Diversity in the living world - class-XII

• Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is typically a measure of variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level.
• It deals with biological and geographical units such as genes, chromosomes, species, families and biogeographic religions
• It is an additional sum of genetic, taxonomic and ecosystem diversity.
• Biodiversity is a measure of species richness i.e  The number of groups of genetically or functionally related individuals.
• Hence Biodiversity is a measure of the number of resources shared by the human population is a wrong statement.
• So, the correct answer is 'Option C'.

Biodiversity is the term popularised by the sociobiologist Edward Wilson to describe the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation.  

The local species pool is known as alpha diversity. It is also the diversity present within the community. Beta diversity is the diversity present between the communities. The diversity present in the ranges of communities is known as Gamma diversity.

• Biodiversity means the diversity of living forms. Different life forms have a different physical appearance. 
• Some are tall, some are short and their mode of life is also different. For example, some are autotrophs some are heterotrophs, some organisms live in water or land or both.

Biodiversity is defined as the variety and variability of life on Earth, encompassing the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems.

Biodiversity is the variation in living organisms from all sources such as terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It also involves the interaction of the biotic and abiotic factors with each other. Biodiversity is responsible for maintenance of balance in the ecosystem. Thus the correct answer is option D.

Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on the Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. Hence, the correct answer is option C.

Biodiversity is the term used to describe the variety of life found on Earth and all of the natural processes. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation or species variation within an area, biome or planet. The biodiversity is more concentrated within the tropical ecosystems than temperate ecosystems. The most diverse group of animals are invertebrates. 
Some human activities have indirect but wide-reaching effects on biodiversity, including climate change and pollution. These threats have put a serious strain on the diversity of species on Earth.

Biodiversity is the measure of the variety of life on the earth. It can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation within an area, biome, or planet. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on the Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems.  

The different variety of life forms is known as biodiversity which includes plants, animals and microorganisms where they interact with each other and maintain the ecosystem. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 1992. Earth summit at Rio, Brazil, promoted 'Convention on Biological Diversity' (CBD), which was signed by 152 nations. Its recommendations came into effect on 29th Dec. 1993. India became a party to this 'Convention on Biological Diversity' in May 1994.

The local species pool is known as alpha diversity. It is also the diversity present within the community. Beta diversity is the diversity present between the communities. The diversity present in the ranges of communities is known as Gamma diversity.

The variety and variability of living organisms (both plants and animals) are known as biodiversity. The variation measured by biodiversity is at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level. Species richness and evenness are major factors determining biodiversity. Tropics have the highest biodiversity.

An Act of the Parliament of India for the preservation of biological diversity in India was passed in 2002 known as the Biodiversity Act of India. This act provides methods for the sharing of benefits in an equitable manner arising out of the use of traditional biological resources and its knowledge. The function of this act includes: Regulation of acts prohibited under the Act, Advise the Government on the conservation of biodiversity, etc. Any offense under this Act is non-bailable and cognizable.

A mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula is known as the Western Ghats. The area has over 7,402 species of flowering plants, 1,814 species of non-flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species, 179 amphibian species, 6,000 insects species, and 290 freshwater fish species. Many undiscovered species also exist. Around 325 globally threatened species also occur here. And this makes clear that the Western Ghats are the most biodiversity-rich zone in India. It is also known as 'Cradle of speciation'.

The Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It resulted in the Convention on Biodiversity, a multilateral treaty. Three major goals were addressed in this convention which included: conservation of biodiversity; sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the genetic resources. India became a party to this convention in 1994.

Indo-Burma is a biodiversity hotspot. Ecological hot spots are large areas of Earth's land surface which have high concentrations of plant endemism and also experience high rates of habitat loss. In India, 4 ecological hot spots are presently identified. The Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Indo-Burma region and the Sundaland constitute the 4 biodiversity hotspots in our country. One of the major features of these places is the presence of numerous endemic species.

In agroecosystems, biodiversity performs a variety of ecological services beyond the production of food, including recycling of nutrients, regulation of microclimate and local hydrological processes, suppressions of undesirable organisms and detoxification of noxious chemicals.

Biodiversity generally follows a latitudinal gradient, where species richness is highest in the tropics (near the equator) and decreases toward the poles.

The variety of life forms expressed as the number of species in a specific area is the definition of species diversity, which is a component of biodiversity.

The large variety of flora and fauna on Earth is the fundamental definition of biodiversity.

