Phanerogams - class-VIII

Strobilanthes kunthiana (Neelakurinji) flower once in $12\ years$, its juvenile phase is very long. The last time this plant flowered during September-October $2006$. It is found in hilly area of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and attracts a large number of tourists due to mass flowering.

Vessel less angiosperms are: 

Bamboo can be monocarpic or polycarpic whereas Strobilanthes kunthiana is a monocarpic plant. The juvenile phase of bamboo can vary from 3-120 years and the juvenile phase of Strobilanthes kunthiana can vary from 8-16 years.

Meiosis takes place in reproductive organs of plants and young anthers are the best material to study meiosis.

Smallest angiosperm is Wolffia microscopici, while Rafflesia arnoldii is the parasitic plant with the world's largest flower.

Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants but lack the specialized features  of flowering plants. The gymnosperms do not bear flowers hence the seeds are naked i.e these are not enclosed within fruits.

Angiosperms are flowering plants characterized by having seeds enclosed within an ovary (fruit).

Ferns reproduce via spores, while gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants that do not produce flowers.

Gymnosperms are 'naked seed' plants and do not produce flowers; flowers are a defining characteristic of angiosperms.

Angiosperms or flowering plants include all those plants in which seeds are enclosed in the fruits. An ovule is well developed in angiosperms. Thus option B is the correct answer.

A xylem vessel is a characteristic feature of an angiosperm and help in transportation of water. When it comes to transportation of food, it is the phloem that transports food materials from the leaves to the other parts. Sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma are the different components of the phloem. The sieve tube elements are arranged longitudinally with the companion cells and the pressure gradient in them is maintained by the companion cells

So, the correct answer is 'Angiosperm'

Vessels are present in most of the angiosperms and also in certain lower plants like Gnetum, Marsilea and Selaginella. Tracheids are found in pteridophytes, most of the gymnosperms and a few angiosperms.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Gymnosperms are defined by having 'naked' seeds, meaning they are not enclosed in an ovary or fruit.

A. Mistletoe is a common name for obligate hemiparasitic plants of order santalales. For example, Viscum species etc. It grows as tangled stem mass which can be upto 5 feet.

Angiosperms are fruit-bearing plants because angiosperms are vascular seed plants in which the ovule (egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary itself is usually enclosed in a flower, which after fertilization turns into fruit.

A. Herbs are plants with short and pliable stems. For example, rice.

Zoster marina, also called as 'seawrack' is a marine angiosperm because it lives in aquatic environments mainly marine in nature. It is rarely exposed to air. it anchors via its rhizomes into the sand bed. But it requires sunlight to grow, thus have long leaves. 

A. Green, soft & short stems are the characteristic feature of herbs.

Hydrilla andVallisneria are angiospermic hydrophytes because they are flowering plants which have adapted to living in aquatic environments. They are also referred to as macrophytes.

National tree of India is Banyan tree. The botanical name of the banyan tree is Ficus bengalensis.

Vessel members are the principal water-conducting cells in angiosperms (though most species also have tracheids) and are characterized by areas that lack both primary and secondary cell walls, known as perforations. Water flows relatively unimpeded from vessel to vessel through these perforations, though fractures and disruptions from air bubbles are also more likely. 

Trochodendron is a genus of flowering plants with one living species, Trochodendron aralioides, and six extinct species known from the fossil record. Trochodendron aralioides is an evergreen tree or large shrub growing to 20 m tall. Trochodendron and Tetracentron lack vessel elements in their wood, a quite unusual feature in angiosperms. 

Trapa (water chestnut) is an angiosperm known to exhibit monarch xylem in its roots.

Sieve-tube members of angiosperms are associated by living companion cells. In contrast to gymnosperms where the vascular system only has tracheids, both tracheids and vessels occur as water-conducting cells in most angiosperms.  

Triple fusion is the fertilization of the two polar nuclei in the embryo sac. It occurs during the double fertilization of angiosperms. While one sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell in the embryo sac, the other sperm cell fertilizes the two polar nuclei found in the central cell. So the correct option is 'Angiosperm'.

All four statements are correct: (i) gametophytes in phanerogams are dependent, (ii) nectar robbers can facilitate pollination, (iii) hypogeal germination is characteristic of these plants, and (iv) the secondary nucleus is indeed diploid and dikaryotic.

