Meaning and type of resources - class-XI

Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from organic waste. It can serve as a substitute for various conventional fuels like natural gas, coal, and petroleum products in different applications.

Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) was an Italian physicist and recipient of the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics. He created the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile- 1.

Uranium is the primary fuel used in nuclear power plants for fission reactions, which release the energy used to generate electricity.

In an ecosystem, energy enters from the sun as solar energy and is converted into chemical energy by producers, but the primary source driving the entire flow is solar radiation.

Approximately 50 percent of the solar radiation reaching the outer atmosphere is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere, clouds, and surface, while the rest reaches the Earth's surface.

The Sun is the primary and ultimate source of energy for nearly all environmental and biological processes on Earth.

Renewable energy resources like biomass, solar, wind, and hydro are derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. Biomass specifically is a direct form of stored solar energy.

Auxiliary natural sources of energy in the context of the solar system often refer to those driven by solar or gravitational forces, such as tides (gravitational) and waves/currents (solar/wind driven).

The first commercially successful oil well in the United States was drilled by Edwin Drake in Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859.

Coning is a type of plume behavior in air pollution meteorology. It typically occurs under neutral stability conditions when wind speeds are moderate to high, often cited as greater than 32 km/h.

Solar radiation reaching the Earth's atmosphere consists of various wavelengths. Approximately 10 percent of the total solar energy is in the ultraviolet range.

In an unsubsidized natural ecosystem, the primary and only source of energy input is solar radiation, which drives photosynthesis.

Naturally subsidized solar-powered ecosystems, such as estuaries or certain forests, receive additional energy inputs. The range of 10,000 to 40,000 kcal/m2 per year is a standard estimate for these types of systems.

CH$ _4$ is methane, which is the major component of biogas. Ratio is 3:1. 

Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. It is a renewable energy source.
Biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria, which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation of biodegradable materials.

Bioenergy is renewable energy derived from biological sources, primarily biomass such as forest products, agricultural crops, and animal waste.

Energy plantation is the method in which there is the cultivation of certain species of the plants which can be used as the source of energy. They can be used as an alternative to the fossil fuels. This reduces the pressure on the fossil fuels. 

Anaerobic digestion is a natural process in which bacteria convert organic materials into biogas. It occurs in marshes and wetlands and in the digestive tract of ruminants. The bacteria are also active in landfills, where they are the principal process degrading landfilled food wastes and other 
biomass. Biogas can be collected and used as a potential energy resource. The process occurs in an anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment through the activities of acid- and methane-forming (methanogenic) bacteria that break down the organic material and produce methane and carbon dioxide in a gaseous form, known as biogas. 

The Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy. Asia's largest windmill or wind farm complex is established at Lamba village in the Jamnagar district of Gujrat. It had successfully generated 1500+ kWh in its pilot stage of 3 months. Thus the correct answer is option B.

The device which can trap the solar energy and convert the solar energy into an electrical form of energy is called as the solar cell. Solar cells are generally used for the storage of the radiations from the sun in the form of energy resource. These cells are used in the solar panels for the generation of electricity for the street lights. 

Thermal pollution is caused by change in water temperature which leads to degradation of water quality. It is caused due to use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. When such water is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, it decreases oxygen supply and affects ecosystem composition.

Netherland is referred as the land of the windmills. There are many windmills installed in the regions called as wind farms. There are large turbines which are used for the conversion of the wind energy to produce electricity. About 3400 MW energy was produced in this region with the help of windmills.

In a biogas plant, household wastes and biowastes can be disposed of usefully and in a healthy manner to obtain biogas a renewable source of energy, which is used as a fuel because it reacts with oxygen and  releases energy, which is clean in nature. Also the residue of the plant can be used as a manure.

Wind energy is an inexhaustible energy resource which has been used for centuries to ran wind mills and pump water.

In some places, the hot water comes to the earth surface as hot spring which can be used to generate electricity. In Himachal Pradesh, electricity is generated by this method.

Solar energy can be harvested through various technologies, including photovoltaics (converting light to electricity), solar heating (thermal), and artificial photosynthesis (research-based chemical energy conversion).

Biogas production through anaerobic digestion of cow dung is more energy-efficient and provides a cleaner fuel than direct burning, which is inefficient and releases pollutants.

• Biomass is the amount of organic matter present in an organism at a given time. It is the stored form of energy in an organism.
• Biofuel is any substance which has a biological origin and can be used as a fuel. For example, fuel wood.
  
• Biogas is formed from the decomposition of organic matter and can be used as an alternative source of energy in place of fossil fuels.

Biogas is primarily composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with smaller amounts of other gases.

• Methane 50- 75%
• Carbon dioxide 25- 35%
• Hydrogen 0 -1%

• Methane 50- 75%
• Carbon dioxide 25- 35%
• Hydrogen 0 -1%

Methane is the combustible component of biogas that provides its energy content.

