Cultural and social impact of british - class-VII

The East India Company was formed in 1600 in England and later it set up a trading post at Surat with the permission of Mughal Emperor, Jahangir.

In Europe, the modern period began around fifteenth century, while in India it began in the ${18}^{th}$ century.

The East India Company developed beyond a purely commercial enterprise when war between Britain and France spread to India in the mid-1740s. The Company established military supremacy over rival European trading companies and local rulers, culminating in 1757 in the seizure of control of the province of Bengal. In 1765, the Mughal Emperor granted the Company the diwani (the right to harvest the revenues of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa), which provided funds to bolster the Company’s military presence in the sub-continent. Further territorial acquisitions in India during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries cemented the change in the Company’s role from mere trader to a hybrid sovereign power.

 On May 20, 1498, when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed in Kozhikode, India, via the Cape of Good Hope, in the Atlantic Ocean, Portugal became the first European country to discover the new sea route to India.

The government of Portuguese India started in 1505, six years after the discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida, then settled at Kochi.

D.  1869

Labor disputes and a cholera epidemic slowed construction, and the Suez Canal was not completed until 1869–four years behind schedule. On November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal was opened to navigation. Ferdinand de Lesseps would later attempt, unsuccessfully, to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama.

The British were different from Indians in race, religion and sentiments. In the 18th century, the British showed a friendly attitude towards Indian religions. They had no particular zeal for their own religion and the Company even acted as a trustee of some Hindu temples.

On 27th May 1498, a Portuguese sailor, Vasco da Gama crossed the Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut in India. He was given a warm reception by the Hindu ruler, King Zamorin of Calicut. 

Francisco de Almeida was the first Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in India. During his period, the Portuguese defeated the Arab traders. His policy was to increase the Portuguese naval power so that they would become the masters of the Indian Ocean. 

Francisco de Almeida was the first Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in India. During his period, the Portuguese defeated the Arab traders. His policy was to increase the Portuguese naval power so that they would become the masters of the Indian Ocean. 

After Albuquerque, the Portuguese expanded their influence and territorial control to include various regions such as Bassein, Salsette, and Hughli, among others.

The Dutch United East India Company was a multinational corporation was founded in 1602 and lasted till 1799. The Dutch government had granted it a 21-yr monopoly on the spice trade which led to the trade between the company and India. Socio-economic changes in Europe, the shift in power balance and less successful financial management resulted in its slow decline.

The Dutch United East India Company was a multinational corporation was founded in 1602 and lasted till 1799. The Dutch government had granted it a 21-yr monopoly on the spice trade which led to the trade between the company and India. They established their first factory of Hooghly-Chinsura in Bengal.

St. George Fort, built in Madras in 1644 was the first fort buit by the British in India. It faced the sea and soon became the hub of merchant activity. It also helped to establish English influence over the Carnatic and to keep the kings of Arcot and Srirangapatna, as well as the French forces based at Pondichéry, at bay.

 In 1661 Bombay was presented to King Charles II as part of the dowry when he married Princess Catherine of Portugal.

Pondicherry (Puducherry) served as the main administrative and commercial headquarters for the French in India during their colonial presence.

Francis Day served the Company's factory at Masulipatnam from 1632 to 1639. In 1639, he negotiated the purchase of a strip of land south of the Dutch factory at Pulicat from the Raja of Chandragiri, where the town of Madras was built.

The French East India Company was established by Colbert in 1664 as a commercial enterprise to compete with the English and Dutch East India companies. It was given a 15 yr monopoly to trade by the French king. During the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) between France and England, the French were defeated, and Pondicherry, the capital of French India, was captured in 1761 and by 1769, its monopoly over French trade with India was ended.

Sir Thomas Roe was an English diplomat who presented his credentials to the emperor Jahangir as the Ambassador of the King of England in 1615. Jahangir granted him permission or 'firman' to trade in Surat. This led to the establishment of the English factory at Surat which was was set on a permanent basis.

 In 1608 AD, the East India Company sent Captain William Hawkins to the court of the Mughal emperor Jahangir to get permission for trade. He got succeeded in getting the consent and established various factories on the Western coast of India.

Dutch founded Pulicat in 1612. It was located to the north of Madras and was the capital of the Dutch slave business in India.

