Types of bryophytes - class-XI

The male gametes, or antherozoids, of Marchantia are small, curved, and biflagellate structures. The two flagella are inserted at the anterior end and help them swim through water to reach the female sex organ (archegonium) for fertilization. This morphology is characteristic of many bryophytes.

Elaters are specialized, hygroscopic cells that aid in spore dispersal and are found in liverworts like Marchantia, Pellia, and Porella. However, they are absent in mosses such as Funaria. Mosses instead rely on peristome teeth within the capsule for regulated spore dispersal.

Matching the botanical structures: Columella aids in spore conduction/support (5), Elater assists in spore dispersal (1), Marsupium provides protection for the sporophyte (2), and Gemma serves as a unit of asexual reproduction (3). This aligns with option D (A-5, B-1, C-2, D-3).

In Bryophytes, archegonium is the female sex organ. The female shoot arise from the base of the male shoot and called as archegonial branch or archegoniophore. The apex of female shoot is called female receptacle from which cluster of archegonia arise intermixed with non- capitate paraphysis. 

Bryophytes are gametophyte dominant, meaning that the more prominent, longer-lived plant is the haploid gametophyte. The diploid sporophytes appear only occasionally and remain attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.

In the life cycle of mosses, haploid spores germinate to produce a filamentous, creeping, green, and branched structure called a protonema. The leafy gametophyte, which represents the mature moss plant, then develops as a lateral bud from this protonema stage.

Liverworts can have diverse plant bodies; some like Marchantia are thalloid, while others like Porella are leafy. Thus, stating Marchantia is thalloid is correct, but claiming it is the exclusive thalloid form or that Marchantia is leafy is incorrect, making the 'more than one' option a distractor since specific statements can vary, but Marchantia specifically has a thalloid body.

Dawsonia is a genus of acrocarpous mosses that includes the tallest and largest self-supporting mosses in the world. Specifically, Dawsonia superba can grow up to 50 to 60 cm in height, which is exceptionally large for a bryophyte. Other genera like Funaria and Pogonatum are much smaller.

In the hornwort Anthoceros, the sex organs (antheridia and archegonia) are deeply embedded within the dorsal tissue of the gametophytic thallus. They develop from hypodermal cells and do not project outward on stalks or specialized gametophores, unlike in many liverworts.

Anthoceros is a well-known genus of hornworts, which belong to the bryophyte division Anthocerotophyta. Funaria is a moss, while Marchantia and Riccia are liverworts belonging to the division Marchantiophyta.

In mosses, the gametophyte generation develops in two stages: the first stage is the creeping, filamentous protonema, and the second stage is the upright, leafy gametophore stage that develops from buds.

The archegonium is a stalked flask-shaped structure with a basally swollen venter and an elongated neck 

The first true land plants were non-vascular plants such as mosses and liverworts that appeared in the early Ordovician period. 

The term gregarious in biology refers to organisms that live, grow, or appear close together in groups, forming mats or clumps. Mosses often grow in dense patches or carpets, making them gregarious in nature.

Mosses have a more developed, complex sporophyte compared to liverworts, featuring features like a differentiated capsule and peristome teeth. Liverwort sporophytes are typically simpler and less elaborate. Thus, the moss sporophyte is more elaborate.

Elaters are present in hepaticopsida (marchantia). Pseudoelators are present in Anthocerotopsida. Single layered capsule wall splits into a number of longitudinal valves, which extend from apex towards the middle of capsule. The valves are rolled back due to annular thickenings in jacket cells. Jerky movement of elaters due to their hygroscopic nature leads to loosening up of spore mass and scattering of spores in air.

Riccia has the simplest sporophyte among all bryophytes, consisting solely of a capsule. It lacks both a foot and a seta, which are present in other bryophytes like Marchantia, Anthoceros, and mosses.

In the plant kingdom atracheophytic embryophytes are bryophytes. Thye do not contain vascular tissues and produce embryo in their life cycle.

