Measures to alleviate unemployment - class-XII

Unemployment insurance provides a financial safety net for individuals who have lost their jobs. This allows them to maintain their standard of living and consumption levels during periods of joblessness.

Structural unemployment is considered the most significant and persistent form of unemployment in India, arising from a mismatch between the skills of the workforce and the requirements of the economy.

Under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), employment must be provided within 15 days of application, failing which an unemployment allowance is payable. The responsibility for funding this allowance lies with the State Governments.

The Mid Day Meal scheme is one of the largest school feeding programmes in the world, aimed at enhancing enrollment, attendance, and retention in schools while improving nutritional levels.

NREGA (now MGNREGA) guarantees at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was launched to encourage cities to initiate steps for bringing about improvement in existing civic service levels in a sustainable manner.

The Right to Education Act provides for free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years.

Disguised unemployment occurs when more people are employed than are actually needed for a job, often resulting in low productivity. In the context of a depression, taking inferior jobs is often a sign of underemployment or disguised unemployment.

The Mid Day Meal scheme was primarily launched to improve the nutritional status of children and to encourage school attendance and education.

The Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) was specifically designed to provide self-employment opportunities to educated unemployed youth.

The Mid Day Meal scheme provides cooked meals to children attending government and government-aided schools.

Unemployment is generally considered more prevalent in urban areas due to the migration of labor and the nature of the urban job market.

Frictional unemployment occurs when people are between jobs or searching for a new one, making it a temporary phenomenon.

Frictional unemployment is short-term as it relates to the transition period between jobs.

Disguised unemployment is a significant issue in the Indian agricultural sector, where more people are working on a piece of land than is required.

The backlog of unemployment in India has generally been increasing or remaining high due to population growth and the slow pace of job creation.

Voluntary unemployment occurs when a person chooses not to work at the prevailing wage rate, often because they are waiting for a specific type of job, such as a white-collar role.

Structural unemployment, not cyclical, is generally considered the main problem in India, as it stems from deep-seated issues in the economy and education system.

Employment exchanges in India have historically been criticized for their lack of efficiency and inability to effectively match job seekers with employers.

Unemployment statistics typically account for individuals in the working-age group, which is conventionally defined as 15 to 60 years.

India and Japan have vastly different economic structures, labor markets, and demographic profiles, leading to different types of unemployment problems.

The Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) was launched in December 2001 to provide shelter or upgrade existing shelters for people living below the poverty line in urban slums.

As an economy develops, the workforce typically shifts from the primary sector (agriculture) to the secondary (manufacturing) and tertiary (services) sectors. This structural transformation is a hallmark of economic growth in India.

A large population can be an asset if it is skilled, healthy, and productive, or a liability if it lacks resources and employment opportunities. Therefore, its impact depends on the economic conditions and human capital development of the country.

Historically, among the listed countries, Malaysia has maintained a significantly lower unemployment rate compared to India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka due to its different stage of industrialization and labor market dynamics.

The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was designed to provide up to 100 days of unskilled manual work to rural households in need of employment during the lean agricultural season.

The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was officially launched by the Government of India on October 2, 1993, to provide wage employment in rural areas.

Pankaj Saran, the 1982-batch officer of Indian Foreign Service (IFS), has been appointed as the new Deputy National Security Advisor (NSA). He will at post for a period of two years, on deputation basis initially till the date of his superannuation, i.e., November 30, 2018, then on re-employment on contract basis. Currently, he is Indias envoy to Russia. 

NREGS stands for the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, which was later renamed to include the name of Mahatma Gandhi (MGNREGS).

Agriculture remains the primary source of livelihood for a large portion of the Indian population, historically accounting for roughly 50 percent of the total workforce.

Voluntary unemployment occurs when a person chooses not to work at the prevailing wage rate, whereas involuntary and disguised unemployment are forms of economic hardship where individuals are unable to find suitable work.

Though the classification is proposed to be abolished as the CPI will be of two kinds onlythe CPI (Urban) and the CPI (Rural)as recommended by the Abhijit Sen Committee set up on Inflation data by the Planning Commission. 

Provision of employment under poverty alleviation programmes enables security of livelihood for the poor leading to lesser migration to urban areas for job opportunities. This leads to entrapping of surplus labor in productive activities and increased agricultural productivity.

