Transport Layer Protocols (TCP/UDP)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is connectionless and fast, but it is not reliable because it does not guarantee delivery, ordering, or error recovery.

Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into one. The process of delivering received segments to the correct application process at the receiver is called demultiplexing.

Flow control is a mechanism used in networking to ensure that a sender does not transmit data faster than the receiver can process it, preventing buffer overflow.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is designed for high reliability and error checking, which makes it unsuitable for applications where transmission time is critical and minor data loss is acceptable (like streaming).

In the TCP/IP model, a port number serves as the transport service access point. It allows the transport layer to distinguish between different applications or services running on the same host.

Video streaming typically uses UDP because it prioritizes speed and real-time delivery over the error correction and retransmission overhead inherent in TCP. Using TCP for live streaming often results in unacceptable latency.

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that uses a three-way handshake to establish a reliable session, and it processes data streams from the application layer.

TCP includes mechanisms for error recovery, flow control, and retransmission, which add overhead and latency. UDP lacks these mechanisms, making it faster but less reliable.

UDP is connectionless because it does not establish a session before sending data. Each datagram is treated as an independent unit by the transport layer, with no relationship to previous or subsequent packets.

The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication, including error recovery, flow control, and segmentation to ensure reliability when required by the application.

SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) is a transport layer protocol designed to provide reliable, message-oriented communication. ICMP and NDP are network layer protocols, and DHCP is an application layer protocol.

Online gaming requires low latency, so it frequently uses UDP to avoid the delays caused by TCP's retransmission and congestion control mechanisms.

TCP and UDP are the two primary transport layer protocols in the TCP/IP suite. FTP and HTTP are application layer protocols.

Ports are identified by 16-bit integers, allowing for a range of 0 to 65535. This address space is used to multiplex multiple connections on a single IP address.

The transport layer receives data from multiple applications and encapsulates it into segments, which are then passed down to the network layer for routing.