The calorific value of biogas typically ranges between 20 and 28 MJ/m3 depending on the methane concentration.

Eichhornia (water hyacinth) is a fast-growing aquatic plant often used as a feedstock for biogas production due to its high biomass productivity.

coal, oil & organic compounds contain carbon as the main constituent thus they can evolve carbon dioxide, while nuclear energy will release no carbon dioxide.

Biogas is a type of fuel. It is a mixture of different gases produced when organic matter breaks down in the absence of oxygen. The organic wastes release many gases primarily methane and carbon-dioxide. It is produced by anaerobic fermentation. It is counted as eco-friendly gas.

Biogas refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with methanogen or anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed system or fermentation of biodegradable materials. There are two key processes: mesophilic and thermophilic digestion which is dependent on temperature. Research in biogas production indicates that the optimal temperature for mesophilic bacteria is around 37°C and around 55°C for thermophilic bacteria.

 Electricity in its natural form is from lightening. Various natural resources like wind (wind mills), water (turbines), fossil fuels are used to produce electricity. Therefore, electricity is a product obtained using natural resource and its since natural form cannot be easily harnessed  so cannot be nither classified as a natural resource nor a man made product.

Geothermal energy is the heat derived from the sub-surface of the earth, stored in rocks and fluids.

The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the power radiated per unit area of a black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature (P = sigma * T^4).

Solar energy is the primary source of energy for almost all ecological systems on Earth, as it drives photosynthesis in plants, which forms the base of the food chain.

Thermal belts are areas on hillsides that remain warmer than the valley floor at night, often because cold air sinks into the valley (temperature inversion), protecting the hillside from frost.

Solar wind is a stream of charged particles (primarily electrons and protons) released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, which travels through the solar system.

Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and other trace gases which can be converted to heat, electricity or light. Small-scale biogas reactors are designed to produce biogas at the household or community level in rural areas. 

Eichhornia crassipes is an excellent source of biomass because of its extremely high rate of development. One hectare of standing crop thus produce more than 70,000 m$^3$ of biogas.

Sun derives the water cycle, heats up water in ocean and seas, and then water vapours evaporate to air. As the vapours move upward the cool temperature there causes it to condense into clouds and they fall as precipitate like rain, hailstone etc.

Gobar gas (biogas) is considered an efficient fuel, provides nutrient-rich slurry for fertilizer, and the anaerobic digestion process kills many pathogens present in raw manure.

The economics of terrestrial growth of vegetation for its energy content is far more favourable than other more technically sophisticated methods of large-scale solar energy conversion. The most traditional is to use the ability of plants to convert the suns energy into fuel molecules; this is cheap, deployable at scale, and provides the energy in easily storable form, but its not very efficient and so needs a lot of land.

Biogas (gobar gas) is primarily methane (CH$ _4$) and carbon dioxide (CO$ _2$) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H$ _2$S), moisture and siloxanes.

Biogas consists mostly of methane (CH$ _4$), carbon dioxide (CO$ _2$) and a mix of trace gases including nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide (H$ _2$S), hydrogen and others. Methane is the main constituent (63%) of the biogas. The other major constituent is CO$ _2$ (30%).

Material recovery is possible from industrial waste. Organic waste can be used for energy production with various processes such as bio-gas production.

Solar energy is considered to be the non-conventional because it is not derived from the conventional fossil fuels. It is inexhaustible as it will not be used up completely. It will not take much time in regeneration. It is universal as most of the places on earth that sustain a large population get the sunlight. Wind energy is also non-conventional and inexhaustible but it is not available to every area. It can be harnessed in areas that witness a low pressure, like equatorial and tropical areas. Similarly, the tidal energy is available to the coastal areas. Hydrothermal resources are available everywhere but need a heavy economic investment for their usage.

Photovoltaic cells are used in trapping solar energy. These are made of semiconductors that can lose the electrons when exposed to the sunlight to generate the electric current. The semiconductor material used can be silicon, gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride. Silicon is the most preferred because of its uniform crystalline structure. Cadmium Telluride provides a low-cost alternative that is also highly absorptive of solar energy. Gallium arsenide is used for its resistance to the harmful effects of the radiations. It is generally used for space photovoltaic cells.

Solar energy can be trapped through the following:

At the later stages of decomposition of cowdung, mesophilic micro-organisms decompose the dung, generating heat from exothermic( process which produces heat) processes; such heat generation is associated with the well known phenomenon of the elevated temperature of composting.

Geothermal energy is classified as a non-conventional or renewable source of energy, not a conventional one like coal or petroleum.

Mineral fuels (like coal, oil, and natural gas) are finite resources that take millions of years to form, making them non-replenishable on a human timescale.