The French East India Company was established by Colbert in 1664 as a commercial enterprise to compete with the English and Dutch East India companies. It was given a 15 yr monopoly to trade by the French king. They reached Surat in 1668 and established their first factory in India.

French East India Company was established in the 17th and 18th centuries to oversee French commerce with India, eastern Africa, and other territories of the Indian Ocean and the East Indies.  In February, 1701, Pondicherry was made the capital of the French settlements in India. In 1668, the first French factory was established in Surat.

Joseph Marquis Dupleix (23 January 1697 – 10 November 1763) was Governor-General of French India and rival of Robert Clive. Dupleix was ambitious to found a great French colony at a time when native governments were in a state of political dissolution and when commercial advantages were open to European nations

The Danish East India Company established their first factory at Tranquebar in Tamilnadu in 1620 and Serampur in Bengal in 1676.  They were not successful in establishing themselves strongly and therefore in the 19th century sold all their settlements to the British and went back to their country.

The Carnatic Wars were primarily fought between the English and the French to establish trade and political supremacy in the Indian subcontinent.

The Danish East India Company established their first factory at Tranquebar in Tamilnadu in 1620 and Serampur in Bengal in 1676.  They were not successful in establishing themselves strongly and therefore in the 19th century sold all their settlements to the British and went back to their country.

French East India Company was established in the 17th and 18th centuries to oversee French commerce with India, eastern Africa, and other territories of the Indian Ocean and the East Indies. It was established by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister to King Louis XIV. In February, 1701, Pondicherry was made the capital of the French settlements in India. In 1668, the first French factory was established in Surat.

French East India Company was established in the 17th and 18th centuries to oversee French commerce with India, eastern Africa, and other territories of the Indian Ocean and the East Indies.  In February, 1701, Pondicherry was made the capital of the French settlements in India. In 1668, the first French factory was established in Surat.

French East India Company was established to oversee French commerce with India, eastern Africa, and other territories of the Indian Ocean and the East Indies. It was established in the year 1664 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister to King Louis XIV. In February, 1701, Pondicherry was made the capital of the French settlements in India. In 1668, the first French factory was established in Surat.

Chandranagore was established as a French colony in 1673, obtaining permission from Ibrahim Khan, the then Nawbab of Bengal, to establish a trading post on the right bank of the river Hooghly. It became a permanent  French settlement in 1688. In 1730 Joseph francois Dupleix was appointed governor of the city.

The military struggle between the French East India Company and the British East India Company led to a series of three Carnatic wars starting from 1746 and ending in 1763.

The English emerged victorious in the Carnatic Wars, which effectively ended French ambitions for political dominance in India.

The British East India Company defeated the Dutch in the Battle of Chinsurah on 25 November 1759. After this defeat, the English captured Chinsura from the Dutch.

First Carnatic War 1746-48 was a part of the War of the Austrian Succession that was fought between the Kingdom of Prussia, Spain, France, and Bavaria, Sweden etc. on one side and Habsburg Monarchy, England, Dutch Republic, Russia on the other side. This war finally ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

After gaining control of Masulipatnam in 1605 and Tegenepatnam in 1608, the Dutch made their way to Pulicat. It was the principal trading post of the Dutch East India Company due to which factory was established there in 1610.

Prince Henry was better known as Prince Henry, the navigator. He is so called because he was responsible for early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents like Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean etc.

From the twelfth century onwards, attempts began in France to build churches that were taller and lighter than earlier buildings. This architectural style, known as Gothic, was distinguished by high pointed arches, the use of stained glass, often painted with scenes drawn from the Bible, and flying buttresses. Tall spires and bell towers which were visible from a distance were added to the church.

Bartolomeu Diaz, who was the Portuguese explorer, discovered "Cape of Good Hope" Island on 12 March 1488. He named  it the "Cape of Storms."

Francisco de Almeida was appointed as the first Viceroy of Portuguese possessions in India on 25 March 1505. He established his headquarters in Cochin. Albuquerque later succeeded him in the year 1509.

In the beginning, English followed Peaceful Trade as their policy. But, they took advantage of the deteriorated political situation of India to establish their political supremacy. The Merchants of England who aspired to have trade with the East Countries, founded The East India Company in 1600 CE. They established trade links with India with the permission of Queen Elizabeth. In the beginning East India Company ships were anchored at Surat ports. Sir Thomas Roe visited the court of the mughal emperor Jahangir in 1615 CE and obtained permission to trade in Surat. Later trade centers were established at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broch. After this, they established trade centres at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. Calcutta was their first capital.

Calcutta was British EIC's first capital. Gradually, the profit of the
East India Company increased notably. They obtained permission
(Dastakath) to trade without any tax in the Bengal Province (the present
Bengal, Bihar and Odisha) and in Agra from the Mughal Emperor Farroq
Siyara.

In the beginning, English followed Peaceful Trade as their policy. But, they took advantage of the deteriorated political situation of India to establish their political supremacy. The Merchants of England who aspired to have trade with the East Countries, founded The East India Company in 1600 CE. They established trade links with India with the permission of Queen Elizabeth. In the beginning East India Company ships were anchored at Surat ports. Sir Thomas Roe visited the court of the mughal emperor Jahangir in 1615 CE and obtained permission to trade in Surat. Later trade centers were established at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broch. After this, they established trade centres at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. Calcutta was their first capital.

In the beginning, English followed Peaceful Trade as their policy. But, they took advantage of the deteriorated political situation of India to establish their political supremacy. The Merchants of England who aspired to have trade with the East Countries, founded The East India Company in 1600 CE. They established trade links with India with the permission of Queen Elizabeth. In the beginning East India Company ships were anchored at Surat ports. Sir Thomas Roe visited the court of the Mughal emperor Jahangir in 1615 CE and obtained permission to trade in Surat. Later trade centers were established at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broch. After this, they established trade centers at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. Calcutta was their first capital.

In the beginning, English followed Peaceful Trade as their policy. But, they took advantage of the deteriorated political situation of India to establish their political supremacy. The Merchants of England who aspired to have trade with the East Countries, founded The East India Company in 1600 CE. They established trade links with India with the permission of Queen Elizabeth. In the beginning East India Company ships were anchored at Surat ports. Sir Thomas Roe visited the court of the mughal emperor Jahangir in 1615 CE and obtained permission to trade in Surat. Later trade centers were established at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broch. After this, they established trade centres at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. Calcutta was their first capital.

King Krishnadeva Raya encouraged trade with western countries. He had a cordial relationship with the Portuguese who had at that time established trade centers on the west coast of India. The conflicts over the succession of the throne after Krishnadevaraya died, the unity of the Deccan Sultanates, the critical mistakes made by Rama Raya, the Vijayanagara Defeat at the Battle of Talikota, the sacking and destruction of Hampi, and the rebellious provincial governors/Nayakas all contributed to the decline of Vijayanagar empire.

In the beginning, English followed Peaceful Trade as their policy. But, they took advantage of the deteriorated political situation of India to establish their political supremacy. The Merchants of England who aspired to have trade with the East Countries, founded The East India Company in 1600 CE. They established trade links with India with the permission of Queen Elizabeth. In the beginning East India Company ships were anchored at Surat ports. Sir Thomas Roe visited the court of the mughal emperor Jahangir in 1615 CE and obtained permission to trade in Surat. Later trade centers were established at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broch. After this, they established trade centres at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. Calcutta was their first capital. Gradually, the profit of the East India Company increased notably. They obtained permission (Dastakath) to trade without any tax in the Bengal Province (the present Bengal, Bihar and Odisha) and in Agra from the Mughal Emperor Farroq Siyara. These measures enabled the British to gain more strength.

Mahmud Begarha was a powerful Sultan of Gujarat who sought to counter Portuguese naval power by forming alliances with the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire.

Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Adil Shahi Sultan of Bijapur in 1510 and established it as the administrative center of the Portuguese State of India.

The Dutch, with their superior naval organization and the formation of the VOC, were the primary force that challenged and eventually shattered the Portuguese naval monopoly in the Indian Ocean.

The term 'Zamorin' is a title used by the Hindu monarchs of the Kingdom of Calicut, which translates to 'Lord of the Sea' or 'Sealord' due to the region's heavy reliance on maritime trade.

By the middle of the 17th century, both the English and the Dutch had established numerous trading factories and settlements along the Indian coastline from Sindh to Bengal.