Double fertilisation is present in Angiosperms. One male gamete takes part in fertilisation and fuses with the egg, while the other one fuses with secondary nucleus of embryo sac.

The tallest tree ever measured was not a Sequoia sempervirens, but a type of eucalypt (Eucalyptus). Eucalyptus tree is the tallest in the world, the tallest hardwood tree in the world, and the tallest flowering plant in the world.

In angiosperms, the functional megaspore undergoes mitosis to develop into the embryo sac, which serves as the female gametophyte.

Angiosperms are flowering plants, characterized by the production of seeds enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds, while bryophytes and algae do not produce seeds or flowers.

Ecballium elaterium, also called as the squirting cucumber or exploding cucumber (but not to be confused with Cyclanthera explodens), is a plant in the cucumber family. It gets its unusual name from the fact that, when ripe, it squirts a stream of mucilaginous liquid containing its seeds, which can be seen with the naked eye.
It is thus, considered to have rapid plant movement. Cucurbita, Nicotianna and Calotropis is not known as squirting cucumber. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Dalbergia sissoo, known commonly as Indian rosewood, is an evergreen rosewood tree, also known as sisu, sheesham, tahli, Tali and also Irugudujava. It is native to the Indian Subcontinent and Southern Iran. In Persian, it is called as Jag. Shisham is best known internationally as a premier timber species of the rosewood genus, but is also used as fuel wood and for shade and shelter. With its multiple products and tolerance of light frosts and long dry seasons, this species deserves greater consideration for tree farming, reforestation and agro forestry applications. After teak, it is the most important cultivated timber tree of Bihar, which is the largest producer of shisham timber in India.
Acacia arabica (thorn tree), Mangifera indica (mango) and Prosopis (SW) dc are not timber yielding trees. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Archegonia are multicellular organs found during the gametophytic phase of the plants and contains ovum. With a  long neck canal or venter and a swollen base these are either found on the surface of the plant or are embedded. However, in case of Angiosperms, there is no archegonia and the megagametophyte is reduced to just a few cells, one of which differentiates into the egg cell are contained in the ovule and enclosed in the megasporophyll or carpel.

Double fertilization refers to the complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants. Being a charasterisitcs of all Angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperms, where one fuses with an egg to form the zygote, and the other fuses with polar nuclei in the female gametophyte (megagametophyte, or the embryo sac) to form an endosperm. The process in which both nuclei from the pollen tube fuse is referred to as double fertilization.

Angiosperms have the greatest power of adaptation due to their diverse reproductive strategies, efficient vascular systems, and ability to thrive in varied terrestrial habitats. They are the most dominant and diverse group of plants on Earth.

Angiosperms are most diverse and widespread of all plant groups. Their dominance is due to the power of adaptability in diverse habitat. They are well adapted to terrestrial life and occur in diverse habitats like cold tundra to hot tropical and even desert areas. They also thrive well in the aquatic habitat. Therefore, they being the most successful to have dominated the land flora. Hence option B is correct.

Vessels and companion cells are defining characteristics of the xylem and phloem, respectively, in angiosperms. Gymnosperms typically lack vessels (using tracheids instead) and companion cells (using albuminous cells).

Angiosperms dominate the land primarily because of their high adaptability to diverse habitats and efficient reproductive mechanisms. Their ability to colonize various environments is their key evolutionary advantage.

The defining difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms is that angiosperms have seeds enclosed within an ovary (covered seeds), whereas gymnosperms have naked seeds.

Angiosperms are phanerogams (seed-bearing plants), not cryptogams (non-seed-bearing plants). They have enclosed seeds, possess both tracheids and vessels, and have companion cells.

Companion cells are specialized parenchyma cells associated with sieve tube elements in the phloem of angiosperms. Gymnosperms use albuminous cells instead.

Floral parts are considered more evolutionarily stable and less influenced by environmental changes compared to vegetative parts (leaves, stems, roots), making them more reliable for taxonomic classification.

Monocots have their vascular bundles arranged in the form of a ring. They have spherical structures when seen in a microscope.  In their outermost layer, there is a presence of chloroplast containing chlorophyll. Both of them have these layers of epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular tissue, conjunctive tissue, pith. In the middle layer, there are parenchyma cells. Below it, there are skull-shaped bundles of xylem and phloem arranges spherically.