Solar energy is inexhaustible non-conventional resource. Its use is yet to pick up because of requirement of back up system to store and generate electricity during night and during cloudy days. There are three methods of harnessing solar energy- direct heating (e.g., solar cookers), thermoelectric conversion or solar thermal power plants, e.g., steam generation and photovoltaic conversion.

Renewable source of energy include biomass energy and some forms of inexhaustible energy like solar energy, hydropower, wind power, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy etc. 

Coal and oil are fossil fuels been derived from dead bodies of plants and animals, which existed in past. Hence, they are carbon compounds and emit carbon dioxide on combustion. Organic compounds are obviously compounds of carbon and will evolve carbon dioxide on combustion. Nuclear energy is non conventional, non renewable resource. Nuclear fission (now fusion also) of selected radioactive materials yields large amount of heat energy. For example one amu of Uranium - 235 yields energy equal to burning of 15 metric tonnes of coal. The energy released in nuclear fission and fusion is not due to combustion process and hence, does not evolves carbon dioxide.

Electricity can be created/generated and is man-made. Air, water and soil are all natural resources and cannot be created by humans.

Natural resources occur naturally in our environment. They cannot be created by man.

Natural resources are the resources made available by the nature to us. The important natural resources are the trees, animals and climatic factors like wind. All of these can be used variously to generate goods and services for our benefit. For example- trees provide us fruits, fresh air, timber etc. All animals and plants are important for the ecological balance on the Earth. Further some animals are of direct economic benefit for mankind. Climatic factors like sunlight and wind power can be harnessed to generate energy.

Waste utilization, such as recycling or repurposing materials, reduces the demand for raw materials and helps conserve natural resources.

Diffused sources (or non-point sources) of pollution are those where the exact location of origin cannot be easily identified, unlike point sources which have a specific discharge point.

A natural resource is anything that people can use which comes from nature. People do not make natural resources, but gather them from the Earth. Examples of natural resources are air, water, wood, oil, wind energy, iron and coal. Refined oil and hydro-electric energy are not natural resources because people make them.

The resources which are naturally produced in nature are known as natural resources. The important resource which is used currently is the sunlight. The solar energy can be harnessed for the generation of electricity. The solar panels which help in capturing the energy and conversion to electrical energy.

The nature of resources varies from society to society. This variation is related to the culture, nature of work in the society and level of development. Thus the correct answer is option B.

Flora is considered as the plant life found in a particular region at a time. The fauna is considered as the animal life of that region. The flora, fauna, microorganisms and all the other life forms in the particular region is together known as biota. These are the living resources which are found in the nature

Ancient Indian philosophy often categorized the fundamental elements or resources into six categories (often referred to as the Shad-darsana or similar concepts in environmental contexts).

Bioenergetics is the branch of biology and biochemistry focused on the study of energy flow through living systems, including biological activities and energy transformations. The other terms do not accurately define this specific field.

Diastrophism refers to the large-scale deformation of the Earth's crust, which includes processes like the folding and faulting that lead to the formation of mountains.

• A valuation can simply be defined “as an attempt to put monetary values or to environmental goods and services or natural resources”. It is a key exercise in economic analysis and its results provide important information about the values of environmental goods and services.
  
• Value of a resource is dependent on its 'Requirement and type of society'.
• So, the correct answer is 'Requirement and type of society'.

• Fossil fuel is the fuel derived from dead remains of plants and animals. For example- coal is obtained from dead remains of plants while crude petroleum is obtained from dead remains of animals. 
• Some other sources of energy which are not derived from dead remains of plants and animals (and are hence, not fossil fuels) are wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, etc. 
• Wood from trees is also a source of energy. It is a renewable source of energy. Wind and sun are inexhaustible sources of energy. Unlike fossil fuels, whose supply is andlimited are hence exhaustible sources of energy.

Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind. These are resources that are not made by human but are made by nature and used by living organism. These include water, air, oil, wind energy, metal ores, rare earth metals, petroleum, etc. Today we are using natural resources maximum. Resources made by human and used by human are called as man-made resources. For example, buildings, machinery, vehicles, etc.

Environmental accounting is a field that incorporates environmental costs and benefits into financial accounting to measure the impact of economic activities on natural resources.

Open system is defined as a system wherein there is free exchange of both matter and energy with the surroundings. The system has interaction with the external environment. All the systems on Earth are called as open systems. Earth is an open system for energy. 

The Onge tribe belongs to the Andaman islands. In tribes language, Onge means the perfect man. The other 2 tribes of Andaman islands are Jarawa and Great Andamanese. The resources in Onge tribe include water, food, wood. Gold is not a resource for Onge tribe. 

Ocean resources are often considered the least developed due to the high costs of exploration, technological challenges, and the lack of comprehensive knowledge about deep-sea environments.

Remote sensing allows for the large-scale, repeated, and objective monitoring of natural resources, making it an ideal tool for resource management.