known case of HIV was diagnosed by Dr Suniti Solomon and her student Dr Sellappan Nirmala amongst female sex workers in Chennai, The virus found was HIV-1.
• Hence AIDS virus found in India is HIV-1.
• So, the correct answer is 'HIV-1'

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus.
• HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)belongs to the special class of viruses called retrovirus.with in this class HIV is placed in a subgroup called lentivirus.
• HIV consists of a viral envelope.with in the viral envelope 2 identical copies of single-stranded RNA are a present and reverse transcriptase enzyme. Hence HIV has a protein coat and a genetic material which is ss RNA.
• So, the correct answer is 'ss RNA'.

Rubella, also known as German measles is an infection caused by the rubella virus. Rubella can cross the placenta from an infected pregnant woman to her developing embryo or fetus after the first week of incubation.

• Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Congenital syphilis, which is passed from mother to child during fetal development or at birth. Nearly one-half of all children infected with syphilis while they are in the womb die shortly before or after birth.

• Acquired immunodeficiency virus is a serious infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). During pregnancy, the foetus is infected by HIV crossing the placenta. During childbirth, the baby is infected by HIV in the mother's cervical secretions or blood.

So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• AIDS spreads due to homosexuality, immoral way of life, infected blood, needles and syringes.
  
• AIDS does not spread from person to person through direct contact (touching a person who has the infection), indirect contact (touching a contaminated object), or droplet contact (inhaling droplets made when a person who has the infection coughs, sneezes, or talks). Hence AIDS does not spread by the handshake.
• So, the correct answer is 'By handshake'.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. 
  
• T-helper cells play an important role in adaptive immunity. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
• HIV destroys (CD4+ cells) T-helper cells. They're responsible for keeping you healthy from common diseases and infections. As HIV gradually weakens your natural defences, signs and symptoms will occur. Hence AIDS is due to a reduction in the number of helper T-cells. Hence HIV decreases natural immunity by attacking T-lymphocytes.
• So, the correct answer is 'Attacking T- lymphocytes'.

• AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
  
• T-helper cells play an important role in adaptive immunity. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
• HIV destroys(CD4+ cells) T-helper lymphocytes cells.They're responsible for keeping you healthy from common diseases and infections. As HIV gradually weakens your natural defences, signs and symptoms will occur.
• Hence HIV attacks T-helper cells. Hence AIDS is caused by HIV that principally infects T-4 helper lymphocytes.
• So, the correct answer is 'T -4 helper lymphocytes'.

Solution: 

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus.
• AIDS does not spread from person to person through direct contact (touching a person who has the infection), indirect contact (touching a contaminated object), or droplet contact (inhaling droplets made when a person who has the infection coughs, sneezes, or talks).
• Hence AIDS does not spreads through contact with clothes of an AIDS patient.
• So,the correct answer is 'Through contact with clothes of an AIDS patient'.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus
• T-helper cells play an important role in adaptive immunity. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
• HIV replicates rapidly in helper T-lymphocytes(CD 4) and damages a large number of them. They're responsible for keeping you healthy from common diseases and infections. As HIV gradually weakens your natural defences, signs and symptoms will occur.
• So, the correct answer is 'HIV replicates rapidly in helper T-lymphocytes and damages a large number of them'.

•  Vaccines typically work by triggering the immune system to produce antibodies that help to beat infections.
•  But most antibodies can't secure and neutralize HIV. 
• The proteins on the surface of the virus mutate rapidly and change shape continuously. 
• Hence, HIV does not escape but attacks the acquire immunity response is correct regarding AIDS causative HIV.
• So, the correct answer is 'HIV does not escape but attacks the acquire immunity response'.

• A retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. 
• Such viruses are either single-stranded RNA (e.g. HIV) or double-stranded DNA (e.g. Hepatitis B virus) viruses.
•  In most viruses, DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then RNA is translated into protein.
•  However, retroviruses function differently, as their RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA, which is integrated into the host cell's genome (when it becomes a provirus), and then undergoes the usual transcription and translational processes to express the genes carried by the virus. Hence, HIV belongs to the retrovirus group.

AIDS is a viral disease transmitted through certain body fluids such as semen, saliva, blood, the breast milk of an AIDS infected person by sexual contact,  breastfeeding from HIV-infected mother can transmit AIDS to the baby and by blood transfusion. During hug, no body fluid is entered into the body from one person to another. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is an infection which is caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The causative agent of the disease is a virus and so the disease can spread from one person to the other by sexual contact. The disease also spreads through the use of the infected needles, syringes and blood transfusion from the infected person.

HIV causes AIDS by destroying or depleting the number of CD4+ cells or they may functionally impair the cells. This reduces the ability of the immune system to fight against diseases. So, the correct option is 'depleting CD+4 T-helper lymphocytes'.

HIV multiplies in macrophages and then new viruses targets T - helper cells which makes the infected person immuno - deficient . So the correct option is "T- helper cells"

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus. When a person is infected by the HIV, it causes HIV infection. It affects the immune system of the body. It infects cells of the human immune system, such as helper T (T$ _H$) cells (CD$ _{4+}$ T cells), macrophages and dendritic cells. Due to this, it is difficult for the body to fight off other infections. 