In Angiosperms, the female gametophyte, or megagametophyte, is the embryo sac. Eggs develop in the ovules of the angiosperm flower. Within each ovule is a megaspore mother cell. Each megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores.

Dicots are the flowering plants recognized by the presence of two cotyledons. Initially, in the seed, the endosperm provides nourishment. The cotyledons are the initial primary leaves formed after the germination of seed. These are the small green leaves which mark the start of the photosynthesis and the plant can synthesize food on their own. 

Maple trees, apple trees, orchids, and palms are all flowering plants, which classifies them as angiosperms.

Both gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed plants (spermatophytes) that possess true roots, stems, and leaves.

Phanerogams, also known as spermatophytes, refer to "all seed plants". Gymnosperms are the seed bearing plants wherein seeds are naked i.e. not enclosed by ovary or fruit. Angiosperms are seed bearing plants wherein seeds are enclosed within ovary or fruit. Since both gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed-bearing plants and therefore are included under phanerogams. Pteridophytes are categorized under cryptogams, not under phanerogams, as they do not form seed or flowers. Thus, the correct answer is option E.

The flowering plants or Angiosperms are classified into two groups monocots and dicots on the basis of the nature of embryo in the seed. In monocots , the  vascular tissue is scattered throughout the stem with no particular arrangement and has no cortex. It has single cotyledon in seeds and parallel venation in leaves. Whereas, in dicots, the vascular tissue is arranged in a ring and  is divided into a cortex and stele. It has two cotyledons in seeds with reticulate venation in leaves. Thus, the correct answer is option E.

Venation is the structure of the veins of the leaf. Veins transport liquids and nutrients to the cells of the leaves, and they carry photosynthetic products back to the remaining parts of the tree. Monocot leaves possess parallel venation, meaning the veins of the leaf run in parallel lines. Examples of these types of leaves include grasses, lilies and tulips. 

Mycorrhizae are the symbiotic fungi that reside in roots of higher plants and increase soil fertility by nitrogen fixation. The fungus obtains carbon compounds produced by photosynthesis from roots while the plants obtain minerals, such as phosphorus extracted by fungal threads from the soil. Thus, the correct answer is E. 

The angiosperms are the flowering plants in which the enclosed seeds are produced. After fertilization, the ovules transform to form the seeds and the ovary develops to form the fruit. The seeds are enclosed within the fruit as compared to gymnosperms in which the seeds are naked. 

The pteridophytes are the plants in which the leaves are divided into small leaflets called fronds. The angiosperms are the flowering plants which include the non-woody trees and shrubs. The plant body is divided into stem, roots, and leaves. These are seed-producing plants and the seeds are covered with a seed coat. 

The angiosperms are the only plants which can produce flowers which are involved in the sexual reproduction. The petals are the parts of the flowers. The seeds are produced which are covered with the seed coat. There is the production of a fleshy fruit formed by the ovary after fertilization takes place. 

Arceuthobium is the smallest angiospermic parasite. It is total parasite that grows on a number of forest trees including pinus and Juniper

The flower is the defining reproductive structure of angiosperms, distinguishing them from all other plant groups.

Gymnosperms and angiosperms do not share naked ovules (gymnosperms have them, angiosperms do not), polyembryony (common in gymnosperms, rare in angiosperms), or double fertilization (exclusive to angiosperms).

Selaginella is a heterosporous pteridophyte that exhibits a seed-like habit and possesses a ligule, a small scale-like structure on its leaves.

Double fertilization, involving the fusion of one male gamete with the egg and another with the central cell, is a unique characteristic of angiosperms.

Angiosperm xylem typically contains both tracheids and vessels, which are essential for water transport.

Vessels and companion cells are characteristic features of the vascular tissue in angiosperms. Gymnosperms lack vessels and companion cells.

Angiosperms are defined as vascular plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit (flowering plants).

Secondary growth is characteristic of dicotyledonous angiosperms and gymnosperms. Riccia, Funaria, and Selaginella do not exhibit secondary growth.

Mango is a dicotyledonous plant. Coconut, sugarcane, and banana are monocots.

Dicotyledons are characterized by the presence of a tap root system, whereas monocots typically have fibrous root systems.

Double fertilization is a unique process exclusive to angiosperms, involving the fusion of one male gamete with the egg and another with the polar nuclei.

Angiosperms have the greatest extent of adaptation to various environments, allowing them to dominate almost all terrestrial ecosystems.