Porella is a leafy liverwort, making it a non-vascular embryophyte that possesses leaf-like appendages. Riccia is thalloid, Selaginella is a vascular plant, and Macrocystis is brown algae.

Dawsonia is a classification of mosses. This genus is a member of the Polytrichaceae family. Dawsonia plants are commonly known to grow taller and have thicker leaves than other common mosses.

Sporogenous cells are those cells, which are capable of undergoing meiotic divisions. These cells combine with each other to form a sporogenous tissue.
Sporogenous cells are endothelial in origin in class Hepaticopsida. In this class the sporogenous cells arise from the endothelium.

An antheridium or antherida is a haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes (called antherozoids or sperm). In general, the male gametes (antherozoids) are produced in globose structures (antheridia), that are either stalked or sunken in the gametophyte. The antherozoids of Marchantia are long, curved and biflagellate.

• Liverwort is a small flowerless green plant with leaf-like stems or lobes leaves, occurring in moist habitat.
• It lacks true roots and reproduces by means of spores released from capsules.
• The  Golden Mine of Liverworts is the western Himalayas. There are 320 endemic species of liverworts in this region.
• So, the correct answer is 'Westerns Himalayas'.

In Anthoceros, the sporogenous tissue (archesporium) develops from the outer layer of the capsule, which is the amphithecium, surrounding the central columella. In contrast, the sporogenous tissue in Riccia and Marchantia is of endothecial origin.

Elaters are structures present in plants. They are generally present to facilitate spore dispersal (liverworts) but are absent in mosses and spore dispersal is controlled by the peristome.

Marchantia has a dioecious gametophyte. Dioecy is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct male and female individual organisms or colonies, meaning that a colony contains only either male or female individual. 

Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts in the family Anthocerotaceae. The genus is global in its distribution. Its name means 'flower horn', and refers to the characteristic horn-shaped sporophytes, that all hornworts produce. The dark color of the spores is the easiest way to distinguish Anthoceros.

Riccia belongs to the class Liver worts. They have dorsiventrally flattened lobed plant body with unicellular rhizoids. The mature sporophyte of Riccia is a globular capsule, embedded within the gametophytic plant and is without foot and seta. The sporophyte contains the mature haploid spores. The spores are liberated by the decay of venter wall and surrounding gametophytic tissue.

Marchantia forms small green disc-shaped biconvex structures, gammae, inside little and shallow gemmae cups. Gemmae are the mode of vegetative reproduction and form thalli on the suitable soil. Means of vegetative reproduction in Riccia include fragmentation, adventitious branches, persistent apices and tuber formation; it does not form gemmae. Sphagnum reproduces vegetatively by formation of innovations. Anthoceros reproduce vegetatively by progressive growth and death of thallus, tubers, persistent apices and gemmae in few species. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Liverworts are a group of non-vascular plants belonging to the division Bryophyta. Volvox and Chlamydomonas are green algae, while ferns are pteridophytes.

Bryophytes comprises of three classes- Hepaticae (Liver worts), Anthocerotae (Horn worts) and Musci (Mosses). Mosses have erect radially symmetrical leafy plant body produced from a filamentous or thalloid juvenile stage called as protonema. The sporophyte contains large amount of green tissue and is partially dependent upon the gametophyte. e.g., Funaria (cord moss), Sphagnum (Bog or Peat moss), Polytrichum etc. 

Riccia, being a liverwort, possesses unicellular, unbranched rhizoids. These rhizoids are of two distinct morphological types: smooth-walled and tuberculate.

In liverworts, spores germinate directly to form the flat, thalloid gametophyte without forming an intermediate stage. In contrast, moss spores germinate to form a filamentous juvenile stage called a protonema.

The word bryophyte is the collective term for mosses, hornworts and liverworts and bryology is the study of bryophytes. Bryophytes derived from Greek, 'Bryon' means moss and 'phyte' means plant. 

