The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Louis XVI was the King of France during the French Revolution, which began in 1789. His reign was marked by financial crisis and social unrest that led to the revolution. He was eventually executed by guillotine in 1793. Marie Antoinette was his queen, not the king. Czar Nicholas was Russian, and Edward II was English.

The Zollverein was a customs union established in 1834 under Prussian leadership. It aimed to abolish internal tariff barriers and create a unified economic territory among German states.

Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian Chancellor, famously advocated for the unification of Germany through 'blood and iron' in his 1862 speech. This policy emphasized military strength and industrial power.

The quote describing Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi as the brain, soul, and sword of Italy is attributed to the English poet George Meredith.

Sardinia-Piedmont was the kingdom that led the movement for Italian unification. Its king, Victor Emmanuel II, and his chief minister, Cavour, were central to the process.

The year 1848 is historically significant as the year of revolutions across Europe, often associated with food shortages and widespread unemployment, leading to the term 'year of dear bread'.

Frédéric Sorrieu was a French artist who created a series of four prints in 1848 visualizing his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics.

Giuseppe Garibaldi led the 'Red Shirts', a volunteer force that played a crucial role in the unification of Italy, particularly in the expedition to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Filiki Eteria (or Society of Friends) was a secret organization founded in 1814 to overthrow Ottoman rule in Greece and establish an independent Greek state. It was not a political party in the modern sense, nor a customs union or an allegory. The society plotted and eventually launched the Greek War of Independence in 1821.

The Napoleonic Code, also known as the Civil Code of 1804, established equality before the law and secured the right to property, influencing legal systems across Europe.