MNREGA 2005 is a law which is implemented by the Government of India in 200 districts of the country. It is referred to as 'Right to Work' because it guarantees 100 days of employment in a year by the government to all those who are able to work and in case of failure unemployment allowances will be given. The job card under the MNRGA is provided within 15 days.

MNREGA provides a legal right to work, mandates time-bound employment, offers unemployment allowances if work is not provided, and ensures basic facilities at the worksite.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is a social security scheme that aims to provide livelihood, sustenance, and employment to the rural communities and laborers in India.  Later renamed as MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act).

Following are the goals of MGNREGA:
a) Deepen democracy at the grassroots by strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions.
b) Social protection for the most vulnerable people living in rural India by guaranteeing wage employment opportunities.
c) Enhance livelihood security of the rural poor through generation of wage employment opportunities in works leading to creation of durable assets.
d) Empowerment of the socially disadvantaged, especially, women, Scheduled Castes (SCs)and Scheduled Tribes (STs), through the processes of a rights-based legislation.
e) Reduce poverty, etc.

Features for implementing the MNREGA are as follows:-
a) This act targets schedule tribe, schedule castes and poor women who suffers from poverty
b) Gram Panchayat after proper verification will register households. The job card is the legal document that entitles a person to ask, for work under the act and to get work within 15 days of the demand for work, failing which an unemployment allowance would be payable.
c) To provide livelihood to the people below the poverty line, this scheme guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a year to every rural household in the country.

The reduction of poverty is been given priority in this Act and its, main goal is to remove poverty and create fuller employment. The most important factor which influences the status of a poor is employment. Rural unemployment as a condition under which the worker would be willing to work longer hours or more intensively far a higher income but could have no opportunity of doing so due to the absence of opportunities for working. 

Features of NREGA are as follows :-
a) It guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work
b) One-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women.
c)  If an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days, she/he will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.

NREGA   - NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT
MGNREGA - MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT.

NREGA, 2005 is a law which is implemented by government of India in 200 districts of India. It is referred to as 'Right to Work' because it guarantees 100 days of employment in a year by the government to all those who are able to work and in case of failure unemployment allowances will be given.

NREGA (now MGNREGA) includes provisions for a legal right to work, time-bound employment, unemployment allowances, and mandatory worksite facilities.

NREGA is significant because it empowers rural households to demand work, mandates gender representation, and prohibits the use of contractors or labor-displacing machinery to ensure the benefits reach the workers directly.

Works permitted under NREGA are focused on rural infrastructure and natural resource management, including water conservation, drought proofing, and irrigation projects.

NREGA mandates specific facilities at worksites to ensure inclusivity and safety, including support for child care and specific provisions for single women.

The NREGA act establishes a clear, tiered grievance redressal mechanism, allowing appeals against the Gram Panchayat, Programme Officer, and District Programme Coordinator to higher authorities.

Operation Flood, also known as the White Revolution, was launched in 1970 by the National Dairy Development Board to increase milk production.

Despite the name, Operation Flood is not related to water management or flood control; it is the world's largest dairy development program aimed at boosting milk production.

Bharat Nirman was a time-bound business plan for building rural infrastructure, focusing on six components: irrigation, roads, housing, water supply, electrification, and telecommunication.

Kutir Jyoti is a government scheme specifically designed to provide single-point electricity connections to rural households living below the poverty line.

The National Horticulture Mission was launched to promote holistic growth of the horticulture sector through research, technology promotion, and infrastructure development.

The Annapurna Scheme provides 10 kg of food grains per month free of cost to senior citizens who are eligible but not covered under the National Old Age Pension Scheme.

AGMARK is a certification mark employed on agricultural products in India, assuring that they conform to a set of standards approved by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection.

The Rajiv Gandhi Awas Yojana was specifically launched to provide housing and basic amenities to slum dwellers, aiming to make cities slum-free.

Kutir Jyoti is the specific scheme aimed at providing electricity connections to rural households, particularly those below the poverty line.

SABLA (Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls) was launched to empower adolescent girls. It replaced the Kishori Shakti Yojana and the Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls in selected districts.

