Theories of Evolution - Lamarckism, Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism

The first theory of evolution was proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. Lamarckism proposed:

Survival of the fittest was the phrase given to describe natural selection and it was explained and developed by Charles Darwin. The phrase was given by Herbert Spencer.

The theory of use and disuse of Lamarck, advocated the idea that animals acquire characteristics after using certain physical traits constantly. This was later disproved.

• Lamarckism was the theory given by the monk who was one of the brilliant scientists use the first natural ways to put forward a general theory of evolution according to his theory there is some internal force of life that tend to increase the size of organism and according to his loss, the necessity in animals causes them to produce structures.
•  Lamarck's most famous law was the effect of use and disuse of organs that according to long neck of Giraffe was the result of continuous stretching of the neck to obtain food and as snakes did not use their Limbs so they became rudimentary and moth to develop melanin to get protected so the correct option is lake of pigment in cave-dwelling animals.

According to Lamarckism, according to use and disuse theory, animals will acquire characteristics after using certain physical traits constantly.

Lamarckism never explains about variation in due course of time and survival of organism. It explains about the characteristics acquired by animals as a result of continuous use of the physical trait.

Industrial melanism in the peppered moth (Biston betularia) is an iconic case study of ecological genetics, but the molecular identity of the gene determining the difference between the typical and melanic (carbonaria) moths is entirely unknown. It is never in accordance with Lamarckism (use and disuse theory).

Lamarckism or theory of use and disuse has been disproved in this case. It states that animals acquired characteristics after using certain physical traits constantly.

August Weismann performed the famous experiment of cutting off the tails of mice for many generations to disprove the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Lamarck is the scientist, who gave theory of acquired characteristics. He explained that animals acquire characteristics after using certain physical traits constantly.

The theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics was proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, not Charles Darwin. Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. Therefore, the statement is false.

Lamarckism is the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring. It is named after the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
Alexander Oparin was a Soviet biochemist notable for his untested theories about the origin of life and for his book 'The Origin of Life'.
Gregor Johann Mendel was a German-speaking Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar, who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the modern science of genetics.
Suarez is a Spanish scientist. Thus, option A is correct.

Lamarck's theory of evolution is primarily based on the principle of use and disuse of organs, which he believed led to structural changes that were then inherited.

Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring (also known as heritability of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance). It is named after the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who incorporated the action of soft inheritance into his evolutionary theories as a supplement to his concept of an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Lamarck theory of evolution is the first theory of evolution which was followed by other theories proposed by Wallace, Darwin and Hugo de Vries. 

The inheritance of acquired characteristics is a hypothesis that physiological changes acquired over the life of an organism (such as the enlargement of a muscle through repeated use) may be transmitted to offspring. The basic concept of inheritance of acquired characters was finally widely rejected in the early 20th century. It was disapproved by experiment conducted by Weismann. Weismann conducted the experiment of removing the tails of 68 white mice, repeatedly over 5 generations and reporting that no mice were born in consequence without a tail or even with a shorter tail. 

C.D. Darlington famously criticized Lamarckism, referring to it as an evergreen superstition due to the lack of genetic evidence for the inheritance of acquired traits.

Lamarckism is the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring also known as heritability of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance. It is named after the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who incorporated the action of soft inheritance into his evolutionary theories as a supplement to his concept of an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Lamarck did not originate the idea of soft inheritance, which proposes that individual efforts during the lifetime of the organisms were the main mechanism driving species to adaptation, as they supposedly would acquire adaptive changes and pass them on to offspring. According to Lamarck change in the environment brings modifications in plants and animals so as to adapt to their surroundings. So, theory of Lamarck was based on adaptive modifications and not based on adaptive collisions and radiations. Thus, option A is correct and other options are wrong.

Lamarck illustrated his theory using the example of the evolution of giraffes. They had short-necked ancestors that had tried all their lives to reach for the juicy leaves of trees. By constantly stretching their necks, they grew longer and longer, a property which they passed on to their offspring. The long neck of the giraffe is said to have come into existence in this manner over generations. So, according to Lamarck intense use of an organ results in its development.

What Lamarck claimed was the inheritance of characteristics acquired through effort, or will. 

