Medieval Indian History

Siyaka II is credited with establishing the Paramara dynasty as an independent power by defeating the Rashtrakutas.

Prithviraj Chauhan was the last ruler of Chauhan dynasty to sit on the throne of Delhi. During his reign, Muhammad Ghori invaded India in 1191. In the first battle of Tarain, Prithviraj defeated his army. The battle was fought near the town of Tarain near Thanesar in present-day Haryana.

During the Rajput era, the feudal system was prevalent where landlords collected taxes from the peasantry and paid a portion as tribute to the king.

Land revenue was the primary source of income for kingdoms during the Rajput era, as it was an agrarian society.

In the village administration of the Rajput era, the head of the village Panchayat was commonly referred to as the Mukhi or Mukhiya.

Kingship was hereditary, but the succession was often contested among brothers or other family members; it was not strictly limited to the eldest son.

The Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated to Shiva was constructed in 999 by the king Dhangadeva of the Chandela dynasty. The temple had an ornamented gateway that led to an entrance. It had a main hall known as mahamandapa where dances were performed.

Sawai Jai Singh II was the founder of the Pink city i.e. Jaipur. He was a remarkable Monarch of Jaipur, was a mathematician, an astronomer, and a town planner. He shifted his capital from Amber to Jaipur due to increase in population and growing scarcity of water. He consulted several books on architecture and architects before making the layout of Jaipur.

The Parmaras founded their independent kingdom on the ruin of the Pratihara Kingdom. Munja Vakpati was the first great ruler of this dynasty. The Parmars ruled from their capital at Dhar (near Indore). The Parmars became famous in the time of Raja Bhoja.

In 750 AD, Nagabhata-I replaced the throne of the great king Harshavardhana and established himself as the great ruler of Ujjain. He resisted invasion by the Mlechchas who were identified with the Arab Muslim invaders which is mentioned in the Gwalior inscription of his descendant Mihira Bhoja. Nagabhata was the founder of the imperial Gurjara Pratihara dynasty.

The Khandaraya temple in Madhya Pradesh is a Hindu temple built in the medieval period. It was built by the Chandelas in their capital city of Khajuraho. Shiva is the chief deity of this temple. The temple is the largest among the three groups of the Khajuraho complex of temples namely Kandariya, Matangeshwara and Vishvanatha temples.

Chand Bardai was an Indian poet, who composed Prithviraj Raso, an epic poem in Brajbhasa about the life of the Chahamana king Prithviraj Chauhan. The poem presents him as a court poet of Prithviraj. According to it, after Prithviraj was defeated at the Second battle of Tarain and taken to Ghazna by Muhammad of Ghor, Chand Bardai travelled to Ghazna and helped Prithviraj kill Muhammad.

The Paramara Dynasty was founded by a chief called Upendra (Krishanaraja) at the beginning of the 9th century. The capital of Paramaras initially was Ujjain which later was replaced by Dhara. They were able to rule till 1305 when Malwa was conquered finally by Alauddin Khilji.

The Gurjara Pratihara dynasty was founded by Harichandra, in the area around Jodhpur in Rajputana. They ruled most of northern India from mid-7th to the 11th century. Gurjara-Pratihara are known for their sculptures, carved panels and open pavilion style temples. The greatest development of their style of temple building was at Khajuraho

The Second Battle of Tarian was fought in 1192 AD between Ghurid army of Mohammed Ghori and Rajput army of Prithviraj Chauhan. After his defeat in the first battle, Mohammad Ghori came back to avenge his loss. Many of Prithviraj Chauhan's former allies were this time indifferent to fight for him and his enemy, king Jaichand of Kannauj also supported Ghori which reduced the Rajput armywhich led them to their defeat.

Chandbardai was known for his excellence in poetry. Chandrabai was a court poet of Prithvi Raj Chauhan. He was born in Lahore in the year 1148. He acquired immense knowledge of language, literature, grammar, puranas, astrology etc. The famous creation of Chandbardai is Prithviraj Raso. It is considered to be the first epic in Hindi. 

Chandrabai was a court poet of Prithvi Raj Chauhan. He was born in Lahore in the year 1148. He acquired immense knowledge of language, literature, grammar, puranas, astrology etc. The famous creation of Chandbardai is Prithviraj Raso. It is considered to be the first epic in Hindi. 

Chandbardai was known for his excellence in poetry. Chandrabai was a court poet of Prithvi Raj Chauhan. He was born in Lahore in the year 1148. He acquired immense knowledge of language, literature, grammar, puranas, astrology etc. The famous creation of Chandbardai is Prithviraj Raso. It is considered to be the first epic in Hindi. 

In
the nineteenth century, the region that constitutes most of present-day
Rajasthan was called as Rajputana by the British. While this may suggest
that this was an area that was inhabited only or mainly by Rajputs.

There
were several groups who identify themselves as Rajputs in many areas of
northern and central India. And of course, there are several peoples
other than Rajputs who live in Rajasthan. However, the Rajputs are often
recognised as contributing to the distinctive culture of Rajasthan.