Rajiv Awas Yojana was launched by the Government of India to provide support to states that are willing to assign property rights to people living in slums, aiming for a slum-free India.

The Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana aimed to provide electricity to all rural households, not just those with a population of 5000 and above, and it was a nationwide scheme rather than limited to a few backward states.

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was a massive city-modernization scheme launched by the Government of India under the Ministry of Urban Development to encourage reforms and fast-track planned development of identified cities.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, NREGA, and Mid Day Meal are all social sector programmes aimed at education, employment, and nutrition. The Overseas Indian Citizenship Scheme is a policy regarding status and visa privileges for the diaspora, not a social sector welfare programme.

Some of the Initiatives for Women Empowerment are given below:
(i) Swayamsiddha: Formation of self-help groups (SHGs); access to micro-credit and promoting micro-enterprises.
(ii).
Swa Shakti: Centrally sponsored scheme since 1998. Aims at enhancing
women's access to resources for better quality of life.
(iii). STEP : Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP).
(iv).
Swawlamban: To provide training and skills to women to facilitate them
to obtain employment or self-employment on a sustainable basis.
(v).
Swadhar: Scheme launched in 2001-02 by the Central government to provide
holistic and integrated services to a woman in difficult circumstances.

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) mandates social audits to ensure transparency and accountability in the implementation of the works at the Gram Panchayat level.

STEP, Swayamsidha, and Swadhar are all schemes aimed at the economic or social empowerment of women. KALPANA-1 is India's first dedicated meteorological satellite.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) provides guaranteed wage employment to rural households. While the Act guarantees 100 days of employment, some questions may reference extended provisions. PMGSY focuses on rural roads, Bharat Nirman is a umbrella infrastructure package, and SGSY was a self-employment program - none guarantee employment in the same way as MGNREGA.

MGNREGA provides direct wage payments to workers, National Rural Health Mission funds healthcare services, and Indira Awas Yojana provides direct financial assistance for housing construction. 'Jeevan Sathi Yojana' appears to be a garbled or fictitious name - there is no central government scheme by this name. There may be confusion with some state-level insurance or small savings programs, but no direct central financial assistance scheme exists with this title.

DDP stand for Desert Development Programme and was launched in 1977-78. 

The National Watershed Development Programme (NWDPRA) focuses on the development of rainfed areas, which includes improving irrigation facilities and water conservation in rural India.

Bharat Nirman had six components: irrigation, roads, housing, water supply, electrification, and rural telephony. Goal A (irrigation) and Goal C (housing) are correct components, while Goal B refers to the Mid Day Meal scheme.

Unemployment rate in India is defined as the ratio of number of persons unemployed to total population.

Cyclical unemployment occurs due to business depression.Frictional unemployment is a temporary short-term unemployment, which emerges due to a number of reasons.Disguised unemployment is another name of under employment when a person is employed but not to the maximum of his normal ability for want of an opportunity.But the most disturbing unemployment is of educated because due to this country is losing its human capital that has made by a considerable national spending.

Cyclical unemployment is caused by the business cycle, specifically during periods of economic recession when demand for goods and services drops.

Disguised unemployment occurs when more people are employed than are needed for a job. Therefore, the marginal productivity of the additional labour is zero.

Technological unemployment occurs when advancements in technology, such as the introduction of computers, replace human labour.

Seasonal unemployment occurs when people are unemployed during certain times of the year, such as in agriculture between harvest and sowing seasons.

Frictional unemployment is the temporary unemployment that occurs when workers are between jobs or when production is interrupted by factors like power cuts or supply chain issues.

Educated unemployment is considered open unemployment because these individuals are actively looking for work and are visibly without jobs, unlike disguised unemployment.

The Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) was first introduced in the state of Maharashtra in 1972.

When the education system does not align with the skills required by the market, it leads to educated unemployment.

The labour force is defined as the sum of employed and unemployed individuals who are willing and able to work.

Jawahar Rojgar Yojana was launched in 1989 by merging the National Rural Employment Programme and the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched on December 25, 2000, to provide good all-weather road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations.

Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojana (SGRY) was launched in September 2001 to provide additional wage employment in rural areas.

