Early Modern Empires and Global Encounters 1450-1750

Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire until its conquest by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II in 1453. Antioch was an ancient city, and the other options are incorrect.

The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 by Babur, a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, and became one of the most powerful empires in Indian history. The Ottoman Empire was based in Anatolia.

The Ottoman Empire was a major Islamic state centered in Anatolia that expanded into the Balkans, North Africa, and the Middle East. The Mughals were in India, and the Safavids were in Persia.

Hernán Cortés was the Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire. Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire.

Doña Marina, also known as La Malinche, was an indigenous woman who served as an interpreter and advisor for Cortés. Pocahontas and Sacagawea were from North American contexts.

Siberia is the vast Russian frontier region known for its harsh climate, furs, and mineral wealth. The other terms are unrelated or specific cultural terms.

The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912. It was established by the Manchus.

The plantation complex refers to the agricultural system in the Americas that relied on large-scale production of cash crops using enslaved labor. The encomienda system was a different form of labor organization.

The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World.

The Great Dying refers to the massive demographic collapse of indigenous populations in the Americas due to the introduction of European diseases to which they had no immunity.

Settler colonies were colonies where large numbers of people from the mother country moved to live, as seen in British North America. Plantation colonies were more focused on extraction.

Aurangzeb was the Mughal emperor who reversed the policies of religious tolerance established by his predecessors and imposed stricter Islamic rule. Akbar was known for his tolerance.

Yasak was the tribute, often paid in furs, that the Russian Empire demanded from the indigenous peoples of Siberia.

Mestizo refers to a person of mixed European and indigenous American ancestry in the Spanish colonial social hierarchy.

Akbar the Great was a Mughal emperor famous for his policies of religious inclusion and tolerance toward his non-Muslim subjects.

Peninsulares were people born in Spain who lived in the Spanish colonies in the Americas; they held the highest social status. Mestizos were of mixed heritage.

The devshirme was an Ottoman practice of recruiting Christian boys from the Balkans to serve the empire as soldiers or bureaucrats. Other terms like yasak or cortes refer to different historical or legal concepts.

Mulatto is the historical term for a person of mixed African and European ancestry. Mestizo refers to mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry.