Nutrition - class-X

Anemia occurs when a person has lower-than-normal levels of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, which occurs when your body does not have enough of the mineral iron. Your body needs iron to produce a protein called haemoglobin, which is responsible for carrying oxygen to your body’s tissues. Your tissues and muscles need oxygen to function effectively.

Iodine is an important mineral required in diet. Iodine is a component of thyroid hormone. Its deficiency causes goitre. 

• Cicer arietinum ( chickpeas ) are one of the most widely consumed pulses in the world.
• They are a great source of plant based protein, providing 20% or higher of the daily value of protein.
• They also contain exceptional levels of iron,vitamin B$ _6$ and magnesium.
• So the correct answer is 'Cicer arietinum'

The nitrogenous compound in our diet is a protein which is made up of various amino acids containing the amino group. These are found in the nodulated plants that mostly belongs to family Fabaceae includes all types of pulses, soybean, til.

Fibrous proteins which are most familiar, and  are probably the keratins, which form the protective covering of all land vertebrates: skin, fur, hair, wool, claws, nails, hooves, horns, scales, beaks and feathers. Albumin is not a structural protein.

So, the correct option is 'Albumin'.

The activator proteins bind to the operator site on the m-RNA to start the process of transcription. This is called as positive regulation since it starts the transcription process and hence the activator protein is called positively regulatory proteins.

Proteins are an important component and are the building block of each cell and perform various functions like:

A nu-body (or nucleosome core particle) consists of a histone octamer (two each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) wrapped by DNA.

Proteins are made up of amino acids. The amino acids are molecules containing amine group (NH$ _2$), carboxylic acid group (COOH), and side chains (R).

Lysine is an essential amino acid that helps your body to absorb calcium, burn fat and maintain your skin, tendons, bones and cartilage. Most good sources of lysine are high-protein foods, like meat, cheese and legumes. With their low protein content, grains tend to be poor sources of lysine. However, high-protein grains like wheat can greatly add to your lysine intake. So, the correct answer is 'Wheat'..

Kwashiorkor manifests symptoms of protein deficiency. This can be prevented by giving children protein rich diet.

Casein is protein which form the part of food for the young animal. Best source of casein is milk.

The anhydrobonds of protein are called peptide bonds. A peptide bond is formed between carboxyl group of one amino acid and amino group of adjacent.

Since proteins form components of cytoplasm, therefore it is responsible for growth and repair.

Collagen is the most abundant extracellular protein which with ageing becomes less permeable, less flexible and insoluble. These changes interfere the normal functioning of the cells (decreased inflow of nutritive substances and oxygen into cells and also decreased loss of nitrogenous waste and $CO _{2}$ from the body cells) and induce ageing.

Proteins are the primary structural components of cells and tissues, often referred to as body-building foods because they are essential for growth and repair.

A moderately active man typically requires approximately 2500 to 3000 kcal per day. 3160 kcal is the most realistic value among the choices provided.

Enterokinase is the enzyme that activates trypsinogen into trypsin. Without trypsin, other pancreatic proteases cannot be activated, making protein digestion in the duodenum impossible.

Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body.

Chylomicrons are essentially fat droplets (triglycerides) coated with proteins and phospholipids to make them water-soluble for transport in the lymph and blood.

Pulses are the rich sources of protein whereas bread, rice and potato are rich in carbohydrate and starch.

• Essential amino acids are not produced in the body, so they are to be taken from outside.
• There are 9 essential amino acids; Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine

Enzymes with protein and non protein part is called conjugated enzyme. It is also called holoenzyme. In this, protein part is called apoenzyme and non protein part is called co-factor. In the co-factor, organic co-factors are called co-enzymes and inorganic co-factors are called metal ions.

• Structural proteins are the proteins that are generally fibrous and stringy. They are the most abundant class of proteins in nature. Their main function is to provide mechanical support. Examples of structural proteins can be keratin, collagen, fibrin and elastin.
  
• Albumin is a type of transport protein which help to transport the materials in the cells and form channels in the plasma membrane.
  

Antibodies are the type of protein molecule formed within the body of an animal in order to neutralize the effect of a foreign invading protein (antigens).

There are 20 amino acids found inside our body. The name of these 20 common amino acids is as follows: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. They get combined in an unlimited number of configurations to construct all the required proteins with which our body is built.

Cereals are rich in carbohydrates, milk/pulses are rich in proteins, and vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals.

