Reproduction in angiospermic plants - class-X

Grafting is not successful is monocots but is successful in dicots because monocots lack cambium tissue which forms secondary growth. The cambium possesses the ability to form secondary xylem and phloem. It is present in dicots. In case of grafting, it is very important that the plant should form primary and secondary tissue for its survival. So, it take place only in dicots.

Plants with poor root system are propagated through grafting. Grafting is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of the plant are joined so as to continue their growth together. The two plants are selected, one with good roots called rootstock and another with good flowers, fruits, leaves or stem called scion. The scion contains the desired genes to be duplicated. The plants with poor roots but with the desired  quality of other products are used as scion and grafted on plants with good mature roots.

In grafting, we join two plants to each other. The upper part of the graft is called scion that forms the top portion of the plant, and lower part which we call understock makes roots or part of the stem. Grafting is usually joining of only two plants but it may be a combination of several. If we join a third plant between two plants then it forms the trunk or a portion of it. This third plant  is called an interstem.

Cutting is a technique where the vegetative parts which are meristematic in nature is used for propagation so it can easily grow into a new plant. The best time for the growth of cutting is summer because cuttings are very delicate and are prone to fungal growth. In summers the chances of fungal growth are rare as there is least humidity.

Grafting and budding are horticultural techniques used to join parts from two or more plants so that they appear to grow as a single plant. In grafting, the upper part (scion) of one plant grows on the root system (rootstock) of another plant. In the budding process, a bud is taken from one plant and grown on another. So, the correct option is "C" (Scion).

Grafting is a horticulture technique where the living detached portion of the plant is used to regenerate the growth. One plant is selected for its roots and this is called the stock or rootstock. The other plant is selected for its stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits and is called the scion. The joining of scion and stalk is known as inosculation. 

The grafted branches present will give rise to dasheri mangoes whereas the rest of the branches will give rise to desi mangoes.

In grafting, two firmly related plants are utilized to deliver another plant that has the ideal, consolidated attributes of both the parent plants. One plant is the stock, where the root system is taken and where the shoot system is used is called the Scion,

• In grafting, two firmly related plants are utilized to deliver another plant that has the ideal, consolidated attributes of both the parent plants. One plant is, 
• where the root framework is taken and the other is, where the shooting framework is utilized. The scion is appended to the load of the second plant in this strategy for fake vegetative proliferation. grafting can be done in plants like roses, apples, and avocado.

Plant metabolism involves the complex of physical and chemical events of photosynthesis, respiration, and the synthesis and degradation of organic compounds. These processes are seen to occur in the aerial parts of the plant. So, the correct option is 'Aerial'.

The stem part of the plant used in grafting is called as the stock.

A phytotron is an enclosed research greenhouse used for studying interactions between plants and the environment. It was a product of the disciplines of plant physiology and botany. The first phytotron was built under the direction of Frits Warmolt Went at the California institute of Technology in 1949. It was funded by the Harry B. Earhart Foundation and was officially known as the Earhart plant research Laboratory.

Grafting is a method of vegetative propagation where tissues from two different plants are joined to grow as one.

Plants can reproduce asexually and sexually. The vegetative reproduction is a means of rapid propagation, as sex cells are not involved, the progeny is identical to parent plant and the process is a type of asexual reproduction. Vegetative reproduction can be natural or artificial (cutting, layering, grafting or use of stocks). Cutting is commonly used artificial method of vegetative propagation. In cutting a cut portion of a plant generates a whole new plant as in Rose, Bougainvillea, Banana etc. Banana is a large perennial herb propagated vegetatively rather than sexually because nearly all cultivated varieties are seedless, and fruits develop parthenocarpically (in the absence of seed development). The principal method of banana propagation is division of suckers or pups which arise from the base of the main stem or from the underground corm. Large suckers are the preferred planting material. These are removed from vigorous clumps of banana trees with a spade when at least three feet tall, during warm months.

Grafting is a type of artificial vegetative propagation in plants. In grafting, a shoot of one plant (scion) is attached to shoot of another plant (stalk). The scion and shoot join to each other with the help of vascular cambium.

The vegetative reproduction is a means of rapid propagation, as sex cells are not involved, the progeny is identical to parent plant and the process is a type of asexual reproduction. Vegetative reproduction can be natural or artificial (cutting, layering, grafting or use of stocks). Grafting is commonly used artificial method of vegetative propagation. In grafting cut stem end (scion) of one plant is artificially tied using wet clay to another obliquely cut stem (stalk) which is still attached to roots. The cambial activity in the stalk and scion later on establishes a vascular link between two plants. Arguably the process is possible because plants lack a well developed immune system which can reject foreign grafts.