Pteris (a pteridophyte), Anthoceros (a hornwort), and Funaria (a moss) all produce motile, flagellated male gametes (antherozoids) that require water for fertilization. Other groups like angiosperms (Hydrilla, Calotropis) produce non-flagellated male gametes.

The sporophyte of Riccia is extremely simple, consisting only of a capsule embedded within the gametophytic thallus. Lacking any photosynthetic tissue, foot, or seta to absorb nutrients independently, it is completely dependent on the gametophyte, making it a total parasite.

Mosses are non-vascular plants and therefore lack true vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Instead, conduction of water and nutrients is carried out by specialized parenchymatous cells, such as hydroids and leptoids.

The rhizoids are unicellular and unbranched. They anchor the thallus to the substratum and are usually of two types, smooth walled and tuberculated. Rhizoids are present in the mid-rib region of thallus.

Anthoceros is commonly known as a hornwort. Ricciocarpus is a thalloid liverwort, Chara is a green alga known as stonewort, and Lycopodium is a pteridophyte known as club moss.

The plant body  of Riccia is thallus. It is small, green flat and rather fleshy.  It is  gametophytic in nature and hence, haploid.

Riccia plants are small. The plant body is a thallus that is not differentiated into root, stem and leaf. It is strap-shaped and about 0.5 to 4 mm wide and branches dichotomously (equally forked). It is gametophytic in nature.

In bryophytes like mosses and Riccia, the gametophyte is the dominant, independent, and photosynthetic phase of the life cycle. In pteridophytes (ferns), gymnosperms (Cycas), and angiosperms, the sporophyte is the dominant phase.

The antherozoids (male gametes) of mosses are typically spirally coiled, elongated, and possess two flagella (biflagellate) at their anterior end, which help them swim through water to reach the egg.

In Riccia, true elaters are completely absent. Instead, some of the potential spore mother cells do not undergo meiosis and instead degenerate to form sterile nurse cells, which provide nutrition to the developing spores.

In Riccia, the sex organs (antheridia and archegonia) are not exposed on the surface but are deeply embedded singly in chambers on the dorsal surface of the thallus.

Mosses are characterized by a leafy gametophore with stem-like and leaf-like structures, the complete absence of true vascular tissues, and a filamentous juvenile gametophyte stage called the protonema. Therefore, all the given statements are correct.

The sporophyte (sporogonium) of Riccia is the simplest among bryophytes, consisting solely of a capsule. It completely lacks a foot and a seta.

Since the sporophyte of Riccia consists only of a capsule and lacks a stalk (seta), it remains completely embedded within the tissue of the gametophytic thallus.

Both Riccia and Marchantia (liverworts) have unicellular, unbranched rhizoids. These can be either smooth-walled or tuberculate, but they are always single-celled and do not branch.

The peristome teeth in moss capsules are hygroscopic structures that respond to changes in humidity, aiding in the gradual and effective dispersal of spores.

When a moss spore germinates, it first produces a filamentous, branched, green, and algal-like juvenile stage called the protonema, from which the leafy gametophores later develop.

The sporophyte of Anthoceros is unique because it possesses a basal intercalary meristematic zone situated between the foot and the capsule, which allows for continuous, indeterminate growth of the sporophyte.

Anthoceros (a hornwort) has mucilage cavities on the ventral surface of its thallus which are colonized by the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc, forming a symbiotic relationship.

In all bryophytes, including Riccia, the sporophyte is physically attached to and nutritionally dependent (either partially or completely) on the dominant, independent gametophyte. Thus, the sporophyte is parasitic on the gametophyte.

In Anthoceros, the ventral surface of the thallus contains slime pores (mucilage clefts) through which mucilage is secreted, and these pores also serve as entry points for symbiotic Nostoc colonies.