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. India is a mega diverse nation, housing around 10% of world's species. India also has a rich cultural heritage going back thousands of years. Much of Indian biodiversity is intricately related to the socio-cultual practices of the land. Unfortunately, due to population explosion, climate change and implementation of environmental policies, several species are facing the threat of extinction. Not only does this affect the food chain, but also the livelihood and the culture of millions of Indians, who depend on local biodiversity. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Biodiversity is the existence of a wide variety of plant and animal species in their natural environments, which is the aim of conservationists concerned about the indiscriminate destruction of rainforests and other habitats. Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. 

Biodiversity is the term given to the variety of life on Earth. It is the variety within and between all species of plants, animals and micro-organisms and the ecosystems within which they live and interact. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape is the gamma diversity and is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites or habitats at a more local scale is an alpha diversity and the differentiation among those habitats is the beta diversity. 

Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play.

Biodiversity refers to the different species of flora and fauna present in an area. It is a term coined to describe the immense variety and richness of life on this planet. The word was coined in 1985 and during the 1990s has become very widely used in the scientific circles. So, the correct answer is option D.

Among the groups listed, fungi exhibit a very high degree of morphological and metabolic diversity, often cited as having more species diversity than the other listed plant-like groups.

The term biodiversity means all life forms present all over the world, it implies to all organisms whether they live on land and water. Thus the correct answer is option D. 

Biodiversity increases as one moves from North pole towards the equator. The North pole has an extremely cold climate that requires specialized adaptations for organisms to dwell, moreover resources are few.

• Researchers have accepted three levels of biodiversity, namely genetic biodiversity, species biodiversity, and ecosystem biodiversity. All three levels are interrelated.
• Genetic diversity includes variety at the level of genes. It is measured at various levels like population, species, community, and biome.
• Species diversity includes variety in the species. It is the easiest method of studying diversity. Each species has a particular role in the ecosystem.
• Ecosystem diversity includes diversity that deals with species distribution, community patterns, the role of key species and species interactions.
   

The Earth's Summit was held at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 1992. Earth summit at Rio, Brazil, promoted 'Convention on Biological Diversity' (CBD), which was signed by 152 nations. Its recommendations came into effect on 29$^{th}$ Dec, 1993. India became a party to this 'Convention on Biological Diversity' in May 1994.

A local pool species includes all the available species in a given area. The species diversity in a local community is called alpha diversity. It is said to be higher if there is a dissimilarity between local pool species. This diversity is influenced by the interaction between the biotic and abiotic factors. It also depends on immigration. Thus the correct answer is option D.

Community and ecosystem diversity is of three types- alpha, beta and gamma. 

Biological diversity is the result of long-term evolutionary processes, including natural selection, speciation, and adaptation over geological timescales.

The Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It resulted into the Convention on Biodiversity, a multilateral treaty, which entered into force on December 29, 1993. Three major goals were addressed in this convention which included: conservation of biodiversity; sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the genetic resources. 

A) The diversity of organisms sharing the same habitat is known as alpha diversity.

IUCN is the authority on threatened species, and it treats threatened species as a group of three categories, depending on the degree relative to which they are threatened. Those categories are Vulnerable species; Endangered species and Critically endangered species. As per the Red list of 2000, there are 11,096 threatened species. The percentage of angiosperms of all the threatened species is 51%.

Biodiversity refers to the different species of flora and fauna present in an area. The forest has a wide variety of flora and fauna which flourishes widely in the given area and are a rich source of biodiversity. Biodiversity is not concerned with a particular species .

Biodiversity of a geographical region represents the diversity in the organisms living in the region. 

Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability among living organism and the ecological complexes in which they occur. Biodiversity of a particular region replaces the diversity in organism living in that region all the flora fauna different species that are present in that particular region.

• Selective pressures drive natural selection.
•  Some members of the population will not survive and reproduce and, thus, will not pass on their genes into the next generation. This change in the genetic makeup of a population is called evolution. 
• Hence, Environmental selective pressure will not affect the frequency of the gene in a large population. 
• So, the correct answer is 'Environmental selective pressure'.

Biodiversity represents the sum of the total of various life forms such as unicellular fungi, bacteria, protozoa and multicellular organisms such as plants, fishes and mammals at various biological levels including gene, habitats and ecosystem. Thus, the correct option is E.

Vavilov mega diversity center is in Australia. It was indicated by Dr. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov. He stated that "plants were not domesticated somewhere in the world at random but there are regions where the domestication started". The center of origin is also considered the center of diversity.

Biodiversity is not limited to flora; it includes fauna (animals), microorganisms, and the genetic/ecosystem levels as well.