Plants can be propagated vegetatively without involving the process of sexual reproduction. The vegetative propagation can be natural or artificial. With the objective of improving crops and ornamental plants, humans have devised various methods for asexual propagation of angiosperms. Most of these methods are based on the ability of plants to form adventitious roots or shoots. Cutting, layering, grafting, cloning are few such methods. The layering process refers to growth of roots by vegetative structure of stem when covered by a layer of soil.

Vegetative reproduction means reproduction without the involvement of sex cells or gametes. The process of vegetative reproduction can be natural or artificial. Protoplast fusion and plant tissue culture are biotechnological techniques used in the propagation of plants through vegetative cells. In protoplast fusion, the protoplasm of two vegetative cells are fused thus sex cells are not involved. In tissue culture, whole plants can be grown using a small explant made up of the meristematic cell.

Cutting, layering and grafting are some of the techniques of vegetative propagation in plants. In layering, a portion of an aerial stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant. 

Grafting is the technique whereby tissues from one plant are inserted into those of another so that the two sets of vascular tissues may join together.
Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant.
Twin scaling is a method of propagating plant bulbs. Twin-scaling is practiced by professional growers and skilled amateurs to increase bulbs that would naturally propagate very slowly.
Plant cutting, also known as striking or cloning, is a technique for vegetatively (asexually) propagating plants in which a piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rockwool. The cutting produces new roots, stems or both, and thus becomes a new plant independent of the parent.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Grafting'.

Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant.
Twin scaling is a method of propagating plant bulbs.
A cutting is a vegetative plant part which is severed from the parent plant in order to regenerate itself, thereby forming a whole new plant.
Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly  multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants, using modern tissue culture methods.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Layering'.

• A stem cutting is plant stem including a tip (e.g. shoot, twig, sucker, ) or a portion of a stem without the apex that includes one or more nodes removed from a parent plant and capable of rooting; A stem cutting is used to grow a whole new plant, which is also known as cloning.
• It is the most commonly used method to propagate many woody ornamental plants such as rose and Champa.

Many types of plants, like herbaceous plants, including roses are frequently propagated by cuttings. A cutting is a vegetative plant part, which is severed from the parent plant in order to regenerate itself, thereby forming a whole new plant.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B), 'Cutting'.

Grafting is a method in which two or more plant parts are joined such that they grow as a single plant. The upper plant part which is grafted onto the stump of another plant is called the scion. The lower part of plant on which scion is grafted is called as rootstock. Bulbil is a bulb-like structure present on the axil of a leaf. It is involved in vegetative propagation.

Coffee plants can be propagated form seeds or by cuttings or air layers.
Stem cuttings or sections of the stalks called seeds or seed pieces propagate sugarcane.
Citrus can be propagated by budding, layering and cutting.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'All of these'.

Cows, cat undergoes sexual reproduction. Peas also undergo sexual reproduction.
Sugarcane are propagated vegetatively, which is an asexual means of reproduction. The propagation of sugarcane is by cutting.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C), 'Sugar cane'

Grafting is simply inserting a portion of one plant (usually a shoot the scion) onto another the host so that they grow together to make a single plant. Grafting is very common in commercial horticulture virtually all mass-marketed roses are grafted onto a vigorous rootstock of a different variety many fruit trees and other ornamentals are treated similarly. Quality of fruits produced wilI depend upon genotypes of scion only, stock is just acting as a support.

Grafting is a technique whereby tissues from one plant are inserted into those of another so that the two sets of vascular tissues may join together.
The plant that is selected for its roots is called the stock while the other plant, selected for its stems, leaves, flowers or fruits is called the scion
Thus, the correct answer is option (B), 'Scion'.

Scion is the part of the grafted plant that gives rise to the plant shoot that will, later on, produce all of the plant parts such as leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. Everything above the scion is cut off in the spring hence all nutrients and water absorbed by the roots becomes available to the growing scion. Thus the correct answer is option C.

Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction in which new plants are formed from the vegetative parts like, tubers, runners, suckers, rhizomes etc. Some of the plants can be propagated by the means of cutting. The part which is cut is allowed to grow into a new plant. Cane cutting which means the stem cuttings are used in the case of sugarcane. Stem cuttings with one nodal leaf are used in the coffee plants. Stem and root cuttings can be used in the Citrus species. 

A number of methods of artificial propagation of plants are used in agriculture, and horticulture. The three common methods for the artificial propagation of plants are: cuttings, layering and grafting. 