Stomata in mosses are restricted to the sporophyte generation, specifically on the apophysis region of the capsule. The gametophytic structures like the stem and leaves lack stomata entirely. This localization helps in gas exchange and transpiration during the development of the capsule.

Riccia is a liverwort that possesses unicellular rhizoids of two distinct types: smooth-walled and tuberculate. Smooth-walled rhizoids have smooth inner walls, while tuberculate rhizoids have peg-like internal projections extending into the lumen. Multicellular rhizoids are characteristic of mosses, not liverworts like Riccia.

The stem (axis) of the Funaria gametophyte is covered by a single-layered epidermis. This epidermis lacks both a protective cuticle and stomata, which allows for direct absorption of water and gases. Stomata in Funaria are only found on the apophysis of the sporophytic capsule.

The archegonium of Riccia is a flask-shaped structure consisting of a neck and a swollen venter. The neck contains a row of 4 neck canal cells, while the venter contains a single venter canal cell and a single large egg cell (oosphere). This cellular composition is characteristic of many primitive bryophytes.

The protonema is a filamentous, branched, and multicellular green structure that develops from a germinating moss spore. Because of its photosynthetic nature and filamentous growth, it closely resembles a multicellular green alga. This structural similarity is often cited as evolutionary evidence linking bryophytes to green algae.

Paraphyses are sterile, multicellular, uniseriate hair-like structures found interspersed among the sex organs in the receptacles of mosses. They help in retaining water through capillary action and protect the developing sex organs from drying out. Apophysis and hypophysis, on the other hand, refer to parts of the sporophyte capsule.

The main, conspicuous, green leafy plant of a moss is the gametophyte, which represents the dominant haploid phase of its life cycle. The diploid sporophyte is physically dependent on the gametophyte and is only present temporarily for spore production.

Peristome teeth are specialized structures found at the mouth of the moss capsule. They are hygroscopic, meaning they bend outwards or inwards in response to changes in humidity, which actively aids in the gradual dispersal of spores. Other parts like the columella provide support, while the operculum acts as a lid.

The protonema is the juvenile, filamentous stage in the life cycle of a moss that develops directly from the germination of a spore. It eventually gives rise to the leafy gametophore (the adult moss plant) through the development of lateral buds. Prothallus is the gametophyte of pteridophytes, not mosses.

The columella is a central, sterile column of parenchymatous tissue found in the capsule of mosses. It provides structural support to the surrounding spore sac and helps in the conduction of water and nutrients to the developing spores.

Option 'A' is correct

The gametophytic phase of Riccia begins with the haploid spore, which germinates to form the vegetative thallus. This thallus produces male and female gametes in the antheridia and archegonia, and their fusion (fertilization) results in the formation of a diploid zygote, which marks the end of the gametophytic phase.

In bryophytes like Riccia, the sporophyte is extremely simple, consisting only of a capsule embedded within the gametophytic thallus, completely lacking chlorophyll, a foot, or a seta. Consequently, it is entirely dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition, water, and physical protection. In contrast, pteridophytes and gymnosperms have dominant, independent sporophytes.

Polytrichum is a genus of mosses, and its sporogonium (sporophyte) is differentiated into three distinct regions: the foot (which anchors it to the gametophyte and absorbs nutrients), the seta (a long stalk), and the capsule (where spores are produced). This tripartite division is characteristic of advanced bryophyte sporophytes.

Antheridia (male sex organs) and archegonia (female sex organs) are multicellular, jacketed reproductive structures characteristic of bryophytes (such as mosses), pteridophytes, and gymnosperms. Spirogyra (a green alga), Mucor (a fungus), and Puccinia (a fungus) do not possess these complex, jacketed sex organs.

In Riccia, the sporophyte is extremely simple, consisting only of a capsule that remains permanently embedded within the tissue of the gametophytic thallus. Because it lacks any specialized dehiscence mechanism like elaters or peristome teeth, the spores are only released when the surrounding thallus and outer capsule wall decay and decompose.

