Blood and lymph - class-IX

Lymph is colourless as it does not contain RBC, in higher animals the respiratory pigment haemoglobin is contained only in the RBC and does not occur dispersed in body fluids. Therefore, statement i is wrong.

Lymph consists of proteins- albumin, fibrinogen etc, nitrogenous waste, WBCs, lymphocytes, carbohydrates, fats and 94% water. It does not contain RBCs that are found in abundance in blood and platelets.

Lymph is in contact with the cells/tissues of the organs as interstitial fluid, this fluid is drained in the lymphatic vessels, that connects to the venous system. In this manner interstitial fluid is returned to the blood.

Lymph has a pale yellow colour due to absence of RBCs and platelets,  it has abundance of WBCs, Lymphocytes, carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nitrogenous waste.

Lymphatic system is a network present throughout all tissues in the body. It removes wastes, bacteria and excess water from the tissue fluid. The fluid present in the lymphatic vessels is called as lymph. In lymph, escaped blood cells and proteins are collected and returned back to the heart in the form of interstitial fluid. Interstitial fluid is a fluid that bathes the cells of multicellular animals.

The spleen is the largest organ in the lymphatic system. It is an important organ for keeping bodily fluids balanced, but it is possible to live without it. The spleen is located under the ribcage and above the stomach in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.
So, the correct option is "A" (Spleen).

Lymph is a liquid made up of plasma, WBCs, clotting factors but does not contain RBCs and form a system in a body known as lymphatic system and flows in lymph capillaries. It transports fatty acid in the form of chyle through the digestive system and WBCs through lymph nodes to bones.

Blood and lymph are specialized connective tissues. They lack the fiber-secreting cells (fibroblasts) found in other connective tissues because they are fluid and do not require a structural matrix of fibers.

Red blood cells, lymph, and blood platelets are all components of the circulatory system. Option B is a grammatically incomplete phrase and does not represent a biological component.

Reticular fibers (type III collagen) are thin collagen fibers not typically detected with routine H & E staining. However, these fibers stain black with silver stain and are often called argyrophilic fibers. The spleen demonstrates the supportive network of reticular fibers present in many organs. In this slide, the delicate reticular fibers are black and the thick collagen fibers are red/brown.

The tissue, which forms the basic structure of lymphoid organs, spleen etc., is lymphoid tissue. Cells and organs that make up the lymphatic system, such as white blood cells (leukocytes), bone marrow, and the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Lymphoid tissue has several different structural organizations related to its particular function in the immune response. The most highly organized lymphoid tissues are in the thymus and lymph nodes, which are well-defined encapsulated organs with easily identifiable architectures. In the spleen, the lymphoid tissue is a cylinder of loosely organized cells surrounding small arteries. 

Spleen is the largest lymph node of body. A special type of connective tissue is filled in spleen, which is called pulp. Splenic pulp has two parts - white pulp and red pulp. The white pulp is scattered in the form of patches of long and irregular sized lymphatic endothelium. The meshes of this network are studded with numerous splenic cells and lymphocytes. The red pulp forms major part of spleen. It is reddish in colour due to excessive RBCs. It is made up of venous sinuses. Red pulp of spleen contains erythrocytes and blood filled sinuses.

The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body and is positioned in the superior abdomen. The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood, which can be valuable in case of hemorrhagic shock, blood loss and also recycles iron. It purifies the blood and helps the immune system to recognize and attack foreign antibodies and disease. The spleen is composed of the red and white pulp. The white pulp produces and grows immune cell as well as blood cells. On the other hand, the red pulp is responsible for purifying the blood and removing dead or old blood cells. 

Lymph is a colourless fluid and connective tissue. It carries an excess of the extracellular fluid back to the venous system or it absorbs the excess fluid from the tissue and to return it to the blood. Lymphatic capillaries join and form lymphatic vessels further it forms lymphatic ducts. It is of two types: thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. A small bean- shaped lymphoid organ surrounded by fibrous connective tissue carries fluid, nutrients & waste material between the body are lymph nodes or lymph glands.

Blood is red in colour due to presence of RBCs. Blood plasma contains RBCs, WBCs and platelets. It can clot due to presence of more amount of fibrinogen. Lymphs are colourless due to absence of RBCs. The lymph plasma contains WBCs and lymphocytes. It contains diffusible proteins. It clots slowly due to presence of less fibrinogen.

The spleen is a brownish fist-sized organ located in the upper left side of the abdomen, tucked into a space between the stomach, pancreas and left kidney. It’s one of those organs that people know about, but aren’t sure what it does. Essentially, the spleen is a storage container and filter for blood, though it is part of the lymphatic system. In fact, it’s the largest lymph node in the body. One of its tasks is to remove harmful bacteria and viruses in the blood stream. Its other major task is removing or storing certain blood cells. Blood is not stored in heart, kidney and lymph. Thus, option C is correct.