Grafting is the artificial method of vegetative propagation which is applied for plants with weak root system. It involves transfer of part of one plant (scion) onto the lower part of another plant (stock) in such a way, to facilitate organic fusion or fusion of tissues. Here, the root stock is selected for its disease resistance and absorbing capacity which makes options A and C incorrect. Since, scion makes the upper above ground portion of plant, it is selected for superior quality of fruits and flowers. This makes option D incorrect and B correct. 

The plants like rose, Bougainvillea, Chrysanthemum, grapes, sugarcane, bananas, and cactus, etc. can be grown by means of cuttings. For example, rose plants and chrysanthemums are propagated (or reproduced) by means c cuttings from stems (or shoots) as follows: A piece of stem (or side shoot) having bud is cut from an existing rose plant with the help of a knife. The lower part of this gutting, is buried in moist soil. After a few days, the end of cutting buried in soil develops roots and later on grows to become a new rose plant. 

The plants can be reproduced asexually by the method of vegetative propagation using the parts of the plants. The rose can be propagated by stem cutting. The stem can be cut with a bud and used for the growth of new plants. There are many plants which can be propagated through stem cuttings like sugar cane and guava.

A small part of a plant which is removed by making a cut with a sharp knife is called as a 'cutting'. A cutting may be a piece of stem, root or even a leaf. While making a cut, care should be taken to see that there are some buds on it. In this method, a cutting of the parent plant having some buds on it is taken and its lower part is buried in the moist soil. After a few days, the cutting develops roots; shoot, and grows into a new plant. 

Grafting is a method in which the cut stems of two different plants (one with roots and other without roots) are joined together in such a way that the two stems join and grow as a single plant. This new plant will have the characteristics of both the original plants.

A xenograft is a tissue or organ transplant between individuals of different species.

Water is lost through stomata in leaves. If leaves are removed water can be conserved for other physiological processes.

A cabbage is a large terminal bud consisting of many overlapping leaves.

In Passiflora, the tendrils are modified axillary buds that help the plant climb.

Maize (corn) has been so heavily domesticated that it cannot disperse its seeds effectively without human intervention.

Blackberry can be multiplied by root cuttings. Cutting is one of the methods of artificial propagation. Plants with fleshy roots and trees and shrubs that produce suckers are suitable for this method of propagation. These cuttings don’t need humid conditions as they don’t have leaves to lose water. A piece of root with dormant buds is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil. If the conditions are suitable, the piece will grow into the new independent plant, a process known as striking. The new plants thus produced resemble the parent plant. Commercial crop grower takes advantage of the cloning which occurs after vegetative propagation to maintain the favourable traits and product quality. Root cutting is done when plants are dormant and have maximum energy stored in roots. 

Cytokinin is a plant hormone which is involved in various physiological processes. It promotes growth of shoot buds. It also induces cell division and shoot and root morphogenesis. In plant tissue culture, it is applied externally to induce morphogenesis

In leaf and stem cuttings, the explant is taken from the apical portion of leaf or stem as it has a meristematic cell which has active nucleus and cytoplasm. The meristematic cell divides rapidly when cultured on nutrient media and provides virus-free plant. When the apical portion of the leaf or stem culture is sown, it is sown vertically with morphological apical end upwards to ensure maximum growth by keeping the meristematic cell at the top.

Apple, citrus, and mango all are dicots so they can be easily propagated by the technique of grafting. By grafting these plants gives better and quicker yield because for grafting one plant is selected for its roots and this is called the stock or root stock. The other plant is selected for its stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits and is called the scion. The stock and scion are selected from the plants which provides good yield so that it gets transferred to the grafted plant.

The development of roots on a stem while the stem is still attached to the parent plant is called layering. The heavy and closely branched stems of trees like fruit producing trees can be layered by the method of mound layering. The plants are cut near the soil level when they are not growing. Dormant buds on stem produce new shoots in spring. The new shoots are soft basal branches of the stem. When these shoots are covered with mound of soil they grow roots at the bases of shoots.

Air, mound, and serpentine are all valid methods of layering used to propagate new plants.

Grass possess intercalary meristem at the base of the leaf blades. Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots. In grass the meristem allows the damaged leaves to grow rapidly. Therefore, clipping of leaves at the base helps in quicker regeneration of grass leaves.

Grafting is a horticulture technique where the living detached portion of the plant is used to regenerate the growth. One plant is selected for its roots and this is called the stock or rootstock. The other plant is selected for its stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits and is called the scion. The joining of scion and stalk is known as inosculation. 

Bud grafting is the standard commercial method for propagating specific mango varieties to ensure the offspring retain the parent's characteristics.