AIDS virus destroys the immune system by attacking white blood cells called CD4 cells. HIV gets inside the CD4 cells and make copies of itself and then kills the CD4  cell. The new HIV copies find other CD4 cells to attack them. Thus, it destroys the immune cells, therefore reduces immunity. 

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) has a viral envelope, matrix proteins and core. The viral core consists of two single strands of RNA for its genome. The RNA genome consists of ribonucleotides (ribose + nitrogenous bases + phosphate) wherein thymine is replaced by uracil. The quick mutation rate of RNA genome makes it difficult to have a vaccine against it. The viral coat has trimeric glycoprotein gp120 which contacts CD4 terminal domain of the T4 cell. This contact leads to activation of gp120 followed by contact with chemokines receptor CCR5, a multipass membrane protein.  The result is activated gp41 which in turn cleaves gp120.  The terminal domain of gp41 interacts with the target cell and fuses with the T cell membrane to facilitate entry of virus with capsid into the cell.  RNA retroviruses have reverse transcriptase enzyme that synthesizes a DNA copy (cDNA) of viral RNA. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

HIV attacks and kills immune systems cells known as Helper T cells. Without Helper T cells many other immune system cells cannot work properly, including B cells that make antibodies 

HIV is a virus that targets and alters the immune system, increasing the risk and impact of other infections and diseases. It damages the immune system and infects macrophages, T- cells etc.

Symptoms of AIDS typically manifest when HIV replicates extensively and destroys a critical mass of helper T-lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells), severely compromising the immune system and leading to opportunistic infections.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a virus causing diphtheria. 
Rubella virus causes measles. 
Varicella virus causes chickenpox.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection is a disease of human immune system, which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It is transmitted through sexual contact, breastfeeding and blood transfusion.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The first AIDS case in India was detected in Solomon, a professor of microbiology in Government general hospital in Chennai in 1986 and since then HIV infection has been reported in all states and union territories.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

1 December is World AIDS Day, 29 December is Biological Diversity Day, 3 October is World Animal Day and 22 March is World Water Day.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the causative agent of AIDS. HIV is spread from an infected person to another person through direct contact with some of the body’s fluids like mother milk, blood, lymph and semen through sexual intercourse or by sharing the drug equipment like needles or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding or via blood transfusion.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to produced complementary strand of RNA, called as cDNA. This process occurs in RNA viruses. It was discovered by Howard Temin at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in RSV virions and independently isolated by David Baltimore in 1970 at MIT from RNA tumour viruses such as R-MLV and RSV. In 1975 Nobel Prize was awarded in Physiology or Medicine to both of them along with Renato Dulbecco. 

This is a factual question regarding historical or estimated epidemiological data for India. Based on standard textbook references for this specific question, 3,000,000 is the intended answer.

• AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
  
• The first AIDS cases were reported in the United States in June 1981.
  
• Hence AIDS was first reported in U.S.A in 1981.
  
• So, the correct answer is '1981'.
  

• AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• As HIV is liable to be transmitted to people, organisms, etc. through the environment. Hence it is an infectious disease.
• AIDS does not spread from person to person through direct contact (touching a person who has the infection), indirect contact (touching a contaminated object), or droplet contact (inhaling droplets made when a person who has the infection coughs, sneezes, or talks). Hence it is a non-contagious
• Hence AIDS Is infectious and non -contagious disease..
• So, the correct answer is 'Both B and C'. 

• AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• The first AIDS cases were reported in the United States in June 1981.
• Approximate number of AIDs patients worldwide is  36.9 million. Of these, 1.8 million were children (<15 years old). An estimated 1.8 million individuals worldwide became newly infected with HIV in 2017 – about 5,000 new infections per day
• So, the correct answer is '36.9 million'.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• AIDS does not spread from person to person through direct contact (touching a person who has the infection or kissing), indirect contact (touching a contaminated object or food), or droplet contact (inhaling droplets made when a person who has the infection coughs, sneezes, or talks). 
  
• AIDS virus(HIV) enters the human body through blood when wrongly transfused from an AIDS infected patient or usage of needles and syringes of the AIDS infected person.
• So, the correct answer is 'Blood'.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a serious immune disorder caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is different in structure from other retroviruses. It is composed of two copies of positive-sense single-stranded RNA. HIV replicates in T4 cells. AIDS is a sexually transmitted infection and transmitted through sexual contact and sharing infected needles. It is not spread by mere touch or physical contact. There is currently no cure or effective HIV vaccine. Treatment consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy which slows progression of the disease. HIV usually causes flu-like symptoms about two to four weeks after transmission. This short period of time is called acute infection.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus.
  
• T-helper cells play an important role in adaptive immunity. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
• HIV destroys(CD4+ cells) T-helper lymphocyte cells and reducing their number. They're responsible for keeping you healthy from common diseases and infections. As HIV gradually weakens your natural defences, signs and symptoms will occur.
• Hence HIV attacks T-helper cells.
• So, the correct answer is 'The causative HIV retroviruses enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their number.'.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)belongs to the special class of viruses called retrovirus.with in this class HIV is placed in a subgroup called lentivirus.
• HIV consists of a viral envelope.with in the viral envelope 2 identical copies of single-stranded RNA are a present and reverse transcriptase enzyme.
• Hence AIDS virus has single-stranded RNA.
• So, the correct answer is 'Single-stranded RNA'.

• AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus(retrovirus). It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• HIV destroys(CD4+ cells) T-helper cells.They're responsible for keeping you healthy from common diseases and infections. As HIV gradually weakens your natural defences, signs and symptoms will occur. Hence HIV selectively infects and kills T-lymphocytes.
• So, the correct answer is 'Option C'.

After entering into the body of a person, HIV enters into macrophages, where RNA genome of the virus replicates to produce viral DNA with the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase which gets incorporated into host cell's DNA and directs the cells to produce virus particles. Macrophages continue to produce viruses. Simultaneously, HIV enters into helper T- lymphocytes, replicates and produce more viruses which are released in blood and they attack other lymphocytes causing repeated decrease in T- lymphocytes. Due to this person starts suffering from infections that could have been otherwise overcome. So the correct option is "when HIV damages large number of helper T- lymphocytes"   

AIDS-related complex (ARC) is a phase of HIV infection described clinically but no longer commonly diagnosed in practice. ARC lacks only the opportunistic infections and neoplasms which define AIDS. ARC patients usually show symptoms of fatigue, weight loss upto 10%, night sweats, along with superficial fungal infections of the mouth and fingernails and toenails.

AIDS is caused by HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus). HIV is a member of a group of the retrovirus. Retrovirus has envelope enclosing the RNA genome. HIV is enveloped virus that contains two identical molecules of single-stranded RNA and two molecules of reverse transcriptase.

Explanation: An acquired disorder is a medical condition which develops post-fetally; in contrast with a congenital disorder, which is present at birth. A congenital disorder may be antecedent to an acquired disorder.

AIDS-related complex or ARC is the initial phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and it includes symptoms such as low-grade fever, weight loss, diarrhea, bacterial/fungal infections etc. Whereas AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is the advanced form of HIV infection.
So, the correct answer is 'Initial form of AIDS'.

STD are sexually transmitted diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact. Treponema pallidum is a bacterium that causes syphilis disease. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a bacterium that causes Gonorrhea disease. Hepatitis B virus causes hepatitis disease. Out of these diseases, Syphilis is very difficult to diagnose. Hence, this makes it the most dangerous STD.

1. Yeast -  Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the scientific name for baker's yeast.
2. Virus - HIV or Human immunodeficiency virus is the virus which causes AIDS
3. Rhizobium - These are the bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside the root nodules of legumes.

The sexually transmitted diseases also called venereal diseases, are spread by sexual intercourse with an infected person. The major venereal diseases are syphilis and gonorrhea. Gonorrhoea is caused by a diplococcus bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The victim feels burning sensation and pain during urination. Thus option A is the correct answer.

 Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, that is caused by a parasite. Untreated Syphilis or tertiary syphilis can affect both heart & brain. Its symptoms vary depending on the organ system affected. 

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium sp and pneumonia by Diplococcus pneumonia. 

Syphilis is a type of sexually transmitted disease , which is caused by a bacteria . It starts as painless sores . It is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum . So the correct option is 'syphilis' . 

AIDS, genital herpes and hepatitis B are not completely curable STDs. AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Genital herpes is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus and hepatitis B is caused by Hepatitis B Virus.

Confirmatory tests for STDs are culture and microscopic observation with specific staining, detection of specific antigen/antibody using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), DNA hybridisation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Syphilis is caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) which is transmitted through sexual intercourse with infected person. Haemophilia is an X-linked genetic disorder of blood, It is not transmitted via any sexual practice. Genital herpes is an STD while sickle-cell anaemia is an autosomal hereditary disorder. The chances of a 5 years old boy contacting an STD are very rare since he is unlikely to have sex at this age. So, the correct answer is 'The chances of a 5-years boy contracting a STD are very rare'.

• Fluid or tissue scrap taken from the lesions and sores that appear in early stages of disease are used to diagnose if the patient is infected with viral infection or not.
• The stains used are such that it may stain the acidic genetic material present in the rapidly dividing cells of the virus or bacteria
• Since the fluid that is taken from the early lesions that appear on the skin in the early stage of the disease have syncytial condition ie more amount of genetic material is present therefore the staining will take place properly.
• 1% toluidine blue is basic dye that will stain the nucleic acid blue.
• Methylene blue is used to observe microscopic life under the microscope. It usually stains the outer wall or membrane of the organism.
• Alcian blue is used to stain acidic polysaccharide in muscles and tissue in histological studies.
• Coomassie blue is used for studying proteins as it stains the protein band blue color so that it can be observed as blue bands with a clear background as it does not stain any other thing in cell.
• Therefore the option C is correct as toluidine is the only dye her which will stain the acidic genetic material in the dividing cells of the virus.
• So, the correct answer is '1% toluidine blue'
  

STD's are the sexually transmitted disease that can be transferred from one organism to another by the exchange of body fluids.