The inheritance of acquired characteristics is a hypothesis that physiological changes acquired over the life of an organism such as the enlargement of a muscle through repeated use may be transmitted to offspring. It is also commonly referred to as the theory of adaptation equated with the evolutionary theory of French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck known as Lamarckism. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring (also known as heritability of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance).
Darwin and the HMS Beagle were in Galapagos during the months of September and October of 1835, and during this time Darwin had the opportunity to explore a handful of islands, collecting Galapagos species for use in his research back home.
An Essay on the Principle of Population  was given by Thomas Robert Malthus.
In 1859, Charles Darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. He defined natural selection as the "principle by which each slight variation [of a trait], if useful, is preserved". Thus, option B is correct and other options are wrong.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring (also known as heritability of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance). It is named after the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who incorporated the action of soft inheritance into his evolutionary theories as a supplement to his concept of an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Lamarck did not originate the idea of soft inheritance, which proposes that individual efforts during the lifetime of the organisms were the main mechanism driving species to adaptation, as they supposedly would acquire adaptive changes and pass them on to offspring. Lamarck theory of evolution is also called as inheritance of acquired characters. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Lamarck gave the theory of inheritance of acquired characters. Darwin included struggle for existence in his theory of origin of species by natural selection. 

To account for polymorphism Weismann developed hypothesis of germinal selection. He said that the germplasm has got not a single set of determiners but a number of different sets of determiners. It is the environment that decides which set of determiners will express themselves. 

The theory that organs develop with use and weaken with disuse is the core of Lamarckism, specifically his theory of 'use and disuse'.

Lamarck was French naturalist who proposed the theory of individual acquire characters to explain the process of natural selection. According to the inheritance of acquired characters, individual acquire characters under influence of needs as posed as changing environmental conditions; these characters are inherited. He explained evolution the long-necked giraffes from short-necked giraffes on the basis of his theory. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Lamarck is best known for his, 'Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics', first presented in 1801 (Darwin's first book dealing with natural selection was published in 1859): If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. He said that change is made by what the organisms want or need. For example- Lamarck believed that elephants all used to have short trunks. When there was no food or water that they could reach with their short trunks, they stretched their trunks to reach the water and branches, and their offspring inherited long trunks. Lamarck also said that body parts that are not being used, such as the human appendix and little toes are gradually disappearing. Eventually, people will be born without these parts. Lamarck also believed that evolution happens according to a predetermined plan and that the results have already been decided.

Philosophie zoologique is an 1809 book by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in which he outlines his theory of evolution now known as Lamarckism. In the book, Lamarck named two supposed laws that would enable animal species to acquire characteristics under the influence of their environment. The two laws are as followed :

Lamarck has suggested the theory of use and disuse of organs. According to this theory, if any organ is used to its maximum optimum levels it's size increases gradually because of it's repeated use. On the contrary, the size of organs that are used goes on reducing considerably. This is because of their constant disuse. 

The snakes have been evolved from lizard like ancestors, which were having two pairs of limbs and there is absence of limbs in snakes, it is explained by Lamarckism.

the famous theory of acquired characters was put forward by Lamarck. Lamarck suggested that if any changes take place in the life of organisms, that changes lead to change in their genetic character. This happens so that the organism can adapt better to their environment. These changes or adaptations are then passed on to subsequent generations. Thus they acquire these characters too.

Lamarck contributed to organic evolution through his theory. According to Lamarck, changes in the environment create new needs in the organism for adaptation. Use and disuse of organs and inheritance of acquired characters was also explained by Lamarck. He explained that certain characters which are acquired by the parents can be passed to the offspring. 

This experiment disproves the theory of inheritance of acquired characters, because the tailless condition is an acquired characteristic but it is not inherited by succeeding generations. Lamarck gave theory of inheritance of acquired characters.

Kammerer and McDougall respectively worked on toads and rats and tried to gather experimental evidences to prove Lamarckism, but their experiments were not conclusive evidence for Lamarckism and were criticised on several counts.

Lamarck gave the theory of Inheritance of acquired character. According to which characters acquired by an organism during it's life are inherited by the next generation.

Weismann cut the tails of experimental animals for many generations, yet they were always born with tail. Thus proving that acquired characters (tailless state in this case) are not inherited.

Lamarck theory is also called as Lamarckism. The most popular example used to explain the concept of Lamarckism is the elongated neck of the giraffe. According to this theory, an elongated neck of an African giraffe evolved to reach leaves high in trees. In another example, he proposed that water birds gained long webbed toes for better swimming. Another example of Lamarckism is snakes whose ancestors are lizard like reptiles. They acquired elongated limbless body for their protection.

According to Lamark's principle all the characters that are acquired during the lifetime of an organism are passed on to the next generation. This theory is called as inheritance of acquired characters. However, Wiesmann did not agree with this theory, and proved through the tail cutting experiments on mice that only the changes that take place in the germ cells or the gametes are only passed on to the next generation.

The answer is option C i.e. "Weismann".