In mosses like Funaria, stomata are present exclusively on the apophysis, which is the sterile basal region of the capsule. These stomata are considered primitive because they often consist of a single ring-like guard cell with a central pore, rather than two distinct kidney-shaped guard cells.

In Riccia, the sporophyte is the simplest among bryophytes, lacking a foot and seta. During its development, some of the sporogenous cells do not form spores but instead differentiate into sterile nurse cells (nutritive cells) that provide nourishment to the developing spores, while elaters are completely absent.

In the liverwort Riccia, the sex organs (antheridia and archegonia) develop on the dorsal surface of the thallus and become deeply embedded within cavities of the photosynthetic tissue as the thallus grows. In mosses and ferns, the sex organs are typically superficial or borne on specialized structures rather than being embedded deep within the vegetative thallus.

Chlorenchyma is a specialized parenchymatous tissue containing chloroplasts, responsible for photosynthesis. In the sporophyte of a moss, particularly in the outer layers of the capsule wall and the apophysis region, chlorenchyma is well-developed, allowing the sporophyte to manufacture some of its own food. Chlorella is a unicellular alga, Aspergillus is a non-photosynthetic fungus, and pollen tubes lack chlorenchyma.

Mosses are non-vascular plants, meaning they lack true vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Instead, conduction of water and nutrients is carried out by specialized elongated parenchymatous cells called hydroids (for water) and leptoids (for food), which are structurally simple parenchyma.

The Western Himalayas is often referred to as the "gold mine of liverworts" in Indian bryology due to the pioneering studies by Shiv Ram Kashyap and the region's rich diversity of liverwort species thriving in its varied altitudinal zones and microclimates.

The sporophyte of Riccia is the simplest among bryophytes, consisting only of a capsule embedded within the gametophytic thallus. It lacks chlorophyll, a foot, and a seta, making it completely dependent on the gametophytic thallus for water, nutrients, and physical support, thus acting as a total parasite.

Sphagnum is commonly known as peat moss or bog moss because it grows in acidic bogs and accumulates over time to form peat. Peat is highly valued for its water-retaining capacity and is used as a soil conditioner, fuel, and packing material for transporting live plants.

The sporophyte of a typical moss (such as Funaria) consists of a foot, seta, and capsule containing a central sterile columella, but it completely lacks elaters. Elaters are specialized, hygroscopic cells found in the sporophytes of some liverworts (like Marchantia) that aid in spore dispersal.

Apophysis is the sterile basal region of the capsule in the sporophyte of mosses. It contains stomata and chloroplasts, allowing it to perform photosynthesis.

Anthoceros, a hornwort, contains mucilage cavities in its thallus that are colonized by the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc. This forms a symbiotic relationship that assists the plant with nitrogen nutrition.

Sphagnum, commonly known as peat moss, has remarkable water-holding capacity due to its large, dead hyaline cells. It is widely used as a packing material for shipping live plants, as a cotton substitute, and as a fuel source when dried.

Bog moss is the common name for Sphagnum, which belongs to the class Bryopsida (true mosses). Reindeer moss is actually a lichen, club moss is a pteridophyte, and Irish moss is a red alga.

Anthoceros is a hornwort, Adiantum is known as the walking fern, Sargassum is a brown alga, the prothallus is the gametophyte of pteridophytes, and Asterales belongs to the group Inferae. This matches the combination in option C.

Sphagnum belongs to the class Bryopsida of the division Bryophyta, which comprises the true mosses.

Anthoceros belongs to the class Anthocerotopsida (hornworts), not Bryopsida (which contains true mosses like Funaria and Sphagnum). Therefore, Bryopsida - Anthoceros is the incorrect pair.

Riccia is a bryophyte, a group in which the dominant, independent phase of the life cycle is the gametophyte, which produces haploid gametes. In Lycopodium, Equisetum, and Pinus, the dominant plant body is the sporophyte.