Monocots typically have floral parts in multiples of 3 (trimerous), not 4 or 5. Multiples of 4 or 5 are characteristic of dicots.

A rose is a dicot, characterized by net venation and floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5. Palms, orchids, and bananas are all monocots.

Double fertilization is a unique characteristic of angiosperms, not gymnosperms. Gymnosperms produce seeds but do not undergo double fertilization.

Triploid endosperm is formed by the fusion of one male gamete with two polar nuclei, a process known as triple fusion, which is exclusive to angiosperms.

Monocots have closed vascular bundles (lacking cambium). Open vascular bundles, which allow for secondary growth, are characteristic of dicots.

Statement (a) is correct as the stamen is the male reproductive organ. Statement (d) is correct as ovules become seeds and ovaries become fruits. Statement (c) is incorrect because the PEN is triploid (3n), not diploid.

Statements (a), (b), and (c) are correct. Statement (d) is false because cells in the embryo sac are haploid (except the central cell). Statement (e) is false because the zygote develops into an embryo, not endosperm.

Angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread group of plants, occupying almost every habitat on Earth due to their advanced reproductive and vascular systems.

 A ligule is an outgrowth present at the junction of leaf sheath and lamina in grasses. It occurs at the end of petiole at the leaf base. It is a strap-shaped extension of the corolla. It is a membranous appendages.

The seed coat encloses an embryo wich is differentiated into radicle (give rise to primary root), plumule(give rise to aerial shoot) and cotyledons (seed leaves). The number of cotyledons may be one or two. These are different from foliage leaves. Some times they store reserve food materials or serve as photosynthetic organs in young seedling. The plumule is surrounded by a conical protective sheath, called coleoptile.

A. Leaves have reticulate venation – dicotyledons

B. Stems have annual rings – dictyledons

C. Seed have two storage organs -dicotyledons

D. Stems have scattered conducting strands – monocotyledons

So, the correct option is ‘stems have scattered conducting strands’.    

Smilax is an economically important monocotyledonous flowering plant belonging to family Liliaceae. It is found in tropics and subtropics worldwide. They are climbing flowering plants, many of which are woody and thorny. Usually, monocots show parallel venation (veins present in the leaf are arranged parallel to each other), but Smilax shows reticulate venation (veins are interconnected and forms web-like structure). So, the correct answer is 'Smilax'.

The cotyledons are attached to the curved embryonal axis (Tigellum) at the cotyledonary node. The ,micropylar end of embryonal axis is rod- shaped and slightly bulged. It is called radicle (or embryonic root). The other side of embryonal axis lies in between the two cotyledons. It is called plumule( or the shoot tip).

Most of the oil yielding plants belong to the family Cruciferae.

The typical mature embryo sac (Polygonum type) consists of an egg apparatus (2 synergids + 1 egg cell), 3 antipodal cells, and 2 polar nuclei in the central cell.

The primary endosperm nucleus is formed by the fusion of two polar nuclei and one male gamete, resulting in a triploid (3n) state, which is unique to angiosperms.

Each meiotic division of a megaspore mother cell produces 4 megaspores. To produce 100 functional megaspores (assuming one per division), you need 100 meiotic divisions.

Spermatophytes (seed plants, including gymnosperms and angiosperms) do not require external water for fertilization because they use pollen tubes to deliver sperm to the egg.

I, III, and IV are correct. II is incorrect because not all angiosperms have monosporic embryo sacs; some are bisporic or tetrasporic.

Megaspores are haploid (n), produced by meiosis from the diploid megaspore mother cell. The option stating they are diploid is false.

Anona squamosa (custard apple) belongs to the Annonaceae family, which features superior ovaries, monocarpellary conditions, and marginal placentation.

Haplopappus gracilis is well-known in botany for having one of the lowest chromosome numbers (2n = 4) among angiosperms.

During microsporogenesis, the microspore mother cells are surrounded by a callose wall, which is later degraded by the enzyme callase to release the microspores.

In angiosperms, the egg cell within the embryo sac is a distinct cell enclosed by a plasma membrane and a cell wall, unlike some primitive plants where gametes might be naked.

Gnetum is considered to have affinities with angiosperms because it possesses xylem vessels and lacks archegonia, which are absent in angiosperms but present in other gymnosperms.