A few leaves from the stem cutting are removed so as to reduce transpiration which inturn will reduce the water stress on the stem cutting and would help in faster rooting.

Rose plant is cultivated by stem cutting. This is an asexual method of reproduction. Good stems are selected and dipped in auxin hormone that promotes root formation. These stems are then planted in a medium to obtain plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant. Thus the correct answer is option D.

Tissue culture is the artificial growth of cells in a large amount in laboratory conditions. Micropropagation is one of the techniques of tissue culture in which a large number of desired cells are produced to obtain pathogen free bacteria and also small pieces of shoot meristems are cut and then transferred to culture media to grown, the resultant plants will be free from virus and bacterial infection. The media and surrounding should be sterilized and aseptic conditions should be maintained.

In the tongue grafting, an oblique cut followed by a notch is given to both the stock as well scion. The two perfectly fit upon one another, they are tied together. Stock and scion are of the same diameter. In bud grafting, the scion is a bud with a small piece of bark and cambium. Monocots do not possess cambium, thus the two plants taken can be dicots only. In wedge grafting, the V-shaped notch is given to stock while the wedge-like cut is given to Scion. Both are also of the same diameter. In crown grafting, many scions are selected and shaped at the base to form a wedge. Many slits are formed on the sides of the stock. Scions are inserted in the slits and bandaged. The stock has a large diameter than Scion.

Grafting technique can be used to produce hybrids. In grafting, the vegetative parts of two plants are joined and allow to grow as a single plant. In grafting, the upper (shoot) portion of one plant is allowed to grow on the lower (root) portion of another plant. This process results in the formation of new hybrids.

(A)An apical bud is the one that is at the end of the shoot.

Runner is a modified stem which grows horizontally forward creeping on ground and producing roots at nodes. Common example of plants producing runners are grasses like Cynodon, Oxalis etc.
Grafting is a method of artificial vegetative propagation. It is usually practiced in dicots (like rose, mango etc) and cannot be done in monocots (like sugarcane, bamboo, banana etc) because in monocots vascular cambium is absent.
Adventive embryony is a type of agamospermy in which the gametophytic generation is completely eliminated. The zygotic embryo either degenerates or competes with apomictic embryos. Adventive embryony usually leads to the formation of more than one embryo in a seed. Well known examples of adventive embryony are citrus, cactaceae, euphorbiaceae, orchidaceae etc.

Budding and fission are forms of asexual reproduction, which does not involve gamete fusion or new gene combinations.

Grafting is the process of joining two plants together to grow as one. Grafting increases vegetative reproduction.

In a modification of vegetative reproduction from cuttings, a twig or bud from one plant can be grafted onto a plant of a closely related species or a different variety of the same species. Grafting makes it possible to combine the best qualities of different species or varieties into a single plant. The graft is usually done when the plant is young. The plant that provides the root system is called the stock; the twig grafted onto the stock is referred to as the scion. For example, scions from French varieties of vines that produce superior wine grapes are grafted onto root stocks of American varieties, which are more resistant to certain soil pathogens. The genes of the scion determine the quality of the fruit, so the quality is not diminished by the genetic makeup of the stock. In some cases of grafting, however, the stock can alter the characteristics of the shoot system that develops from the scion. For example, dwarf fruit trees, which allow for easier harvesting of the fruit, are made by grafting normal twigs onto stocks of dwarf varieties that retard the vegetative growth of the shoot system. Because seeds are produced by the part of the plant derived from the scion, they give rise to plants of the scion species when planted.

Scion is a type of vegetative propagation. The process of artificially growing the plants is known as vegetative propagation. Artificial vegetative propagation is usually used for propagation or reproduction of those plants which produce either very few seeds or do not produce viable seeds. Some the examples are Banana, pineapple, artificial rose, orange, grape etc. Layering, grafting, cuttings and tissue culture are some types of artificial propagation. Scion or grafting of a plant means removing the twig or viable bud from the plant and inserting or tying it to the other buds especially the aerial part/stem(Stock) of the other plant. The stock provides the nutritional support to the stock of the plant. 

The rootstock is generally derived from a plant that provided good enough support to stem, roots and branches, resist to the relevant pests and diseases and which obtain necessary water and mineral from the soil.

Layering: In this method, a branch of the plant is pulled towards the ground and a part of it is covered with moist soil leaving the tip of the branch exposed above the ground. After some time, new roots develop from the part of the branch buried in the soil. The branch is then cut off from the parent plant. The part of the branch which has developed roots grows to become a new plant (just like the parent plant). Jasmine plant (chameli) is propagated or produced by the layering method. We can see from that one left side branch and one right side branch of the parent jasmine plant have been buried in moist soil. The parts of branches which are buried in soil grow their own roots. When this happens, the branches of the parent plant connecting the newly formed plants are cut off so that the newly formed plants may grow on their own and develop into mature plants (like the parent plant). Jasmine cannot be propagated by flowers, seeds or stem

Stems are characterized by the presence of nodes and internodes, whereas roots lack these structures.