• Weismann gave the germ plasm theory which proved that somatic cells have little or no influence in inheritance.
• Darwin only supported Weismann that one’s acquired character is not inherited in the next generation.
• Lamarck gave a hypothesis on the inheritance of acquired characteristics, he proposed the idea of heritability of acquired characteristics.
• While Cuvier did not work in the discovery of inheritance. He discovered the process of the formation of fossils.

Lamarck is best known for his 'Theory of Inheritance' of Acquired Characteristics. If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring.

The first theory of evolution was proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck Lamarckism proposed,

The theory of inheritance of acquired characters was proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, French biologist in 1801. He states that organism gets adapted to the changes of environment, which it meets in lifetime and passes it on to progenies and thus becomes heredity. Thus, the correct answer is 'Lamarck.'

Lamarckism is the theory of acquired characters, it includes :

Lamarck
is best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, first
exhibited in 1801 (Darwin's first book - distributed
in 1859): If a life form changes amid life so as to adjust to its condition,
those progressions are passed on to its posterity.

In early 19$^{th}$ century, Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, French zoologist suggested the first theory of organic evolution based on the development of new or modified character in response to environmental changes. For instance, giraffe acquired long neck due to stretching of the neck for food. Thus, the correct answer is ‘Lamarck.’

The ancestors of giraffe had short neck and shorter fore limbs. Due to change in the environmental condition they were forced to feed on taller trees. In order to reach to the food they had to stretch their neck and lift their fore limbs from the ground. This effort they made through out the life ,due to which their forelimbs and neck became slightly longer.

Lamarckism suggests that acquired traits are inherited. A Nobel laureate's intelligence or strength is not an acquired physical trait that would be passed down to offspring in the way Lamarck described, making this a common counter-example.

Jean Baptiste Lamark proposed the theory of use and disuse of organs.

The concept that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed to the next generation is the central tenet of Lamarckism.

Lamarckism focuses on use/disuse and inheritance of acquired characters. The idea that survival is based on variations is a core concept of Darwinism (natural selection), not Lamarckism.

According to the Lamarckian concept :

1. Thomas Malthus stated through his studies on population that human populations grow exponentially while food production grows at an arithmetic rate. This scenario predicted a future when humans would have no resources to survive on. 
   2. Hugo de Vries regarded single, large step mutations called saltation as the reason for evolution.
   3. Darwin regarded natural selection and branching descent as the key concepts of the theory of evolution. Branching descent may be defined as the process by which new species originate from a single common descendant.
   4. Lamarck proposed the theory of use and disuse of Organs which state that if an organ is constantly used, it would be better developed whereas disuse of organ results in its degeneration.
   So, the correct answer is 'A - 2, B - 4, C - 1, D - 3'

Charles Darwin proposed the principle of natural selection , August Weismann proposed the theory of  continuity of germ plasm , Hugo de Vries proposed mutation theory of evolution , and Jean Baptiste de Lamarck proposed the use and disuse theory of evolution .

Lamarck is best known for his "Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics", first presented in 1801. If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring.

According to Lamarckism, the ancestors of giraffe had small neck and forelimbs and were like horses. They were residing in places with no surface vegetation, therefore, they had to stretch their neck and forelimbs to take the leaves for food. This led to slight elongation of these parts. Whatever they acquired in one generation was transmitted to the next generation with the result that a race of long necked and long forelimbed giraffes were developed. So, the correct answer is 'Of stretching of necks over many generations by short necked ones'.

Lamarck is best known for his theory of Inheritance of acquired characteristics, which states that if an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. It said that change is made by what the organisms wants or needs. He used it to explain the long necks of giraffes, long trunks of elephants and vestigeality of the appendix. 

Lamarck's second law, the theory of inheritance of acquired characters, also called as soft inheritance states that modifications which the organism acquires in adaptation to the environments which it meets during its lifetime are automatically handed down to its descendants, and so become part of heredity. 

Lamarck suggested "Inheritance of Acquired Characters" and was of the opinion that the characters that an organisms acquires during his lifetime are passed on to the next generation. However, he failed to understand the distinction between inherited and non-inherited characters.

According to Lamarckism, all the acquired characters are inherited to the next generations. According to Darwinism only useful variation are transferred to the next generation.

The modern synthesis of evolution combines Darwin's natural selection, Lamarck's early observations (though modified), and Hugo de Vries's mutation theory, providing the most comprehensive framework.

Lamarckism was disproved later after putting up the human ear piercing example. Lamarckism which is otherwise called as use and disuse theory advocated the idea that animals acquired characteristics after using certain physical traits constantly.