Pteris is a pteridophyte (fern), whereas Pellia, Porella, and Funaria are all bryophytes.

Gemmae are specialized, multicellular, green, asexual buds produced in small receptacles called gemma cups on the thallus of liverworts like Marchantia.

The leaf-like structures of moss gametophytes are photosynthetic and contain chloroplasts, but they lack true stomata. Stomata are present on the sporophyte capsule rather than the gametophytic leaves.

Polytrichum is a bryophyte (moss) which exhibits a dominant, independent gametophytic phase alternated by a multicellular sporophyte that is physically dependent on the gametophyte.

In Hepaticopsida (liverworts like Marchantia and Riccia), the rhizoids are unicellular and are of two distinct types: smooth-walled and tuberculate (pegged).

In several liverworts like Marchantia, elaters are hygroscopic, diploid, sterile cells found inside the capsule that help in spore dispersal by twisting and untwisting in response to moisture changes.

Polytrichum is a bryophyte (moss), whereas Selaginella, Equisetum, and Salvinia are all pteridophytes.

Mosses (bryophytes) are traditionally called the amphibians of the plant kingdom because they live on land but require water for sexual reproduction. While ferns are pteridophytes, this description is the best fit among the options.

The majority of liverworts (Hepaticae) have a dorsiventrally flattened, thalloid plant body (such as Marchantia and Riccia), although some leafy (foliose) forms also exist.

Statements (i), (ii), and (iii) are correct. Statement (iv) is incorrect because the sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than in liverworts. Statement (v) is incorrect because Pinus is monoecious, while Marchantia is dioecious.

Algae are autotrophic (a-r), Riccia is a liverwort (b-s), Spirogyra is commonly known as pond scum (c-q), and Gnetum is a gymnosperm (d-p). This corresponds to option A.

Sphagnum is known as peat moss because its accumulation over time in acidic, waterlogged conditions forms peat, which is used as fuel and organic matter.

Statement (a) is incorrect because the sporophyte of mosses is more elaborate than that of liverworts. Statement (d) is incorrect because Pinus is monoecious, meaning male and female cones are borne on the same tree.

Mosses require water for fertilization so that the biflagellate antherozoids can swim to the archegonium to fertilize the single egg. Their sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte, and archegonia produce only a single egg.

Sphagnum is the scientific name of peat moss. It is a moss. It is also called as bog moss. It has high pH. Hence, it is used for plants growing in acidic condition, such as blueberries. It helps in moisture absorption from the soil.

Ophioglossum belongs to Filicineae (ferns). Notothylas belongs to Anthocerotae (hornworts). Sphagnum belongs to Musci (mosses). Rhynia belongs to Psilophytineae. This matches option B.

Sewardiella tuberifera is a rare, monotypic liverwort endemic to India, discovered in the Western Himalayas (Shimla, Mussoorie) by the Indian botanist Shiv Ram Kashyap.

Marchantiales are characterized by the presence of scales on the thallus. Leafy Jungermanniales have archegonial necks composed of five vertical rows of cells. In Anthocerotales, the archesporium arises from the amphithecium, and in Funariales, elaters are absent in the capsule.

In Marchantia, the entire endothecium of the developing sporophyte differentiates into the archesporium (sporogenous tissue), which later gives rise to spore mother cells and elaters. In contrast, in Anthoceros and Sphagnum, the archesporium is derived from the amphithecium.

Plant body of bryophyte is differentiated than that of algae and it is thallus like and prostate and effect. The main plant body is haploid and is known as gametophyte. There is a multicellular body which is known as sporophyte which is not free living and is attached to the gametophyte and derives nourishment from it.

