Cell Organelles: Vacuoles and Membrane-Bound Structures

The vacuole are the membranous vesicular structures in the cells of the living organisms. The vacuoles are involved in the storage of the food materials. The presence of vacuole provides rigidity and shape to the cell with the help of turbulence. The wastes from the cells can be excreted with the help and movement of the vacuoles. The vacuoles are not responsible for locomotion. 

Contractile vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that pump excess water out of the protozoan. When the freshwater protozoan is placed in a marine environment it loses water due to exosmosis as salt concentration is high outside. The contractile vacuole disappears to prevent the loss of water from the organism because in the presence of contractile vacuoles the cell will be dehydrated. 

Vacuoles are the membrane-bound storage organelle formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles. It does not have fixed shape and varies according to the need.

A vacuole is the double membrane bound structure. The outermost covering of vacuole is called as tonoplast or vacuolar membrane. The tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

The vacuole is the membrane bound cell organelle and has the main function of osmoregulation. It also stores fluid and solid and hence, maintains rigidity of cell. In some organism vacuole involves in the excretion of wastes. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Vacuoles are the membrane-bound organelle filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including. In-plant cells, it is large and centrally located whereas, in animal cells, it is either small or absent. It is also called as storage sac as it stores water, food and waste materials.
So, the correct answer is option C.

Mitochondria produces the energy currency, i.e., ATPs of the cell. Mitochondria take nutrients and convert them into energy molecules. This process is known as 'oxidative phosphorylation'. 
Plastids are present in plant cells, which synthesize and store important chemical compounds used by the cell. 
Golgi apparatus has the main function of modifying, sorting and packaging the proteins, which are synthesized by cells. Golgi bodies are also involved in the transport of lipid molecules across the cell. 

A plant cell is characterised by a single large sap vacuole. They enclose sap or water with dissolved inorganic and organic substances. It is surrounded by a membrane called as tonoplast. Plant cell vacuole maintains osmotic pressure for turgidity and osmosis. They also store useful as well as waste substances. The growth in terms of increase in size depends on the elongation of the cell. For elongation of the cell, the protoplasm needs to push against cell wall from inside. The generation of pushing force depends on the osmotic pressure created by substances stored in central vacuole. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The endomembrane system includes organelles whose functions are coordinated, specifically the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are semi-autonomous and not part of this system.

Tonoplast or vacuolar membrane is the living membrane of the vacuole. It separates the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm. It helps the vacuole in maintaining the osmoregularity inside the cell.

Vacuoles are the membrane-bound organelle mostly found in the plant cell. It is the centrally located large storage bubble in the plant cells and filled with cell sap. They provide osmotic pressure and turgidity to the plant cell. 

Vacuoles are storage bubbles found mostly in plant cells. These are used for storage of food or water. The vacuolar membrane is a single layered and is called as tonoplast. Osmotic pressure and turgidity is maintained by vacuoles. They store toxic metabolic by-products or end products of plant cells. Such vacuoles are thrown out of the cell by exocytosis. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

In a plant cell, the vacuoles are large and centrally placed organelle. Vacuoles typically contain salts, sugars and sometimes proteins and have a variety of secretory, excretory and storage functions. The vacuole may also be involved in the breakdown of old organelles or macromolecules and then recycling the products back to the rest of the cell. Thus, they are in large number in a cell adapted for waste storage and disposal.
So, the correct answer is option A.

• The cell sap is a non-living content of the vacuole. Cell sap is the fluid manufactured by the cytoplasm of the living plant cell.
•  Cell sap consists of water and various substances that are often in the form of a colloidal suspension. 
• On average, cell sap has twice the viscosity of water. 
• The cell sap contributes to the osmotic properties and turgor of the cell, and consequently, to the elasticity of plant tissues and organs. 

The vacuole is a membrane-enclosed fluid-filled sac found in plant cells that occupies a major part of the cell volume. It gives rigidity to the cell and hence to the plant by using water to develop a pressure called hydrostatic pressure. It stores nutrient and non-nutrients such as pigments and mineral ions. It also stores the cellular metabolic waste. Thus the correct answer is option C.

Vacuole is the characteristic feature of plant cell while absent in animal cell. The liquid substance present in the vacuole is called cell sap. The cell sap is mainly composed of water, sugar, salt, pigment- anthocyanin. Vacuole functions as store house for secretory and excretory substances. Thus option B is the correct answer.

• The function and significance of vacuoles vary greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present.
• In general, the functions of the vacuole include- Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell. Containing waste products. 
• Containing water in plant cells. Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell. Maintaining an acidic internal pH. 
• Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole etc.
  
  Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

The contractile vacuoles are the structures which are present in the cells of the lower organisms. The vacuole plays an important role in excretion and osmoregulation. The wastes like the ammonia can be excreted through the vacuoles. The water and the other salts are also removed through this vacuoles in order to maintain the osmotic balance. 

A. Acentric chromosome lacks a centromere as the centromere is the point of attachment for the spindle fibres.

• The plant vacuoles consist of various water-soluble pigments such as carotenoids, anthocyanins and xanthophylls etc.
  