Plant cutting is the common method for vegetative propagation i.e asexual method by which plant can be grown. This method can be performed by using stem, roots or leaf. Stem cutting when placed in soil produces roots and leaves and grows into a new plant. Sugar cane, roses, citrus, durant, grapes, cocoa, bougainvillea, carnations and many other plants are largely and rapidly propagated by stem cuttings. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The process of joining of a tissue or a small part into the tissues of another plant is called Grafting. The tissue or part inserted is called stock and the plant into which foreign part is inserted is called scion. During this process, a group of cells are formed initially. It is called callus.

So,
the correct option is ‘Formation of callus’.

Ginger is a rhizome, which is an underground stem modified for food storage and perennation.

Agave reproduces vegetatively through bulbils, which are small plantlets that develop in the inflorescence.

Grafting is an artificial propagation technique in which tissue from one plant, the scion, is attached to another, the rootstock. The rootstock produces new vascular tissue with which to feed scion the graft heals itself.

The stock is the plant part containing strong root system and sicon is the plant part which contains better fruit and fruit yield. In root cells, the chromosome number remains constant, reduced half in egg cell. So the chromosome number for root cells are 48 and eggs are 12.

Tissue culture is also called Micropropagation.  it  is a type of vegetative propagation for producing a large number of genetically superior and pathogen-free transplants in a limited time and space. Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods. Micropropagation is used to multiply plants such as those that have been genetically modified or bred through conventional plant breeding methods. It is also used to provide a sufficient number of plantlets for planting from a stock plant which does not produce seeds, or does not respond well to vegetative reproduction.

Auxin is a plant hormone that is involved in various growth and developmental processes of plant. It stimulates the induction of rooting in stem cuttings. Bougainvillea plants are primarily propagated by stem cuttings. Hence, induction of rooting in stem cutting would be most beneficial in Bougainvillea.

Artificial reproduction/propagation is the creation of a new life by other than the natural means available to an organism. The process of growing many plants from one plant by man-made methods is called artificial propagation of plants. A number of methods of artificial propagation of plants are used in agriculture.

• A stem can easily be cut out and planted at a different location for growing a new plant.
• Steam is most easy to manage among the given parts of the plant.

Artificial propagation is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism. Cutting plants' stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. We can grow many plants from one plant by using the man-made methods. The process of growing many plants from one plant by man-made methods is called as the artificial propagation of plants.

In Antigonon, the tendril is a modified floral bud. In Smilax, it is a modified stipule, and in other plants like peas, it is a modified leaf or leaflet.

Mango and guava are propagated through grafting. It is a horticulture technique where the living detached portion of the plant is used to regenerate the growth. One plant is selected for its roots and this is called the stock or rootstock. The other plant is selected for its stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits and is called the scion. The joining of scion and stalk is known as inosculation. The techniques are mostly used in the asexual mode of reproduction. 

Yeast reproduces by budding, where a small bud forms and eventually detaches, while Amoeba reproduces by binary fission, where the nucleus divides followed by cytokinesis. Statement III correctly describes the nuclear division in Amoeba, and IV correctly identifies the respective modes of reproduction.

Since the organisms produced by asexual reproduction are completely identical to the parents due to no variation, they are called clones.

In Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) gynoecium consisting of twocarpels placed transversely syncarpous. 

A clone is scientifically defined as a group of genetically identical individuals derived from a single common ancestor, typically produced through asexual or vegetative reproduction methods.

Clones are the result of asexual reproduction. Seed propagation involves sexual reproduction (fertilization), which introduces genetic recombination and variation, meaning the offspring are not clones.

Clones are asexually produced. These have same genotype and phenotype like parent.

The production of animal clones, such as through somatic cell nuclear transfer, relies heavily on advanced technological applications in biology, making biotechnology the most accurate choice among the options.

Correct match following are given in table.

Apomixis is the term given to any phenomenon that leads to formation of embryo wherein parts of the sexual apparatus are used, but without fertilisation. Fertilisation is also absent in vegetative propagation, but parts of sexual apparatus are not involved. An example of apomixis is Citrus.

A single cup-shaped chloroplast is characteristic of Chlamydomonas. It occupies the major portion of cell and is thick at the base while its sides are relatively thin and projected upward.