Mosses are small flowerless plants that grow in shady regions having adequate moisture. These are spore producing plants. Common examples of mosses include Sphagnum, Funaria and Polytrichum. Sphagnum is commonly called as peat moss. Funaira is a water moss that grows in shady, damp places. Polytrichum is commonly called as haircap moss. Riccia is a genus of liverworts

Both Riccia and Marchantia belong to Class Hepaticosida/Hepaticae that includes 3 orders, the two genera belong to Order Marchantiales, that has specialized vertical stalks called the archegoniophores and serile cells called elaters in the sporangium. The plant body shows dichotomous branching.

Mosses form a protective covering over the crumbling soil of cliffs and prevent the rushing rainwater from cutting deeply into the soil. These grow in dense mats so firmly intertwined around the soil particles that there can be little erosion, even on a steep hillside.

Sperm of mosses are biflagellated, ie., it has two flagella that aid in propulsion. Since sperm must swim to the archegonium, fertilisation cannot occur without water.

Riccia is a liverwort (Hepaticae), which grows predominantly in wet terrestrial habitats and are free-floating or submerged aquatic.

Sperm of mosses are biflagellated, ie., it has two flagella that aid in propulsion. Since sperm must swim to the archegonium, fertilisation cannot occur without water.

The only aquatic bryophyte is Riccia fluitans, or crystalwort, which  is a floating bladderwort. Sphagnum is also called as peat moss or bog moss. The sporophyte is completely surrounded by a tough protective covering called the calyptra. The new adult gametophytes grow from a tiny bud that develops on the protonema.

Acid-loving mosses, such as Sphagnum, can create highly acidic and waterlogged conditions in the soil. This prevents proper aeration and nutrient uptake by tree roots, eventually leading to the decline and death of surrounding forest trees.

Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic associations with tree roots, significantly enhancing the absorption of essential nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil. When mosses suppress or kill these fungi, trees suffer from nutrient deficiencies.

In Marchantia particularly it appears that only some of the spore mother cells (Sporocytes) which are diploid remain diploid and undergo change to form elaters. 
The other ( Majority of them ) undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. 
So in Marchantia the elaters are diploid. 

Merosity is a term that refers to the number of component parts in each whorl of the plant basically the flowers which include, sepals, petals, and stamens. the trimerous condition is a characteristic feature of monocots and is found in Liliaceae.
Walking fern refers to the species of Asplenium. Adiantum caudatum is walking maidenhair.
The vascular system of gymnosperms is made up of xylem with tracheids, parenchyma, and rays. vessels are however present in Gnetum, Ephedra having evolved from pitted tracheids. The phloem is made up of sieve cells but companion cells are absent.
Riccia and Marchantia are liverworts a belong to  the order Marchantiales. Thus, the correct answer is option E.

Mosses and liverworts occur in a variety of habitats. These non-vascular plants (bryophytes) lack well developed water conducting tissue and tend to be most abundant in moist areas, such as the splash zones of a waterfalls, or in the higher elevation forests that are frequently enveloped in fog.
Mosses and liverworts contain photosynthetic pigments and, like more advanced plants, produce their own food from sunlight. Mosses typically have small leaves arranged in a whorl around a short stem. Liverworts are closely related to mosses, but can usually be recognized by their larger flattened leaves that grow in two rows.

Bryophytes are dependent on water because the sperms can easily reach up to the egg in the archegonium. Thus, they are called as amphibians of the plant kingdom.

A unique feature of hornwort is that the sporophytes, unlike that of mosses and liverworts, continue to grow from their bases for the remainder of the gametophyte's life, a characterstic known as indeterminate growth. Hornwort sporophytes are characterised by a basal (or intercalary) meristem that continuously develops new sporangial tissue (indeterminate growth). However, the sporangium does not grow indefinitely.

In Sphagnum, the pseudopodium is an elongated, stalk-like gametophytic branch tip that bears the sporogonium at its apex. It functions like a seta to elevate the capsule. This structure is derived from the gametophyte, not the sporophyte itself.

