Post independence - class-X

The Indian emergency was the period of 21 months in 1975 to 1977.

Longevala was the post where major defeat was faced by Pakistan in 1971 war.

Eastern and Western Pakistan was the sides of conflict. 

Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had given the name Bangladesh to Eastern Pakistan after independence.

On 16 December 1971, Lt. General of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan signed the instrument of surrender. Over 93,000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces & Bangladesh Liberation forces, making it the largest surrender since world war II.

India faced many challenges after it gained independence. The  partition of India created a lot of problems. The second biggest challenge that India faced was with the  princely states that existed. Another problem faced by independent India was its diverse population.

The Constituent Assembly was a diverse body representing various political parties, ideologies, and regions of India, not just the Congress party.

First general elections were held in the year 1952 in India. Indian national congress won the landslide victory and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister.

Post-independence Indian leadership, led by figures like Jawaharlal Nehru, adopted a socialistic pattern of society to address poverty and inequality through state-led development and planning.

India is the only country in Asian continent which remain democratic after its independence since 1947.

The State Reorganization Act, 1956 came into effect 1st November 1956. The act recommended organization of boundaries of the states based on linguistic lines. State Reorganization Commission was appointed by PM Jawaharlal Nehru in December 1953 and the commission submitted its report on 30 September 1955. The report's recommendations were debated in Indian parliament and later bill was passed to amend constitution. 

The only exception time in the Indian history of democracy was the period emergency in 1975-76, when the democratic process was halted..

Indian National Congress under the leadership of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru won the majority in first election of India.

In addition to fundamental rights, the Constitution made special provisions for the oppressed castes and tribes by listing them in a Schedule and thus designating them as scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled tribes (STs). 

Congress, however, suffered some unexpected setbacks in three southern states Tamil Nadu (Madras), Andhra Pradesh (Hyderabad) and Kerala (Travancore) where the party failed to win majority in the face of strong support of the Communist Party. 

The  first elections of India were held based on universal adult franchise, with all those twenty-one years of age or older having the right to vote. 

There were over 173 million voters, most of them poor, illiterate, and rural, and having had no experience of elections. The big question at the time was how would the people respond to this opportunity.

The main problem of newly independent India was ensuring the unity of India, which is the country of diversity, its refugees rehabilitation and assimilation of princely states.

The main role of planning commission was to formulate policies which would guide the economic development, so that democracy can be achieved.

The first election was the big task for Indian Election commission because of large number of illiterate population. Hence it was held between 1951 to 1952.

Organization of the elections was a wondrous task. There was a house-to-house survey to register the voters. With over 70 per cent of the voters being illiterate, the candidates were to be identified by symbols, assigned to each major party and independent candidates, painted on the ballot-boxes (this was later changed to symbols on the ballot papers). The voters were to place the ballot papers in the box assigned to a particular candidate, and ballot was secret. Over 224,000 polling booths, one for almost every 1000 voters, were constructed and equipped with over 21/2 million steel ballot-boxes, one box for every candidate.

India's electoral system was developed according to the directives of the Constitution. The Constitution made a provision for an Election Commission. It was to be headed by a Chief Election Commissioner, to conduct elections. It was to be independent of the executive or the parliament or the party in power.

Under the reorganization of states, princely states were categorized into groups A, B, and C. Jammu and Kashmir was classified under Part B.

Due to maximum number of literate population, it was necessary for election commission to have big team for conducting election properly. So, there are 3 lakhs officers and polling staffs were hired to conduct election.

The first general election was the big test for democracy in India. Because at that time India was poor and illiterate along with election commission had given right to every adult Indian citizen to vote along with women's.This kind of practice had not yet performed in European countries at that time, which are rich and literate as comparison to India.

Orissa was the first Indian state (pre-independence) formed on a linguistic basis in 1936 due to the efforts of Madhusudan Das and become province of Orissa.

The act came into effect from the constitution act, 1956 and was the seventh amendment act. This act involved measures taken by the Government of India to bring boundaries of Indian states, territories, organizing them under Linguistic lines.

Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature.It includes Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh Etc.

The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 was a major reform that redrew the boundaries of Indian states primarily based on linguistic lines to ensure better administration and representation.

At the time of first election in India, there are 17 crore eligible voters are present. Out of which only 15% were literate.

The States Reorganization Commission was preceded by the Linguistic Provinces Commission (aka Dar Commission) in 1948, and then the "JVP committee".

Andhra Pradesh - 1953
Maharashtra - 1960
Nagaland- 1963
Haryana- 1966

According to the effect of State Reorganization Act, 1956 Bihar reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to West Bengal.