Spleen is one of the most important organ of the body. Here are few of its functions
1) In fetal and some part of the neonatal period the spleen works not only as the storehouse of red blood cells or RBCs , but also is one of the important organ for hematopoiesis I.e., the formation of new RBCs. 
2) It also acts as a storehouse of various types of white blood cells or WBCs which are used to fight against various infections like pneumococcus, meningococcus etc.
3) It is also known as graveyard of RBC as old and damaged RBC are destroyed in spleen. 

Lymph does not contain RBCs and blood platelets. Leucocyte count is low but the lymphocyte (WBCs) content is quite high due to passage of lymph through lymph nodes. 

Spleen is a large lymphatic organ, about the size of a clenched fist, reddish brown in colour and situated in the abdomen behind the stomach and above the left kidney.

Spleen is a large lymphatic organ,about the size of a clenched fist, reddish brown in colour and situated in the abdomen, behind the stomach and above the left kidney.

Cellular part of lymph contains only leukocytes (mostly lymphocytes) and no blood platelets.

Functions:- 
1. It acts like a blood reservoir. In an emergency such as haemorrhage, physical or emotional stress, or in carbon monoxide poisoning, the spleen releases the stored blood into the blood stream.
2. It produces lymphocytes.
3. It destroys worn out RBC, so also known as graveyard of RBC.
4. In an embryo it produces RBC.

Spleen is a large lymphatic organ, about the size of a clenched fist, reddish brown in colour and situated in the abdomen behind the stomach and above the left kidney.

Lymph supplies oxygen, nutrients, hormones, etc to the cells and removes metabolic wastes from the cells. It destroys microorganisms in the lymph nodes and prevents spreading of infections. It absorbs and transports fat, fat soluble vitamins and minerals from intestine. It maintains the volume of blood. It returns proteins and fluids to the blood. 

All such functions that need transport are performed by the two circulating fluids the blood and the lymph. Beside transport, These fluids has some other functions also.

Spleen's main function is to act as a filter for blood. It recognizes and removes old, malformed, or damaged red blood cells. It destroys worn out RBC  (sharing this function with liver)

Lymph is an integral part of the circulatory system which plays an important role in the defensive mechanism. It does not absorb vitamins and minerals but fats from the intestinal villi.

Lymph is the interstitial fluid present in the tissue space and it has accumulated due to the pressure difference between the arteries and the veins. It has a composition similar to that of the blood plasma, that it contains small solutes, water ions, proteins lymphocytes etc.

Since the lymph is derived from the interstitial fluid, its composition continually changes as the blood and the surrounding cells continually exchange substances with the interstitial fluid. It is generally similar to blood plasma, which is the fluid component of blood. Lymph returns proteins and excess interstitial fluid to the blood stream. Lymph may pick up bacteria and bring them to lymph nodes, where they are destroyed. Metastatic cancer  cells can also be transported via lymph. Lymph also transports fats from the digestive system (beginning in the lacteals) to the blood via chylomicrons.

A. Spleen also referred to as the graveyard of RBCs removes worn-out RBCs and fights infections. It is a part of the lymphatic system

Interstitial fluid is present in the extracellular matrix by the difference in the pressure of the arteries and veins. This interstitial fluid forms lymph that flows in the lymphatic capillaries. These are similar in their composition of proteins, water, and the lymphocytes. Blood flows in the blood vessels and has more proteins than interstitial fluid and lymph. Blood also has the RBCs that are absent in interstitial fluid and lymph. 

• Antigens are foreign particles that stimulate immune response activating the immune system and WBCs. Antigens are carried by lymph to lymph nodes where they are taken care by lymphocytes.
• Toxins are metabolic wastes or substances secreted by bacteria, viruses or fungi which can be harmful and have to be excreted from the system. Toxins in the interstitial fluid are removed by lymph.
• Interstitial fluid is the extracellular fluid in which cells are bathed. They contain metabolic wastes and CO2 which are absorbed into venules. The left out interstitial fluid is removed by lymph vessels.

Lymph is watery clear fluid or colorless because it lacks red blood cells (erythrocytes). It consists of plasma and white blood cells (leucocytes) only.

The spleen is often referred to as the graveyard of red blood cells, because the majority of the injured RBC get destroyed there. 

Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements. As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some water along with many small water-soluble substances move out into the spaces between the cells of tissues leaving the larger proteins and most of the formed elements (RBC, WBC and Platelets) in the blood vessels. This fluid released out is called the interstitial fluid or tissue fluid. An elaborate network of vessels called the lymphatic system collects this fluid and drains it back to the major veins. The fluid present in the lymphatic system is called the lymph. WBC are present in lymph. Hence the main difference in blood and lymph is the absence of RBC.

The red pulp of the spleen is composed of splenic sinuses and splenic cords, which are filled with red blood cells, giving it its characteristic red color.

The spleen contains white pulp (lymphoid tissue) and red pulp (vascular tissue). The trabeculae provide structural support, and the spaces between them are occupied by these two types of pulp.