Pyrenoid is an aggregate of protein, almost exclusively Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and some minor proteins.These are defined as bodies in chloroplasts that reacted strongly with protein stains. They are generally absent in Bryophytes but present in Anthoceros.

Liverworts are distributed worldwide, though most commonly in the tropics. Thallose liverworts grow commonly on moist soil or damp rocks, while leafy liverworts are found in similar habitats as well as on tree trunks in damp woods. Western Himalayas are having abundance growth of liverworts which are also mentioned by Prof S.R.Kashyap in his  two famous books ' Liverworts of Western Himalayas and Punjab Plains' Part I (1929) and Part II (1932).

In Riccia, the sporogonium which is the sporophyte individual differs from the thallus (gametophytic plant) in structure, function and genetic constitution as well. The thallus is green in colour and autotrophic. The sporogonium has no colour and is heterotrophic in its nutrition. The thallus represents the haplophase where as the sporogonium represents the diplophase. Unlike other liverworts, the embryo, sporogonium and spore mother cells in Riccia do not develop chloroplasts. The sporophyte remains totally dependent on the thallus for food materials, water and minerals in solution.

The sporogonium of Riccia never dehisces. The spores are liberated by the decay or shrivelling of the surrounding outer layer of the calyptra and thallus tissue. The thallus perishes in the dry season. The spores remain behind on the soil. In this condition, they may be dispersed by the wind.

The sporophyte of Riccia is the simplest because as it contains only capsule, both the foot and seta are absent. It consists a peripheral layer of cells constituting the capsule wall and a central mass of spore mother cell which produces spores.

A leptoid is a type of elongated food conducting cell analogous to phloem in vascular plants. It is found in the stem-like structure of certain mosses, like those belonging to family Polytrichaceae. They surround strands of water and mineral conducting elements the hydroids, analogous to trachieds in vascular plants.

Riccia (a bryophyte), Dryopteris (a pteridophyte), and Cycas (a gymnosperm) all produce motile, flagellated male gametes (antherozoids). In contrast, angiosperms like Calotropis and Hydrilla, and certain algae like Spirogyra, do not have flagellated male gametes.

Sphagnum is the scientific name of peat moss. It is also called as bog moss. It has high pH. Hence, it is used for plants growing in acidic condition, such as blueberries. It helps in moisture absorption from soil.

Dichotomous branching, where the growing point divides into two equal branches, is a characteristic feature of the thalloid liverworts (such as Riccia and Marchantia). Mosses like Funaria and higher vascular plants like Pinus show lateral branching instead.

Sphaerocarpos is a genus of liverwort. Division bryophyta is divided into three classes namely, Hepaticopsida (liverwort), Anthoceropsida and Bryopsida. Liverwort is divided into four orders namely, Marchantiales (example: Riccia), Sphaerocarpales (example: Sphaerocarpos), Jungermanniales (example: Pellia) and Calobryales (example: Calobryum).

Archegoniophore is a stalk of a prothallium on which archegonia grows. Marchantia is a genus of liverworts. The thallus of Marchantia is dioecious in nature. It produces either female archegoniophores or male antheridiophores. 

The upper part of the thallus shows well-developed air chambers bounded on all sides by plates of cells, below by the storage tissue and roofed in by an epidermal layer of cells; each chamber is open to the air by a simple pore.

In mosses, fertilization occurs within the archegonium, where the egg cell is located. The resulting zygote develops directly into the sporophyte while attached to and dependent on the gametophyte at the archegonium.

The sex organs in bryophytes (Riccia, Funaria), are multicellular and jacketed. The jacket of the sterile cell around the sperm and egg is an adaptation to a life on land. The male reproductive organs are antheridia and female reproductive organs are archegonia.

The sex organs in bryophytes {Riccia, Funaria), are multicellular and jacketed. The jacket of the sterile cell around the sperm and egg is an adaptation to a life on land. The male reproductive organs are antheridia and female reproductive organs are archegonia.