Life Processes in Plants and Animals

Xylem is the specialized vascular tissue in plants responsible for the upward transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Fungi are heterotrophs that secrete digestive enzymes onto organic matter and absorb the resulting nutrients, a process known as saprotrophic nutrition.

Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and transports it throughout the human body.

The human alimentary canal is a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus, typically measuring about 4.5 to 5 meters in a living adult due to muscle tone.

The opening and closing of stomata are regulated by the turgor pressure within the guard cells, which is controlled by the movement of water into or out of these cells.

Excretion is the biological process by which metabolic waste products and toxic substances are removed from an organism.

Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot synthesize their own food from inorganic sources and must consume other organisms to obtain energy.

Parasitic nutrition involves an organism living on or inside another host organism and deriving nutrients from it, typically causing harm but not immediate death.

Iodine solution is a standard test for starch; it reacts with starch to form a blue-black complex.

During vigorous exercise, muscle cells may lack sufficient oxygen, leading to anaerobic respiration which produces lactic acid as a byproduct, causing muscle fatigue and cramps.

Stomata are small openings on the surface of leaves that allow for the exchange of gases, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, between the plant and the atmosphere.

Peristalsis is the series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the primary site where photosynthesis occurs.

In Amoeba, food is engulfed via pseudopodia and enclosed in a food vacuole, where digestive enzymes break it down.

The correct path of food in the human digestive system is mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and finally the large intestine.