Species of wheat belongs to genus Triticum. Wheat is a type of food crop. Wheat has seeds which as used as food to human beings. Angiosperms include seed containing plants.

According to Richard Y-wettstein (Gnetales-angiosperms theory), Gnetales and angiosperms are closely related to each other, because of morphological similarities in the flowers of Gnetum and pro-angiosperms and thus might have originated from common ancestors.

The process in which both nuclei from the pollen tube fuse is referred to as double fertilization. This is perhaps the most characteristic single feature of angiosperms and is not shared with any other group. Gymnosperms, in sharp contrast, have a multicellular female gametophyte, that consists of many hundreds or even thousands of cells. Double fertilization does not take place in this case, and the female gametophyte develops into the food-storage tissue of the seed.

Angiosperms or flowering plants are those plants in which seeds are formed inside fruits and the sporophylls are organised into flowers. They are the most recently and highly evolved plants appeared on Earth about 130 million years ago. The plant body is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. At maturity the plants bear flowers, which produces fruits and seeds. The vascular tissues are arranged in the form of vascular bundles. Xylem contains vessels and phloem has sieve tubes and companion cells. 

Characteristics of monocot :-
1) Roots are adventitious

2) Embryo has single cotyledon

3) Pollens have single pore

4) Secondary growth is absent

5) Flower has parts in multiples of three

6) Leaf veins are parallel

7) Seeds possess one cotyledon

8) Vascular bundles appear to scatter through the stem cross-section

Botanical name of Amla is Phyllanthus emblica.

An angiospermic dicot seeds has a protective seed around it. It is made up of 2 cotyledons. The outer seed coat is called testa and inner seed coat is called tegmen. It's embryonic axis has 3 parts, plumule, radicle and hypocotyl.

Angiosperms dominate because they are highly adaptable to diverse environments, aided by efficient water transport (vessels), double fertilization, and fruit-protected seeds.

Drimys is a primitive angiosperm belonging to the Winteraceae family, which is notable for lacking vessels in its xylem, a trait usually associated with gymnosperms.

In Bentham and Hooker's classification, the series Thalamiflorae includes orders like Ranales, Parietales, and Malvales, characterized by flowers with a convex thalamus.

Dichogamy (maturing at different times) in the prothallus of vascular cryptogams prevents self-fertilization, thereby promoting cross-fertilization and genetic diversity.

Angiosperms like Lilium have a highly reduced male gametophyte, consisting of only two or three cells at the time of pollination.

The plant described (bulb, trimerous, 6 stamens) is a monocot (Liliaceae). In Bentham and Hooker's system, the class Monocotyledones contains 34 natural orders.

Trimerous flowers are those that have floral parts in the count of three. These flowers are characteristic features of monocots. 

The grasses, used in the making of lawns are called Rolling grass or Lawn grass. Agropyron, Ammophila, Poa are used in making lawns. So they are called Rolling grass.

So, the correct option is ‘All of the above’.

A. True - In Angiosperms, the root tip is covered by a protective layer called Root cap or Calyptra, to provide protection.

Yucca is a monocot and a member of Liliaceae, shows anamolous secondary growth.

So,
the correct answer is ‘Yucca’.

Greatest extent of adaptation to various environments is found in angiosperms. Angiosperms grow on most of the places on earth. They grow in hot and cold deserts. They also grow in high altitude of Himalayas.

Rattan belongs to the palm family (Arecales or Palmea) and is found from sea level up to 3,000 m. Around 600 species and 13 genera of rattan are known. Although most rattan species are native to the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Australia, there is a large variety in their distribution.  Commercially-used rattan usually grows in hilly tropical areas, with a mean annual temperature of 25° C and an annual rainfall of -2,000 mm. As a result, the main area for rattan production is in the tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia. There are different types of rattan palms, such as high or low climbers, single stemmed or clustered rattan species. Some have very short and underground stems. Several rattan species are known to reach lengths of 100m. Rattan sheaths have spines for protection, along with ‘whips’ that are also covered with spines. These play a major role in supporting the rattan as it grows over trees and other plants in the rainforest. 

Vessels are one of the type of water conducting tissue. These cells are long, cylindrical, dead cells. Vessels are absent in pteridophytes. These cells are present in all angiosperms and some gymnosperms. 

Megagametophyte develops from megaspore. The megaspore enlarges into an oval-shaped structure called the embryo sac, which is termed as megagametophyte.