World History Period 2: 1450-1750, Technology and Innovations

Isaac Newton published his seminal work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, commonly known as The Principia, in 1687.

The microscope allowed scientists to observe cells and microorganisms for the first time, fundamentally advancing biological knowledge during the Scientific Revolution.

Andreas Vesalius, in his work De humani corporis fabrica, corrected many errors in anatomical knowledge that had persisted since the time of the ancient Greek physician Galen.

Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system, thereby overturning the long-held geocentric theory.

Gunpowder weapons, such as cannons, were first used effectively to breach the walls of fortifications during sieges, changing the nature of medieval warfare.

The caravel was a small, highly maneuverable ship that combined lateen (triangular) sails with a sturdy hull, allowing explorers to sail against the wind and navigate open oceans.

Johannes Kepler used the observational data of Tycho Brahe to formulate his three laws of planetary motion, which established that planets move in elliptical orbits.

Isaac Newton is famous for his work on gravitation, the laws of motion, and the development of calculus, but he did not formulate the laws of perspective, which are primarily associated with Renaissance art.

The Scientific Revolution occurred roughly between the 16th and 18th centuries. Quantum physics is a 20th-century development, making it the correct answer as it is not associated with that era.

Gerardus Mercator is famous for the Mercator projection, a cylindrical map projection that became the standard for nautical navigation due to its ability to represent lines of constant course as straight lines.