Sir Thomas Roe was the ambassador sent by King James I to the court of Emperor Jahangir, where he successfully negotiated trading privileges for the East India Company.

Sir Thomas Roe came to India through the port of Surat in September 1615 with a letter from King James I to the then reigning Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, seeking a trade agreement. 

Captain William Hawkins visited the court of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir in 1608 and was well-received, though he was initially unsuccessful in securing formal trading rights.

Maha Bandula  was commander-in-chief of the Royal Burmese Armed Forces from 1821 till 1825. He fought against the British in the First Anglo-Burmese War. He was killed in this battle at Danubya after which British advanced to Prome, signaling defeat for the Myanmar.

Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese explorer, reached Calicut on the Malabar Coast of India in May 1498, marking the discovery of a direct sea route from Europe to India.

Maha Bandula  was the great General of the Royal Burmese Armed Forces from 1821 till 1825. He fought against the British in the First Anglo-Burmese War. He was killed in this battle at Danubya after which British advanced to Prome, signaling defeat for the Myanmar.

By the Charter Act of 1793, the Company’s commercial privi­leges were extended for a further period of twenty years. Salaries for the staff and paid members of the Board of Control were also now charged to the Company. Greater emphasis on the power of the Governor-General over the other two Presidencies, Bombay and Madras, was given in the Charter Act of 1793.

The Dutch East India Company established its first factory in India at Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) in 1605.

The early English settlements in India were primarily located in Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. The Punjab was not one of these coastal trading hubs.

Dutch East India Company also known as United East India Company was a trading company founded in the Dutch Republic in 1602 to protect that state’s trade in the Indian Ocean. The Dutch government granted the company a trade monopoly in the waters between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan with the right to conclude treaties with native princes, to build forts and maintain armed forces, and to carry on administrative functions.

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish trade with India and organized their ventures through state-backed enterprises, often considered the precursors to joint-stock models.

The Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 was the decisive conflict in the Third Carnatic War, where the British forces under Eyre Coote defeated the French, effectively ending French imperial ambitions in India.

Charles Wilkins was an English typographer and Orientalist, and founding member of The Asiatic Society. He is famous in history because he was the first translator of Bhagawat Gita into English. It was published in 1785 and is commonly known as Wilkin’s Gita.

The East India Company was granted the Royal Charter on 31 December, 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I. As a consequence of this Charter the British East India Company set up trading establishments on the east and west coasts of India and in Bengal. The Company’s ships first arrived in India, at the port of Surat, in 1608.

The French East India Company was established in 1664, not 1764, under the patronage of Jean-Baptiste Colbert during the reign of King Louis XIV.

Under the Government of India Act 1935, the residuary powers were vested in the Governor-General, rather than the federal or provincial legislatures.

The people of Denmark were known as the Danish. they established trade with India in 1620. They established their trading port in Tranquebar in 1620 and then in Serampore in 1676. However they never concentrated in India and sold their ports to the British and left India.

The 1935 Act introduced provincial autonomy and ended dyarchy at the provincial level, transferring it to the center, but it did not establish dyarchy at both levels; it abolished it in provinces.

Danish India was the name given to the colonies of Denmark in India, forming part of the Danish colonial empire. Denmark-Norway held colonial possessions in India for more than 200 years, including the town of Tharangambadi in present-day Tamil Nadu state and Serampore in present-day West Bengal. The Danish presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat.
However, they never concentrated in India and sold their ports to the British and left India.

Tharangambadi or Tranquebar, is a town in the Nagapattinam district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu on the Coromandel Coast. Tranquebar was the first Danish trading post in India established in 1620. King Christian IV had sent his envoy Ove Gjedde who established contact with Raghunatha Nayak of Tanjore. The Danish government sold the colony of Tranquebar to the British East India Company in 1845.

Tranquebar was the first Danish trading post in India established in 1620. King Christian IV had sent his envoy Ove Gjedde who established contact with Raghunatha Nayak of Tanjore. The Nayak turned out to be interested in trading opportunities and negotiated a treaty granting them the village of Tranquebar.

