Transport and Communication Systems - Class-XII

Table is not a means of communication.

The telegraph service was officially discontinued in India in 2013 due to the rise of modern digital communication tools. The other options remain active.

Air transport is universally recognized as the fastest method for moving passengers and goods over long distances compared to rail, water, or road.

Tata Motors is a major multinational automotive manufacturing company known for producing cars, trucks, and buses.

Indirect costs of accidents include lost productivity and time, while direct costs typically involve medical expenses and property damage. Both are considered significant economic impacts of workplace accidents.

All India Radio (Akashvani) maintains one of the largest terrestrial radio networks in the world, covering a vast majority of the Indian population.

In ancient times, before modern technology, humans used trained animals (like horses) and birds (like carrier pigeons) to transport messages over distances.

Communication is vital for disseminating government information, providing entertainment, and alerting the public to natural disasters, making all listed options correct.

National Savings Certificates (NSC) are a fixed income investment scheme that can be opened at any post office in India.

Fax (facsimile) is a form of communication between two specific parties, making it a tool for personal or business communication rather than mass broadcasting.

The telegraph was a point-to-point messaging system; its function has been largely superseded by modern telephone and mobile communication technologies.

Radio is a highly accessible medium in rural areas, providing farmers with essential updates on market prices, weather, and agricultural techniques.

Postal services have existed for centuries, long predating electronic telecommunication and radio broadcasting.

According to GSMA (Global System for Mobile Communications Association) Intelligence’s 2015 operator rankings, China Mobile had 886 million connections at the end of 2015 compared with Vodafone’s 461 million. The China giant, with networks in China and Pakistan, had revenue of £69.4 billion last year, while Vodafone’s turnover was £40.2 billion.

Special arrangements exist in all major cities for expeditious delivery of local mail through this system. Unregistered first-class mail emanating from a town and meant for delivery within that town are delivered the next day of posting. Green coloured letter boxes are installed at selected post offices for local mail.

Indian Postal service  with 155333 post offices is the most widely distributed post office system in the world.

B.  Kerala

According to National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), at present India boasts of a huge network of 33 lakh kilometres, making it the second largest road network in the world. This network, which includes both paved and unpaved roads, is categorised as National Highways, State Highways, major District roads, Rural and Other roads.

Historically, ancient travelers from India crossed the Himalayas via various mountain passes to reach Central Asia and beyond.

In the postal system, first-class mail consists of letters, postcards, and envelopes, which are given priority handling.

The Quick Mail Service (QMS) is one of the great innovations adopted by the
Indian Post office in recent years to facilitate the quick transmission of inland mail. This
service was inaugurated on 15th April 1975. 

Speed post is means of India’s postal service. Speed post is nothing but the deliverable commodity is delivered more quickly than the normal time it usually takes. They are more reliable and faster.

STD and ISD are associated with telephone network.

STD: Stands for subscriber trunk dialing. It was called when subscribers used to make long distance calls without operators assistance. But these days we hardly hear this as calling became very easy with introduction of new advanced networks.

ISD: Stands for International subscriber dialing. This term is used when calls are made out of the country.

Post offices in India have unique identification number for safe delivery of mail called PIN. PIN stands for Postal Index Number. This post code system is very much essential in India for safe and easy delivery. It is a six digit number.

Communication system refers to the channels by which exchange of ideas, information, news and views takes place between different individuals, groups and institutions.Therefore radio,email and mobile are all means of communication.

The early postal system was used only for official purposes.

Antenna gain is proportional to the square of the frequency. Since the frequency increases by a factor of 5 (from 4/6 GHz to 20/30 GHz), the required diameter decreases by the same factor. 20m / 5 = 4m.

B. Roadways

Trails and footpaths long were the only means of communication in the Himalayas. Although those continue to be important, especially in the more remote locations, road transport now has made the Himalayas accessible from both north and south. In Nepal an east-west highway stretches through the Tarai lowlands, connecting roads that penetrate into many of the country’s mountain valleys.

The name of this satellite was intelset. It was niknamed as early bird. It was launched on April 6, 1965. It was built by space and communication group of Hughes aircraft company. It was the first communicational satellite launched in geosynchronous orbit. Hence it is an geostationary satellite.

• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is one of the most common analogue multiple access methods. The frequency band is divided into channels of equal bandwidth so that each conversation is carried on a different frequency .
•  Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)  is a channel access method for shared-medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots.The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using its own time slot.
• Code-division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel.

When a satellite enters the Earth's shadow (eclipse), it loses solar power and its temperature drops significantly, typically stabilizing around 123 K.

The sky noise temperature is a measure of the thermal radiation from the sky, which is quite low at microwave frequencies, typically around 30 K.

• A single geostationary satellite is on a line of sight with about 40 percent of the earth's surface. 
  