For the giraffes, the change in the position of the food  (leaves) from near to ground level to higher on the trees, triggered for adaptation to prevent extinction. So, those giraffes that underwent genetic changes/variations and developed long necks were able to obtain food and survive in the changed environmental conditions, while others perished, as this change in the genetic pool was beneficial for the giraffes propagation. It was passed on to next generation and so the modern day giraffe has long necks.

The observed phenotypic variations of a trait in a population which is caused by genetic variation are called as heritability. It shows the extent to which a trait is determined genetically. Fitness refers to the ability of survival and production of fertile offspring. Limited environmental resources lead to the struggle for existence, not phenotypic variations. Overproduction of offspring represents the biotic potential of species.  

A trait is favored by natural selection when it imparts reproductive fitness to the population. Reproductive fitness refers to ability of organisms to pass traits to offspring. This makes option D correct as individual with allele that enable it to produce fertile and viable offspring is favored by natural selection. 

Lamarck explained the long neck of giraffes by suggesting that ancestors stretched their necks to reach higher leaves, and this acquired trait was passed to offspring.

The first theory of evolution was proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. Lamarckism proposed:

Indian women have getting their ears pierced for thousands of years, but this character does not passed to any offspring, this casts doubt on lamarck's theory of evolution. Later on, in Neo-lamarckism it was explained that only those characters will be inherited which can affect germ cells, while characters that affect somatic cells do not pass to descendants. Thus, the correct answer is 'Indian women have been getting their ears pierced for thousands of years, but not a single baby with pierced ears is born.'

Lamarckism is the theory of acquired characters, it includes :

The first theory of evolution was proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. Lamarckism proposed

Lamarck in his use and disuse theory proposed that any body part used vigorously caused it to become stronger and inherited in descendants. Lamarckism was failed to explain the reason behind weak muscles of wrestler’s son. Which was later on explained by August Weismann in his germ plasm theory. The germplasm theory claimed that only those changes would be inherited that affects germplasm (now called DNA) and any change in the body would not affect germplasm, so could not be inherited. Thus, the correct answer is ‘Weak muscles in the son of a wrestler.’

Lamarck believed that evolution occurs when an organism uses a body part in such a way that it is altered during its lifetime and this change is then inherited by its offspring. For example, Lamarck thought that giraffes evolved their long neck s by each generation stretching further to get leaves. This theory was called the Use and Disuse of Organs.

According to the Neo-Darwinian theory, mutations together with natural selection results in origin of new species.

Darwin's theory of common descent is supported by evidence from the fossil record, biogeography, and comparative embryology, all of which indicate shared ancestry.

Natural selection is the core creative agent in evolution, mutations, variations, are also factors leading to the development of new species. Organisms more suited to the environmental conditions will survive empowering the forces of competition. The organism with beneficial mutations, stronger genotype will be the fittest and will survive. After successive generations, all the stronger gene pool leads to an evolution of new species.

Neo-Darwinism is a modification of the original theory of Darwin to remove its shortcomings. Instead of continous variations, mutations are believed to help form new species. Variations accumulate in the gene pool and not in the individuals. 

In Darwinian terms, fitness is defined by an individual's reproductive success, specifically the number of offspring that survive to reproduce.

Darwin delayed publishing 'On the Origin of Species' for many years because he was acutely aware of the controversial nature of his theory and the potential social and religious backlash.

Neo-Darwinism (the modern synthesis) defines evolution as a change in allele frequencies within a population over time.

The famous biogenetic law stating that ontogeny repeats phylogeny was formulated by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel. It posits that the development of an organism replays the evolutionary development of its species.

Darwin's finches are believed to have originated from a common ancestor that was an insectivorous ground-dwelling bird from the mainland.

Due to variation in bacteria some of them have resistance from penicillin. Penicillin largely use as killing bacteria but now bacteria develop immunity to penicillin. So bacteria with resistant gene from penicillin transferred character to offspring. 

Darwin's theory of natural selection was criticized because it could not explain the origin of variations or the mechanism of inheritance. Option B correctly identifies this limitation regarding inherited characters.

DDT (Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane) is one of the most well-known synthetic pesticide. It is non-biodegradable i.e., it cannot be degraded by microorganisms. 

On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.

Lamarck is best known for his "Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics", that is If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. But according to Darwin, variation helps the species to survive in unfavourable condition environment.

The definition of gradualism is the slow and gradual changes that happen within an organism or society to make a better environmental fit for animals and humans. Gradualist label fit for Darwin theory.

Organic evolution is the events involved in the evolutionary development of a species. It means that all life descended from other life, although features may have changed dramatically along the way. Organic evolution involves modifications to existing species, not the development of new ones. Darwin's finch is an example, which all evolved from a common species. Gradually these 13 species got modified and adapted to their particular niche and feeding habit within Galapagos island.