Serampore is a famous and historical city in the Indian state of West Bengal. The city is several centuries old and has witnessed both the growth and decline of the feudal system, the coming of the Danes and their settlement.
The Danes established a bazaar (the present Tin Bazaar) and allowed private godowns or warehouses to be maintained. Gradually, the town developed and became elegant and prosperous, and merchants of both foreign and indigenous origin began to arrive and live there.

The people of Denmark were known as the Danish they established trade with India in 1620. They established their trading port in Tranquebar in 1620 and then in Serampore in 1676. However, they never concentrated in India and sold their ports to the
British and left India.

Danish India was the name given to the colonies of Denmark in India, forming part of the Danish colonial empire. DenmarkNorway held colonial possessions in India for more than 200 years, including the town of Tharangambadi in present-day Tamil Nadu state, Serampore in present-day West Bengal, and the Nicobar Islands, currently part of India's union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Danish presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat.

The Danish empire established their trading port in Tranquebar in 1620 and then in Serampore in 1676.
The Danish East India Company refers to two separate Danish chartered companies. The first company operated between 1620 and 1650. The second company existed between 1670 and 1729.

The Danes established trade with India in the seventeenth century AD. They established their trading port in Tranquebar in 1620 and then in Serampore in 1676. 
However, they never concentrated in India and sold their ports to the British and left India.

Tharangambadi or Tranquebar, is a town in the Nagapattinam district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu on the Coromandel Coast. Tranquebar was the first Danish trading post in India established in 1620. King Christian IV had sent his envoy Ove Gjedde who established contact with Raghunatha Nayak of Tanjore. The Nayak turned out to be interested in trading opportunities and negotiated a treaty granting them the village of Tranquebar.

Legendary fort that marks the glory of Qutub Shahis is Golconda. The name Golkonda literally means round shaped hill. The fort of Golconda was constructed during Kakatiya rule. Later, it was made the capital of Qutb Shahi dynasty. The region was famous for diamond mines. The world famous Kohinoor diamond belongs to this place.

The rise of centralized nation-states with powerful monarchs provided the funding, political stability, and motivation for overseas exploration to expand commercial wealth.

The East India Company arrived first at Surat in 1608. There they established a first British company in 1613 with the help of the Mughal emperor Jahangir.

Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate in 1510 with the support of the Vijayanagara Empire, specifically King Krishnadevaraya, who wanted to secure horse trade.

The Danish East India Company established their first factory at Tranquebar in Tamil Nadu in 1620 and Serampur in Bengal in 1676. They were not successful in establishing themselves strongly and therefore, in 19th century they sold all their settlements to the British and went back to their country.

 In 1620 the Danish established their first trading post in India at Tranquebar in Tamil Nadu. In 1755 they established another trading post in Srirampur at the banks of the River Hooghly in Bengal.   

Afonso de Albuquerque, the governor of Portuguese India, captured the city of Malacca in 1511. It was essential because, from Malacca, they can control the trade from the East Indies and the coast of China.

The Carnatic Wars were fought between England and France. Three battles took place. The first was won by France, the second and third by England after which the British began to think of dominating India politically. 

All three statements are historically accurate: the French were the last major European power to arrive, the Portuguese discovered the sea route via Vasco da Gama, and Queen Elizabeth I was indeed a shareholder in the East India Company.

The creation of large empires that brought different regions under their rule helped in the cross-fertilisation of artistic forms and architectural styles.
In Akbars capital at Fatehpur Sikri many of the buildings show the influence of the architectural styles of Gujarat and Malwa.

The first factory of British was established at Hugli  in 1651. It was abandoned in 1690 when they shifted to Calcutta.

The British initially established trading posts in Surat (Gujarat), Masulipatnam (Coromandel), and later Bengal. Goa was a primary stronghold of the Portuguese.

The outbreak in 1756 of the Seven Years' War in Europe resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India i.e the Third carnatic war. In 1760 AD in the Battle of Wandiwash, Sir Iyre Coote, the British general defeated the French general Count Lally. The war concluded with the signing of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, which returned Chandernagore and Pondichéry to France.

In India, Dutch established their first factory in Masulipattanam in 1605. Later on, they had set factories at many places like at Surat in 1616, at Bimilipatam in 1641, and Chinsura in 1653.

 In 1664 the French East India Company was formed to trade with India. They established their first factory at Surat in 1668, and in 1669, they built another factory at Masaulipatam.