• Three such satellites, each separated by 120 degrees of longitude, can provide coverage of the entire plane the north and south geographic poles.

Indian Railways is the primary mode of long-distance passenger transport in India, carrying millions of passengers daily.

The Lipulekh Pass in Uttarakhand is the traditional route used by pilgrims traveling to Mount Kailash and Mansarovar in Tibet.

Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) service was first introduced in India between Kanpur and Lucknow in 1960.

The Jawahar Tunnel is a major road tunnel located in Jammu and Kashmir, providing an all-weather connection through the Banihal Pass.

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is the autonomous agency of the Government of India responsible for the development and maintenance of the National Highways network.

Road transport is the primary and most common mode used to connect villages and towns. Other options like airways or waterways are generally used for long-distance or specialized travel.

Waterways are considered the cheapest means of transportation because they do not require the construction of tracks or roads and can carry large volumes of goods efficiently.

Postal and telegraph services are categorized as personal communication because they are primarily used to send messages between individuals.

Airways is the fastest means of transportation, with jet aircraft capable of speeds exceeding 900 km/h. While railways are efficient for ground transport, they cannot match the speed of air travel. Waterways are the slowest, and roadways (not 'roaways') are intermediate in speed depending on the vehicle and road quality.

Noise pollution is caused by the loud and constant sounds generated by engines, horns, and traffic movement in urban areas.

Pollution introduces harmful substances into the environment, which damages ecosystems, health, and natural resources, thus having a destructive effect.

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is considered a cleaner fuel compared to petrol or diesel, as it produces significantly fewer pollutants when burned in vehicle engines.

In historical times, before modern engines, long-distance travel across oceans and seas was primarily conducted using sailing ships.

A cycle is a human-powered vehicle that does not burn fuel, making it a non-polluting mode of transport compared to motorized vehicles.

Nearly one crore vehicles are running
on Andhra Pradesh roads and about three
fourth of them are two wheelers.  The
functioning of transport system also
requires many support activities – petrol/
diesel pump stations, repairing shops, shops
selling transport vehicles and spare parts.

The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation employs 1,20,000 persons to run its 20,000 buses so that these buses go all over Andhra Pradesh carrying Lakhs of people every day.

Most cities in our country are now experiencing pollution problems, congestion and traffic blocks. If there is no good public transport system more people start buying private vehicles, which can further increase the traffic blocks in urban areas because the roads may not be broad enough to accommodate all these vehicles. 

The first week of every year, the Road Transport departments all over the country celebrate Road Safety Week. On this occasion, they give guidelines to people to follow traffic rules.

People use a particular mode of transport depending on the facilities available and affordability. If the cost of travel is high, people may not be able to move from one place to another easily.

The ability for (relatively) anyone to travel anywhere in the world, the ability to communicate with nearly anyone (especially via social media), and greater access to the Internet and technology in general all contribute to the global village.

Pipeline transport is the long-distance transportation of a liquid or gas through a system of pipes—a pipeline—typically to a market area for consumption

The reason is that it is situated underground which means that it is not affected by any of the delays that might be caused on the roads and the railways for example traffic or labor delay.

Matching the terms: Internet is a means of communication (a-iv), Canal route is an inland waterway (b-iii), Urban areas are centers of trade/services (c-i), and Compact settlement refers to closely built houses (d-ii).

Metalled and unmetalled varieties are types of roads.

Metalled roads: These are the roads made of successive layers of smaller stones, until the road surface was composed of small stones compacted into a hard, durable surface. These are made up of cement concrete or coal tar. 

Unmetalled roads: Roads made up of mud and gravel which are generally found in the rural areas. These are uncovered roads.

Communication involves the transmission of verbal and non-verbal messages. It consists of a sender, a receiver and a channel of communication. In the process of transmitting messages, the clarity of the message may be interfered with or distorted by what is often referred to as barriers.

 A highway network formed by connection of 4 major cities of India-Mumbai,Delhi,Chennai and Kolkata

For quick and easy deliver of mails in towns and cities different channels have been introduced like Rajdhani channel, Metro channel and Green channel

Green channel exists in all major cities for delivering of local mails. A mail from a town posted to the same town is delivered the next day through the green channel. Green post boxes are installed for this purpose.

Samuel Morse successfully demonstrated the telegraph in 1844, sending the first message from Washington D.C. to Baltimore.

It stands for Automatic Repeat Request or Automatic Repeat Quary. It is a scheme proposed for satellite communications. It is an error control mechanism for data transmission. 

It was syncom 3. It was launched in 1964. This was launched in the orbit near the International Date Line had the addition of the wideband channel for television. It was used to telecast olympics in Tokyo in 1964.

The first week of every year, the Road Transport departments all over the country celebrate Road Safety Week. On this occasion, they give guidelines to people to follow traffic rules. The theme for road safety week 2017 was “Your safety, secures your family-Be cautious on Roads”.