Humans lack the enzyme necessary to digest cellulose. Hay and grasses are particularly abundant in cellulose, and both are indigestible by humans (although humans can digest starch). Animals such as termites and herbivores such as cows, koalas and horses all digest cellulose, but even these animals do not themselves have an enzyme that digests this material. Instead, these animals harbour microbes that can digest cellulose. Animals such as cows have anaerobic bacteria in their digestive tracts which digest cellulose. Cows are ruminants. Ruminants have several stomachs that break down plant materials with the help of enzymes and bacteria. The partially digested material is then regurgitated into the mouth, which is then chewed to break the material down even further. The bacterial digestion of cellulose by bacteria in the stomachs of ruminants is anaerobic, meaning that the process does not use oxygen. 

The digestive system of Humans has many enzymes, and acids to break down and digest all kinds of different foods (carbohydrates. proteins and fats), but do not have the enzymes needed to break down cellulose. Cows, Goats, Sheep and other animals that graze on many organic foods(For example, grass) do have the enzymes needed to break down cellulose. Hence The part of food that is not digested in the body is Cellulose because the cellulose-digesting enzyme is absent.

So, the correct answer is 'cellulose'.

Humans lack the enzyme cellulase required to break down cellulose. Therefore, cellulose cannot be digested by human enzymes, nor by symbiotic bacteria in the human gut.

A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids and monoglycerides. These chylomicrons then pass into the lacteals, forming a milky substance known as chyle.

Cellulose is a polysaccharide consisting of linear chain of numerous linked D-glucose units whereas proteins are formed of number of amino acids linked together by peptide linkage.

• Coconut oil is a source of fat obtained from plants, while rest all i.e. butter, cream, and cod liver oil are obtained from animals. Thus option C is the correct answer. 

Oil, ghee and butter source of fats; egg source of proteins; rice, wheat, potato source of carbohydrates; iron and calcium are essential minerals.

Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others. They are the most calorigenic among the biomolecules. Chemically lipids are hydrophobic.

On oxidation of 1gm of fat energy yield is 9.3 cal. For carbohydrate and proteins, the energy value is roughly around 4 cal. Vitamins are not energy yielding compounds.

The predominant lipids present in the biomembrane are phospholipids, having a polar water soluble phosphorous head and a non polar long aliphatic tail. The polar head is exposed on the surface while the hydrophobic tail remains buried inside.

Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition caused by a deficiency of both proteins and calories, typically seen in infants when breastfeeding is stopped early.

A) Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules.

•  Digestion is catabolic process in the digestive tract where ingested food is converted into simpler, soluble and diffusible substances that can be assimilated by the body and absorbed into the blood from the intestinal walls.
• The end product should be water soluble as it has to combine with the plasma of blood.
• Absorption at intestinal walls is through cell membranes of intestinal cells and walls of blood capillaries.
• So, the correct answer is 'Water soluble and should be able to pass through cell membranes'.

Na- Protein is wrong combination as Nitrogen (N) is needed for the protein formation. Nitrogen is the main constituent of the amino acid that helps in the formation of protein

Plants may absorb a number of minerals that are not essential for their growth. Iodine is a non essential mineral element. Iron, zinc and potassium are essential mineral elements.

Holozoic nutrition involves the ingestion of complex organic substances, such as solid or liquid food particles, which are then digested internally.

The plant ash reveals the presence of 40 elements but all are not essential for plant nutrition, only a few are essential for growth and development of plants. These are called as the essential elements. The essential elements may be grouped as major elements or macronutrients and trace elements or micronutrients, based on their requirement by plants. 

Amoeba, a protozoan employs intracellular digestion for deriving nutrition. Food is ingested with the pseudopodium by invagination of cell membrane and subsequently stored into the food/gastric vacuole. This due to cytoplasmic movements combine with the lysosome where the food is broken down to simpler products and assimilated. Finally, the waste is removed by exocytosis by the contractile vacuole.

Digestion is the combination of mechanical as it food convert into a paste by teeth through a process called as mastication and chemical process as it requires various enzymes that break down the complex food material into simpler absorbable form.

Holo-whole and zoic means animals so animal that eats their food completely in the form of a liquid or solid and process it inside the body. The food particle is ingested and then enzymes act on it to digest it. It includes five steps ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and excretion and most of the animals practice this type of nutrition including humans.

