Cattle farming - class-VI

Jersey is an exotic breed of cattle originating from Jersey Island, U.K. Gir is an Indian breed originating in the Gir forests in Gujarat and are also found in Maharashtra and adjacent Rajasthan. Holstein is also an exotic breed originating in the northern parts of the Netherlands. Brown Swiss is an exotic breed that originated in the mountainous region of Switzerland. 

So, the correct answer is  ' Jersey '

Friesian (Holstein-Friesian) is a well-known exotic breed of dairy cow, whereas Ongole, Hallikar, and Deoni are indigenous Indian breeds.

In an ecosystem, primary consumers are herbivores that feed directly on producers, which are plants.

Soya milk is not a dairy product. Soya milk can be made from whole soyabean or full - fat soy flour. It can be used as a milk substitute for lactose intolerant people. 

Feeding cattle with cotton seeds is a common practice to increase the fat content in milk, as cotton seeds are rich in fats and proteins.

Holstein is a breed of cattle known today as the world's highest production dairy animal. It is black and white due to artificial selection by breeders.

Anthrax is a highly contagious and infectious soil-borne disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a relatively large spore-forming bacteria that can infect mammals. Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivores, particularly bison and beef cattle. Anthrax infections are rare in humans. Beef cattle and bison are most likely to contract the disease because they graze lower to the ground than many other herbivores, often due to drought or management practices. It is also believed that the abrasive forages they consume can injure the mouth and allow the bacteria quick access to the bloodstream. 

Bacillus anthracis is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, aerobic bacterium about 1 by 9 μm in size. It was shown to cause disease by Robert Koch in 1876 when he took a blood sample from an infected cow, isolated the bacteria and put them into a mouse.

Guayule is a desert plant indigenous to the southwest United States and northern Mexico. The species (Parthenium argentatum) is a new industrial crop and the only species other than Hevea (the Brazilian rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis) that has been used for rubber production on a commercial scale. Guayule needs low inputs of water, nutrients and pesticides less than many other crops and can be grown under arid and semi-arid climatic conditions. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

The most common cause of a foot and mouth disease is a enteroviruses which is virus and not a bacteria.

The Nagpuri buffalo is a versatile breed of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra State and stands better amongst the breeds of buffaloes which combine the milk and drought qualities in a better proportion in adverse climatic conditions. The animals of this breed are very well adapted to the harsh-semi-arid conditions of Vidarbha region and can withstand extreme climatic conditions as high as 47º C even in respect of milk production and fertility. These buffaloes are used for heavy draught purpose and farmers prefer this breed due to its low maintenance cost, efficiency of feed conversion, moderate production and better adaptation to local climatic conditions. Therefore it serves dual purpose of milkers and draught cattle.

Gelatin is a protein obtained by boiling skin, tendons, ligaments, and bones with water, usually from cattle or pigs. It is a major by-product of the cattle industry.

The Jersey breed of cattle originated from the island of Jersey in the United Kingdom. It is a popular dairy breed known for high butterfat content in its milk.

• The device used for measuring the quality of milk is a lactometer. It is an instrument that measures the amount of water added and the volume of cream in the sample of milk. 
• It works on the principle of gravity. It has many industrial applications where milk is tested and then used for making various products.

• Exotic breeds are a breed of foreign origin. Jersey is the dairy breed from Jersey Island, U.K. It is known because of its high content of milk and lower maintenance costs.

• Milch animals are those who produce milk among livestock animals. either they give milk, include cow, buffalo, goat, and camel.

• The high milk yielding variety of cow is Holstein. It is found in the northern parts of the country and the average milk production of this cow is 6000 to 7000 kgs per lactation.

• Mehsana and Jaffarabadi are Indian breeds of buffaloes which are found in Gujarat and Mehsana is famous as persistent milch and regular breeder.

Explanation: Murrah is Most important breed of buffaloes whose home is Rohtak, Hisar and Sind of Haryana, Nabha and Patiala districts of Punjab and southern parts of Delhi state. Surti yield ranges from 1000 to 1300 kgs per lactation. Jaffrabadi bullocks are heavy and used for ploughing and carting.

Explanation: The cows in these breeds give average milk yield and male are very useful for work. Their milk production per loctation is 500 to 150 kg. The example of this group is Ongalo, Hariana, Kankrej, Mewathi, etc.