The sole Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar islands administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government.

The 69th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1991 granted special status to Delhi, designating it as the National Capital Territory of Delhi and providing for a Legislative Assembly.

The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) was based on the Harrod-Domar model, which emphasized investment in agriculture and irrigation to boost the economy.

Andhra Pradesh was created as a linguistic state in 1953.

The state of Bombay was divided into two independent state that is Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1966.

Goa, become the full fledged state after the separation from Daman and Diu in 1987.

State Reorganisation Commission and Dass Commission made the recommendations which formed the basis for the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which created the states of Punjab and Haryana. Punjab Reorganisation  Act was related to Punjab Suba movement which is a matter of 1950s.

The British dissolved their treaty relations with more than five hundred princely states, who were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan, while under no compulsion to do so. Most of the states acceded to India, and a few to  Pakistan. Hyderabad opted for independence, although the armed intervention of India conquered Hyderabad and brought it into the Indian Union.

Development of Agriculture is the target of first five year plan, because India's economy was based on agriculture mainly that time.

British Governor of Madras Lord Erskine withdrawn the mandatory Hindi teaching in Madras province.

On 14 July 1937, C. Rajagopalachari aka Rajaji become chief minister of Madras in 1937.

Third five year plan was also known as 'Gadgil Yojana'.

National planning committee was established under the president ship of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1938.

Planning commission was constituted on 15 March, 1950. The Prime Minister is the ex-officio Chairman of this Commission.

The Anti-Hindi Agitation is a series of protests that happened in Madras Presidency of the British Raj during 1937-40. It was launched in 1937 in opposition to the introduction of compulsory teaching of Hindi in the schools of the presidency by the Indian national congress government.

To propagate Hindi in the south India Mahatma Gandhi establish  'Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha' in 1918.

Introduction of compulsory teaching of Hindi in the schools of presidency by the Indian National Congress was opposed by E.Ramasamy and Justice Party.

Five year plan gets its approval from national development council.

The idea of making Hindustani or Hindi the common language was not acceptable to Periyar, who viewed it as an attempt to make Tamils subordinate to North Indians.

The Justice party was led by older, established leaders like Kurma Venkta Reddy Naidu and Pannirselvam.

There are 3 types of emergency is provisioned under constitution.These are national, financial and presidential emergencies.

The President can proclaim National Emergency only on the written advice of the Cabinet, under article 352.

During 1973-75 Indian political system gone through sudden unrest, there was rise of Janata Dal under the leadership of JayPrakash Narayan. Raj Narain verdict was the second most important reason.

Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister who declared emergency on 26th June 1975 and continued till January 1977. The order allowed her to rule by decree, allowing elections to be suspended and civil liberties to be curbed.

The anti-Hindi movement viewed the Hindi legislation as an attempt by Brahmins to impose Hindi and Sanskrit over Tamil. 

In 1925, the Indian National Congress switched to Hindustani from English for conducting its proceedings.

The adoption of an official language for the Indian Republic was a hotly debated issue during the framing of the Indian Constitution after India's Independence from the United Kingdom. After an exhaustive and divisive debate, Hindi was adopted as the official language of India with English continuing as an associate official language for a period of fifteen years, after which Hindi would become the sole official language. 

The Republic of India has hundreds of languages. According to the Census of 2001, there are 1,635 rationalized mother tongues.

The Bangladesh war of independence was begin in 1971 between India and Pakistan.

1971 Bangladesh war of Independence fought between 3rd to 16th of December 1971 .

Bangladesh that is Eastern Bengal lost its independence in 1971 when Sirajuddola was defeated in the war Palassey .

The Bangladesh war of Liberation is also known as Bangladesh war of Independence from Pakistan.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman become the first President of Independent Bangladesh.

The Emergency declared by the Indira Gandhi, leader of the Congress government, was the core issue in the 1977 elections. Civil liberties were suspended during the national emergency from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi assumed vast powers.

Bangladesh was declared as a independent country on 25th March 1971.

Potti Sriramulu undertook a hunger strike demanding a separate state for Telugu-speaking people. His death in 1952 triggered widespread protests, leading the government to create Andhra State.

In 1956, the Second Five Year Plan was formulated. This plan focused on the development of heavy industries such as steel, and on the building of large dams which came under the control of the State.

Role of Planning Commission was to identify the industries which should be initiated by the state.

After India became independent, Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru led the country. He was the architect of India's foreign policy. His contribution to the social and economic development of India is significant.