Epidemiological studies revels that low serum Selenium levels are associated with increased risk of  cardio-vascular diseases, liver necrosis, muscular dystrophy, pancreatic fibrosis, reproductive disorders and various cancers.
Selenium, along with vitamin E, prevents the development of hepatic necrosis and muscular dystrophy.
The good sources of Selenium are organ meat ( liver, kidney) and sea food.

Defecation involves the voluntary control of the external anal sphincter, which allows an individual to decide when to pass stool, despite the peristaltic movement being involuntary.

Epidemiological studies reveals that low serum Selenium levels are associated with increased risk of cardio-vascular diseases, liver necrosis, muscular dystrophy, pancreatic fibrosis, reproductive disorders and various cancers.
Selenium, along with vitamin E, prevents the development of hepatic necrosis and muscular dystrophy.
The good sources of Selenium are organ meat ( liver, kidney) and sea food.

Amoeba obtains the food through phagocytosis process. Since, Amoeba has no mouth, it takes the food into it's body by means of pseudopodia, which completely enclose the particle of food, that is enveloped in vacuoles. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organism's activities. In physiology, respiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. Meiosis is a process of cell division in eukaryotes characterized by: two consecutive divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. 

Pseudopods which translates to "false feet" are temporary cytoplasm-filled parts of the cell wall that are able to change their form in order to move. They are used in some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat. Most cells that do this are called as amoeboids. The amoeba is a common example. Proboscis, cilia and tongue are absent in amoeba. 

The stomach is the main food storage tank of the body. If it were not for the stomach’s storage capacity, we would have to eat constantly instead of just a few times each day. The stomach also secretes a mixture of acid, mucus, and digestive enzymes that helps to digest and sanitize our food while it is being stored. 

Pseudopods which translates to "false feet" are temporary cytoplasm-filled parts of the cell wall that are able to change their form in order to move. They are used in some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat. Most cells that do this are called as amoeboids. The Amoeba is a common example. Proboscis, cilia and tongue are absent in Amoeba. 

Lead, platinum, and iodine are not considered essential nutrients for the normal growth and development of plants, unlike the others listed which are micronutrients or macronutrients.

Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller components that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by the body. These smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream.

Holozoic nutrition is the process of taking in solid or liquid organic food, which is then digested and absorbed by the organism.

In humans, food is broken down in the digestive tract (stomach and intestines), which is outside the body's cells, classifying it as extracellular digestion.

Selenium is a vital trace element that acts as an antioxidant; its deficiency is linked to conditions like liver necrosis and muscular dystrophy in various animals.

Microphagial nutrition involves feeding on very small particles, which is characteristic of Paramecium using its cilia to sweep food into its oral groove.

In Planaria, digestion involves both the modes, ie, extracellular as well as intracellular. Fats are normally digested extracellularly, while other food components are digested intracellularly.
The intracellular digestion is done by amoeboid cells lining the intestine. Digested food diffuses to the surrounding mesenchyme. 

None of the options is correct. However, in some cases toxic level of Nickel is approached well above the concentration of $1$mg/g as that of macronutrients.

Hydra exhibits both extracellular digestion (in the gastrovascular cavity) and intracellular digestion (in the cells lining the cavity).

The digestion in sponges is intracellular. It takes place in coenocytic oral cells. The movement of water initiated by the coenocyteS. It helps in the digestion and respiratory system of sponges because along with the water they also transport oxygen. They then push out carbon dioxide which is a waste material out of the sponge body.

• Food is one of the basic requirements of all living organisms. 
  
• The major components of our food are carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Vitamins and minerals are also required in small quantities.  
• Biomacromolecules in food cannot be utilised by our body in their original form. They have to be broken down and converted into simple substances in the digestive system. 
• This process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion and is carried out by our digestive system by mechanical and biochemical methods. Hence, In a general sense, digestion is simply hydrolysis of complex polymers to monomers.

The digested food present in the food vacuole of amoeba is absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of amoeba cell by diffusion. Since, amoeba consists of only one small cell, it does not require blood system to carry the digested food. The digested food just spreads out from the food vacuole into the whole of amoeba cell. After absorption of food, the food vacuole disappears.

Termites depend on protozoans which digest the cellulose ingested from the dead wood. Protozoa will die outside the termite and termite unable to digest the food without protozoans, hence they were in a symbiotic relationship.