• Anthocyanins are also water-soluble pigments which are red, purple, or blue in colour depending on the pH which gives colour to the flower and fruits (blueberry, raspberry etc).
• So, the correct answer is 'Vacuoles'.

A. An acrocentric chromosome is a  chromosome in which the centromere is located near to one end of the chromosome. 

• A cell vacuole is a membrane-bound (tonoplast) organelle present in cells.
  
• It forms an enclosed compartment within the cell which are filled with water, dissolved inorganic and organic molecules (enzymes)
• They contain hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down the macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids etc.).
  
• Anthocyanin is stored in the vacuoles (flowers and fruits).
• It does not possess its own DNA as the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
• So, the correct answer is 'DNA'.

An acrocentric chromosome has its centromere located very close to one end, resulting in one very long arm and one very short arm.

• Metacentric chromosomes are X-shaped chromosomes and the centromere are present in the centre so that the two arms are equal.
•  A telocentric chromosome is a chromosome in which the centromere is located at the terminal end of the chromosome and their shape is similar to the letter i.
• So, the correct answer is 'Metacentric and telocentric'.

• A vacuole is a membrane-bound (tonoplast) organelle present in cells.
  
• It forms an enclosed compartment within the cell which are filled with water, dissolved inorganic and organic molecules (enzymes)
  
• Cell sap refers to the fluid inside the vacuole of a plant cell which serves as storage of materials.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Cell sap'.

• Chromosome having terminal centromere capped by telomere is Acrocentric.
  
• An acrocentric chromosome is a  chromosome in which the centromere is located near to one end of the chromosome. 
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Acrocentric'.

1) Metacentric chromosomes have the centromere in the center, such that both sections are of equal length. Human chromosome 1 and 3 are metacentric.

So, the answer is 'Toxins - Anthocyanins'.

Cell cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon are widely used in biotechnology for the commercial production of shikonin, a red naphthoquinone pigment with medicinal and dye properties.

• A vacuole is a membrane-bound 9tonoplast) organelle present in cells.
  
• It forms an enclosed compartment within the cell which are filled with water, dissolved inorganic and organic molecules (enzymes)
• It stores food and variety of nutrients required by the cell to survive and also store waste products which protect the cell from getting contaminated.
• So, the correct answer is 'Water and dissolved substances'.

Vacuolar membrane is a membrane surrounding the vacuole. It is also called as tonoplast. Like, cell membrane, it is semipermeable in nature. Therefore, option B is correct. 

Beet root is coloured because of the presence of anthocyanin in vacuoles .Anthocyanin is the water soluble vacuolar pigments ,they contain red colour in roots of the caryophyllales [including cactus, beet and amaranth ]these roots are contain red in colour.But otherwise anthocyanin in chloroplast and chromoplast have roots green in colour.Carotenoid of chloroplast contain orange colour pigments and they are found in carrots
So the correct option is B

A large central vacuole of a plant cell that stores water with inorganic and organic substance like sugar, salts and some pigments are the non-living fluid. It provides turgidity and osmolarity to the cell.

The chromosomes were named according to the position of the centromeres. This is expressed in the ratio “long arm to short arm”. Here the following terms are used: metacentric (arm ratio 1.0–1.7), submetacentric (ratio 1.7–3.0), subtelocentric (ratio 3.0–7.0), acrocentric (ratio more than 7.0), and telocentric (chromosome with only one arm).

One of the two morphological forms of a mitochondrion is 'condensed' form observed in mitochondria with high respiratory rates (ATP formation is high with increased rates of Kreb's cycle, ETS, and oxidative phosphorylation). In this type of confirmation, the matrix volume inside inner membrane is not very large causing the inner membrane to move away from outer membrane causing the intermembrane space to swell except at the site of where two are connected. Thus considering all the details about this form of the mitochondrion.

Plant cell vacuoles contain water and metabolic wastes. They are widely diverse in form, size, content and functional dynamics and a single cell may contain more than one kind of vacuole. In mature plant cells, vacuoles tend to be very large and are extremely important in providing structural support, as well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

• A plant cell is characterized by a single large sap vacuole. They enclose sap or water or vacuolar fluid with dissolved inorganic and organic substances. It is surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast. 
• Plant cell vacuole maintains osmotic pressure for turgidity and osmosis. They also store useful as well as waste orgastic substances. Plant vacuole along with the cell inclusions is the non-living component of the cell.

Vacuoles are the membrane-bound organelle and perform various functions according to the type of cell in which they are present. Vacuoles are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. The organelle has no basic shape or size, its structure varies according to the needs of the cell. 

A plant cell is characterised by a single large sap vacuole. They enclose sap or water with dissolved inorganic and organic substances. It is surrounded by a membrane called as tonoplast. Plant cell vacuole maintains osmotic pressure for turgidity and osmosis. They also store useful as well as waste substances. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The plant cell usually has a single large centrally located vacuole. The tonoplast is a special term for the membrane found around plant cell vacuole. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Vacuoles are the membrane-bound storage bubbles found in cells. They are large and centrally located in plant cell whereas in animal cells either they are too small or absent .They can store food materials, waste products, water etc.