The Dandakaranya rehabilitation plan was conceived in early 1956 to resettle the East Pakistani refugees as West Bengal was groaning under the huge burden of rehabilitation. The particular focus was on Bengali refugees from East Pakistan moving to lands and resources in Orissa and Chhattisgarh. To implement this project, the Government of India established the Dandakaranya Development Authority.

The Allahabad High Court gave the verdict in 1975 that Indira Gandhi; the then Prime Minister had misused the government machinery during her election campaign.

Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded Pandit Jawaharlal nehru and became the second Prime Minister of India. During his tenure, India and Pakistan went to war over Kashmir issue in 1965.

The period of national emergency lasted from 1975 to 1977 and after that general elections were conducted. During this turbulent period, the fundamental rights of Indian citizens were suspended. Due to the emergency, the Indian administration became disciplined, but the human rights were restricted.

In 1975, the people of Sikkim voted for joining the Indian republic and Sikkim became a full-fledged state in the Indian federation on 26th April, 1975.

Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded Pandit Jawaharlal nehru and became the nixt Prime Minister of India.  he gave the slogan 'Jai Jawan Jai Kisan' with which he highlighted the importance of Indian soldiers and Indian farmers.

Rajiv Gandhi took the lead in solving the issues of the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka. He promoted the idea of a united Sri Lanka with internal autonomy to the Tamil community, but his efforts in this regard proved to be in vain.

On the backdrop of the emergency, many opposition parties came together and formed a party called the Janata Party. The Congress party led by Indira Gandhi was roundly defeated by this newly formed 'Janata Party'.

Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1966, following the sudden death of Lal Bahadur Shastri.

The 1971 war between India and Pakistan led to the creation of an independent country called Bangladesh.

Tashkent Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan. President Ayub Khan signed the agreement  on January 10, 1966, ending the 17-day war between Pakistan and India in 1965. The agreement was mediated by Soviet premier Aleksey Kosygin, who had invited the parties to Tashkent. The parties agreed to withdraw all armed forces to positions held before Aug. 5, 1965; to restore diplomatic relations; and to discuss economic, refugee, and other questions. 

The emergency of 1975 which was declared under constitution article 352 (1) by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, it suspends the civil liberties, regular elections etc.

The commission of India was set up in January 1950 to conduct general election in India after independence. Sukumar Sen was the first election commissioner of India.   

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad was the Indian president at the time of emergency.

At the end of Bangladesh independence war the allied forces of the Indian Army and the Mukti Bahini defeated all of the descending troops of Western Pakistan.

Pakistan was divided into two measure parts that is eastern and western part.Eastern part contain maximum number of Bengali speaking people who want its separate nation. At the same time Western Pakistan launched a military operation in eastern Pakistan. Hence the war of Eastern Pakistan that is Bangladesh begin.

Tashkent Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan. President Ayub Khan signed the agreement  on January 10, 1966, ending the 17-day war between Pakistan and India in 1965. The agreement was mediated by Soviet premier Aleksey Kosygin, who had invited the parties to Tashkent. The parties agreed to withdraw all armed forces to positions held before Aug. 5, 1965; to restore diplomatic relations; and to discuss economic, refugee, and other questions. 

The Sino-Indian War, a border conflict between India and China, took place in 1962.

Hindustani termed for Hindi language in freedom struggle of India.

After the independence in 1947, the first general election was conducted in the year 1951-52 and Indian National Congress came into the power. The first five year plan for India was formed for 1951-1956. It was mainly concerned with the development of primary sector.

November 2000, Jyoti Basu was the Chief Minister of the state. After his resignation, due to health reasons, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee became the Chief Minister of West Bengal who continued in office until 13 May 2011.

In 1977 the Left Front won the state assembly elections, and the state was ruled by communists and other left groups till 2011. The erstwhile left front led West Bengal state government holds the Indian record for the longest period of governance.

1980s may be seen as the period of rising regional aspiration for autonomy, often outside the frame work of Indian Union. These movement frequently involved armed assertion by the people, their repression by the government and a collars of political and electoral process.

In 1977 election the Congress was reduced to just 153 seats, 92 of which were from four of the southern states. The Janata Party's 298 seats and its allies' 47 seats (of a total 542) gave it a massive majority. Morarji Desai became the first non- Congress Prime Minister of India.

The Emergency officially ended on 23 March 1977 with the fresh election called by Mrs. Gandhi.

In India, "the Emergency" refers to a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352(1) of the Constitution because of the prevailing "internal disturbance".