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was notified on September 7, 2005, and the scheme was launched on February 2, 2006.

The MGNREGA guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. This is a legal right aimed at enhancing livelihood security in rural areas.

The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was designed to be implemented through the Zilla Parishad at the district level, with the District Collector acting as the overall in-charge.

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was passed by the Parliament of India and received the President's assent on August 25, 2005.

National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme was renamed as Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) to honor Mahatma Gandhi. Options A, B, and C are incorrect names that do not match the official renamed scheme. Note that Option D has a typo ('Mahatme') but is clearly intended to be the correct answer.

The Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) was launched by the Government of India in December 2001 to provide shelter or upgrade existing shelters for people living below the poverty line in urban slums.

The Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) was launched in 1997 by merging three existing urban poverty alleviation schemes: Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP), Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), and the Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (PMIUPEP).

India has a higher dependency ratio compared to many developed countries because a larger portion of the population falls into the dependent age groups (under 15 and over 64) relative to the working-age population.

Historically, among the listed South Asian countries, Sri Lanka has often reported higher unemployment rates due to structural issues in its labor market compared to the others.

The Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007) set ambitious targets for employment generation, but the actual achievement fell short of these targets, though not by an extreme margin.

In
rainfed areas, it is necessary to increase water use efficiency for
optimum utilization of available water and to stabilize production for
which a new centrally sponsored scheme "Micro-irrigation" was approved
in December, 2005. In this way, irrigation facilities in India can be improved. As a result, agricultural production also increases.

PMRY stands for Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana, a scheme launched in 1993 to provide self-employment opportunities to educated unemployed youth.

The Million Wells Scheme (MWS) was a rural development program in India that aimed to provide open irrigation wells to small and marginal farmers.

Open unemployment status (or Usual Principal Status) is the most common metric used for calculating the unemployment rate in India, as it measures the status of a person over a long reference period of one year.

This specific figure (10.4 percent) refers to historical data points often cited in older textbooks regarding unemployment rates in India.

In Indian labor statistics, a person is considered employed on a Standard Person Year (SPY) basis if they work for 273 days of 8 hours each in a year.

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was passed by the Indian Parliament in September 2005.

The Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched in 1999 by merging the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) and the Million Wells Scheme (MWS), along with other sub-schemes.

The Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was restructured and renamed as the Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY) in 1999 to focus more on rural infrastructure.

SJSRY stands for Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana, launched in 1997 to provide employment opportunities to the urban poor. Options B, C, and D incorrectly expand the acronym with different word combinations - the correct expansion is 'Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana'. Note: Option A has a typo ('Swam' instead of 'Swarn') but is clearly the intended answer.

SJSRY stands for Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana which was introduced in India on $1^{st}$ Dec, 1997 to provide gainful employment to urban unemployed or underemployed poor.

The Work Force Participation Rate (WPR) is defined as the number of persons employed per 1000 persons in the labor force (or sometimes population, but in this context, it refers to the employed proportion).

The Labor Force is the sum of the employed and the unemployed. If 411 are in the work force (employed) and 9 are unemployed, the total labor force is 411 + 9 = 420.

The Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is defined as the number of persons in the labor force per 1000 persons of the population.

The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) is a poverty alleviation program focused on asset creation, whereas the others listed are specific employment generation or training programs.

The Lead Bank Scheme was introduced by the Reserve Bank of India in 1969 to ensure that banks adopt a district-wise approach to credit planning.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, $2005$ was enacted on August $25$, $2005$. This scheme is now known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) was merged into this scheme. The act aims at enhancing livelihood security to household in rural areas of country by provision of employment opportunities to those who are willing to work.

MGNREGA provides guaranteed wage employment in rural areas, which has reduced the necessity for agricultural laborers to migrate to other regions in search of work.

The Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development on April 1, 1999.

The Jawahar Rozgar Yojna was launched in 1989 by merging the National Rural Employment Programme and the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme. It aimed to provide gainful employment to the unemployed and underemployed in rural areas.

"Right to work" present under Article 41 of the constitution is enforced under the flagship programme of NREGA (now MGNREGA) by the government of India. The programme entitles every rural household to at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year.

The aim of Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns due to the absence of infrastructure and other facilities in small towns.