Resources and Development Class 10

The lower horizons of arid soils are occupied by Kankar layers because of the increasing calcium content downwards, which restricts the infiltration of water.

Arid soils generally range from red to brown in colour due to the high temperature and evaporation rates in arid regions.

Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall, gaining its reddish colour from the diffusion of iron.

Black soils (regur soils) are composed of extremely fine clayey material, which gives them their characteristic high water retention capacity and shrink-swell properties. The double negative in the statement makes it incorrect.

Black soil is highly fertile and ideal for growing cotton, which is why it is commonly referred to as black cotton soil.

Forest soils are common in the piedmont plains such as the Duars, Chos, and Terai in the Himalayan region.

Alluvial soil is formed by river deposits and consists of varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay.

Mining activities often lead to significant land degradation, leaving behind deep scars and overburdening the land after the site is abandoned.

Alluvial soil is the most widely spread and important soil in India, covering the entire Northern plains.

The gross cropped area is defined as the sum of the net sown area and the area sown more than once in an agricultural year.

E.F. Schumacher presented Gandhian philosophy regarding sustainable resource use in his book Small is Beautiful.

Mining in states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha has caused severe land degradation due to deforestation and overburdening.

Gross cropped area is calculated by adding the area sown more than once in an agricultural year to the net sown area.

According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a nation's territorial waters extend up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline.

Iron ore is a natural resource that takes millions of years to form and cannot be replenished once consumed, making it a non-renewable resource.

The quote 'There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed' is attributed to Mahatma Gandhi, not Nehru.

The history of colonization is largely driven by the desire of foreign powers to exploit the rich natural resources of the colonies.

Ladakh is considered a cold desert and is highly isolated from the rest of the country due to its harsh terrain and climate.

Arunachal Pradesh is rich in water resources but suffers from a lack of infrastructure, which hinders its development.

Materials in the environment that have the potential to satisfy human needs but lack the technology to be accessed are called stock.

Potential resources are those found in a region but have not been utilized yet, not resources that are 'not found' in a region.

Oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone are considered international waters and belong to the open ocean.

Biotic resources are those obtained from the biosphere and have life, such as human beings, flora, and fauna.

On the basis of origin, resources are classified as biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living).

Land degradation is caused by various human activities including mining, quarrying, deforestation, and overgrazing. Since all these activities contribute to the loss of soil fertility and land quality, 'All the above' is the correct choice.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh are well-known for their vast mineral and coal reserves in India. Other options include states that are not primarily characterized by these specific mineral deposits.

Laterite soil is acidic and rich in iron oxide, making it highly suitable for plantation crops like tea, coffee, and cashew nuts when managed with proper fertilizers.

Livestock are considered renewable resources because they can reproduce and replenish their population over time through breeding.

Nonrenewable resources exist in finite quantities, take millions of years to form, and are depleted much faster than they can be replaced. Therefore, all the provided descriptions are accurate.

Renewable resources are those that can be replenished naturally over a short period. Since options A, B, and C describe non-renewable or incorrect concepts, 'None of the above' is the correct choice.

Renewable resources are defined by their ability to be replenished or regenerated naturally within a human timescale, unlike nonrenewable resources.

Nonrenewable resources exist in finite quantities, take geological time to form, and are consumed faster than they are replaced. All listed options correctly describe these properties.

Ploughing up and down slopes creates channels for water to flow rapidly, which increases soil erosion rather than preventing it. Contour ploughing and shelter belts are standard conservation methods.