Maharaja Jaswant Singh was a prominent ruler of the Marwar kingdom (Jodhpur) during the Mughal period.

In Rajasthan and central India there arose a number of small kingdoms ruled by dynasties that came to be called the Rajputs. Many parts of North India and modern-day Pakistan were ruled by these dynasties. Some of these were Solanki dynasty who ruled over present day Gujarat, Chandelas of Khajuraho, Chauhans of Ajaymeru and Delhi, Bundelas of Bundelkhand, etc

Akabr was the third ruler of the Mughal empire. He was so liberal in his religious outlook that he attempted to find a new religion on the basis of good points of all religions. He founded a new religion in 1581 and named it DIn-i-Ilahi. The main reason for this liberalism was his wish to become a national king and expand his empire peacefully.

Maharaja Suraj Mal was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan in India. Deeg was the first capital of the Bharatpur state. Maharaja Suraj Mal built the Deeg fort in 1730 as the place was vulnerable to repeated attacks by invaders. The fort had massive walls and a deep moat to keep away raiders.

Mohammed Ghori was defeated by Raja Bhimdev II in the battle of Kayadara near Mt. Abu. After this defeat, he never turned to Gujarat later on. Bhimdev II  was an Indian king who belonged to the Solanki dynasty and ruled parts of present-day Gujarat. His reign suffered many rebellions by the feudatories as well as external invasions by the Ghurids, the Paramaras, and the Yadavas of Devagiri.

The Hitopadesha composed by Pandit Narayana is a remarkable compilation of short stories. It is regarded more or less similar to the Panchatantra. It is a collection of tales that counsel and advice for the welfare and benefit of everyone. hitopadesh is an Indian text in Sanskrit language consisting of fables with animal and human characters.

Mahmud Ghazni made the very first attack on India in 1001. He attacked India 17 times in 25 years. He made his last attack on the Somnath temple in 1025 to plunder the gold.

Modhera Sun temple is located at Modhera village of Mehsana district, Gujarat, India on the bank of river Pushpavati. It is a Hindu temple built by Bhimdev I of the Solanki dynasty in 1026AD and dedicated to the Sun. The Temple was plundered by Mahmud Ghazni in 1024-25 when his army invaded Bhima's kingdom. Even after the attack, the temple still retains its architectural grandeur till date.

During the Rajput era, land revenue was typically fixed at one-sixth of the total agricultural produce.

Maharaja Jaswant Singh was a ruler of Marwar which is in the southwestern part of the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan. He died at Jamrud, near Peshawar in Pakistan, on 28 December 1678 at the age of 49.

Maldev Rathore was an Indian ruler of Marwar, which was later known as Jodhpur in the present-day Rajasthan state of India. He was a descendant of the Rathore clan. 

The ShishupalVadha is a work of classical Sanskrit poetry composed by Magha in the 7th or 8th century. It is an epic poem consisting of 20 divisions of about 1800 highly ornate stanzas and is considered one of the greatest Sanskrit epic.

Naishad Charitra is a poem in Sanskrit on the life of Nala, the king of Nishadha. It was written by Shriharsha. It is considered one of the five mahakavyas in the canon of Sanskrit literature. The language of the Naishadha Charita is highly elaborate and polished.

The Paliya is a type of memorial found in western India especially Saurashtra and Kutch regions of Gujarat state of India. They mostly commemorate the death of a person. These stone monuments have symbols and inscriptions.

Naishad Charitra is a poem in Sanskrit on the life of Nala, the king of Nishadha and Damayanti, the daughter of Bhima, the king of Vidarbha. It was written by Shriharsha. It is considered one of the five mahakavyas in the canon of Sanskrit literature. The language of the Naishadha Charita is highly elaborate and polished.

Modhera Sun temple is located at Modhera village of Mehsana district, Gujarat, India on the bank of river Pushpavati. It is a Hindu temple built by Bhimdev I of the Solanki dynasty in 1026AD and dedicated to the Sun. The sanctum sanctorum is designed in a way that the first rays of rising sun lit up the image of Surya during solar equinox days.

1. The last attack of Mahmud was on the Somnath Temple in Gujrat in 1027 A.D
2. Mahmud invaded Kalinjar in 1023 A.D
3. Mahmud attacked Mathura and Kannauj in 1018 A.D and 1021 A.D respectively
4. Mahmud conquered Thanesar in 1014 A.D
5. Mahmud defeated the Hindu Shahi kingdom ruler Anandpal in the 1000 AD.

Therefore the correct chronology of invasion is 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

The correct matches are: Vishakhadatta (Mudrarakshasha), Kalhan (Rajtarangini), Bilhan (Vikramakadev Chant), Somdeva (Kathasaritsagar), and Merutunga (Prabodhchintamani).

Siddhem Shabdanushasan is the grammar book which was written by Jain Acharya Hemchandracharya. This book has seven chapters, with each chapter having four sections. It also includes six Prakrit languages.

Mahmud of Ghazni received a robe of honor and a title from the Caliph of Baghdad, Al-Qadir Billah, which legitimized his rule as an independent sovereign.