The spleen acts as a reservoir for blood cells, storing red blood cells and platelets, and it also plays a role in immune function by housing white blood cells.

The spleen receives blood via the splenic artery, which carries oxygenated blood from the aorta. Other organs like the lungs and gills are involved in gas exchange and receive deoxygenated blood.

Cords of Billroth, also known as splenic cords, are found in the red pulp of the spleen and consist of a network of reticular fibers and cells.

The spleen receives arterial blood directly from the splenic artery, which is oxygenated. Lungs and gills receive deoxygenated blood for gas exchange.

• Lymph is the part of the lymphatic system, which is a colourless watery fluid which contains lymphocytes and proteins.
• They are colourless because they lack red blood cells. 
• The red blood cells contain haemoglobin protein which gives a red colour to the blood. So, the correct answer is 'RBC are absent'.

Lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid from tissues and return it to the venous blood circulation, maintaining fluid balance.

Lymph does not transport red blood cells; it primarily transports lymphocytes, fats, and interstitial fluid.

The endothelial cells form a one-cell-thick walled layer called endothelium that lines all of our blood vessels such as arteries, arterioles, venules, veins, and capillaries. Smooth muscle cells layer beneath the endothelial cells. 

The Cords of Billroth (also known as splenic cords or red pulp cords) are found in the red pulp of the spleen between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages. These cords contain half of the human body's monocytes as a reserve so that after tissue injury these monocytes can move in and aid locally sourced monocytes in wound healing.

The splenic artery branches off from the aorta and the celiac trunk to deliver oxygenated blood to the spleen, while the splenic vein carries deoxygenated blood away from the spleen to the hepatic portal vein. 

The splenic artery supplying the organ spleen is the branch of the coeliac artery which itself is a branch of the abdominal aorta. The abdominal aorta is a branch of dorsal aorta/systemic aorta.

Non-cellular part; water - 94%
Solids (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, enzymes, antibodies etc) - 6%.

• Lymph is a fluid which flows through the lymphatic system of the body and takes part in transportation. Lymph is formed by the seepage of blood plasma, proteins, and few blood cells through the pores of capillaries.
  
• Lymph transports protein, fats and other nutrients from the digestive system. Lymph also collects bacteria and other pathogens from the bloodstream and brings to the lymph nodes to destroy them. Lymph mainly contains blood plasma with some white blood cells.
  

Lymph is a clear fluid that does NOT transport red blood cells (RBCs). The actual functions of lymph include: draining excess tissue fluid from intercellular spaces, transporting lymphocytes and antibodies for immune function, and transporting absorbed dietary fats from the small intestine via lacteals. Option A is the correct answer as it is NOT a lymph function.

The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood, which can be valuable in case of hemorrhagic shock, blood loss and also recycles iron. It purifies the blood and helps the immune system to recognize and attack foreign antibodies and disease. The spleen is composed of the red and white pulp. The white pulp produces and grows immune cell as well as blood cells. On the other hand, the red pulp is responsible for purifying the blood and removing dead or old blood cells.

Essentially, the spleen is a storage container and filter for blood, though it is part of the lymphatic system. In fact, it’s the largest lymph node in the body. One of its tasks is to remove harmful bacteria and viruses in the blood stream. Its other major task is removing or storing certain blood cells. The spleen is composed of two primary regions namely, red pulp and white pulp. The red pulp makes up for little more than three-fourth of the spleen. A region designated marginal zone is a transition area that separates it from the white pulp. Red pulp is red because it has many small cavities (sinusoids) where the spleen stores blood in case of injury or other situations where the body needs extra blood. This blood reserve has a high count of platelets, an essential component for blood coagulation to help stop bleeding. In liver, kidney and heart blood can not be stored. Thus, option A is correct.

The lymphatic system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood. Of the fluid that leaves the capillary, about 90 percent is returned. The 10 percent that does not return becomes part of the interstitial fluid that surrounds the tissue cells. It helps in exchange of gasses, nutrients and removes the metabolic waste. It is devoid of RBC. So, the correct answer is option B.

The lymphatic system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood. Of the fluid that leaves the capillary, about 90 percent is returned. The 10 percent that does not return becomes part of the interstitial fluid that surrounds the tissue cells. It helps in exchange of gasses, nutrients and removes the metabolic waste. It is devoid of RBC. It contains fewer proteins than plasma and lacks RBC.  So, the correct answer is option A.

Lymph is watery clear fluid or colorless because it lacks red blood cells (erythrocytes). It consists of plasma and white blood cells (leucocytes) only.

WBCs are divided into leucocytes and lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are further divided into macrophages and monocytes. These cells help in the engulfment of any foreign particles inhaled or ingested by our body. Lymphocytes are considered as soldier cells of our body. A Large proportion of these cells is found in the lymphatic system wherein the lymph is present. Thus lymph provides immunity. So, the correct answer is option A.