Explanation: This breed is otherwise called as Bhadawari, Desan, Gujarati, Kathiawari, Sorthi, and Surati. Originated in Gir forests of South Kathiawar in Gujarat also found in Maharashtra and adjacent Rajasthan. Basic colours of skin are white with dark red or chocolate-brown patches or sometimes black or purely red. Horns are peculiarly curved, giving a half moon appearance. Milk yield ranges from 1200-1800 kgs per lactation. This bread is known for its hardiness and disease resistance.

The correct answer is 'Above both options are correct'

Most of the female buffaloes start showing oestrus during night hours or early morning which is indicative of standing heat. The standing heat period where ‘act’ to be mounted is present but occurs for short period that too in the mid-night. 

Rinderpest is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of ruminant animals, primarily cattle, that was once common in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. It was caused by a paramyxovirus.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of cattle and swine. It also affects sheep, goats, deer, and other cloven-hooved ruminants.The disease is caused by a virus of which there are seven ‘types’, each producing the same symptoms like fever, blisters in mouth and on feet, drop in milk production, weight loss etc. FMD outbreaks are usually controlled by quarantines and movement restrictions, euthanasia of affected and in-contact animals, and cleansing and disinfection of affected premises, equipment and vehicles. Hence, option A is correct.

Among camels, trypanosomiasis is sometimes also referred to as surra. It is caused by Trypanosoma evansi, present in most areas where camels are found. Surra in camels is usually a chronic wasting disease. Striking clinical symptoms develop a month or so after infection, with acute bouts of fever, associated with dullness, lack of appetite and lacrimation, coinciding with peaks of high parasitaemia. Gradually the animal loses condition, the hump shrinks and progressive weakness becomes noticeable. Oedemas may occur. 

Nagpuri buffaloes are primarily known for their milk production capabilities. While they are hardy, their primary classification in agricultural contexts is as a milch breed.

Sahiwal is a well-known milch breed of cattle originating from the Punjab region. Haryana and Kankrej are dual-purpose breeds, while Malvi is primarily a draught breed.

Jaffarbandi, Murrah and Mehsana are breeds of buffalo.

White Sindhi, Gray Sindhi and Thari are good milch breeds of cow.

Surti, Mehsana, Murrah and Nagapuri are breeds of buffalo whereas Haryana, Ongole and Sindhi native cow varieties of India. 

Zebu is also called as  Bos primigenius indicus or Bos indicus or Bos taurus indicus.

Amritmahal is a draught breed which was developed from a herd established by the ruler of Mysore state from a draught breed of southern India.

The Hallikar cattle are a breed of cattle selected primarily for draft purposes and it is native to Karnataka.

Leghorn is a breed of chicken, not cattle. Jersey, Holstein, and Brown Swiss are all well-known exotic breeds of cattle.

There are about 70 million Holstein Friesian type cows in the world which is well known for its high milk yields. It contains fat and solids-not-fat contents are low.

Buffalo play an indispensable role in the Indian economy, accounting for approximately 56% of the total milk production in the nation and 64% of the world's production.

Surti, Mehsana, Murrah and Nagapuri are breeds of buffalo whereas Jersey, Sahiwal, Haryana, Ongole and Sindhi native cow varieties of India which produces milk. 

Murrah is the most demanded breed of buffalo due to the following address is :

Incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes. Crossing red and white cattle to produce roan (a mix of red and white hairs) is a classic example of co-dominance, but in many textbooks, this specific scenario is often used to illustrate incomplete dominance or co-dominance depending on the definition of the trait.

The most exotic breeds of cattle are the cattle which has its inheritance from a Jersey breed or a Brown Swiss breed. Jersey breed is known for its high milk fat percentage and brown Swiss has the best fat to protein ratio .Therefore the exotic breeds of cattle are Jersey and Brown Swiss. Hence options (ii) and (iii) are correct.
There are no cattle breed named Brawn or Jersey Swiss. Hence options (i) and (iv) are incorrect.

Bos indicus is an Indian cattle and Bos babalis is an Indian cattle but not Bos bubalis. Hence, the correct answer is option (i) Bos Indicus.

Among the four buffalo Bhadawari buffalo breed has maximum milk fat percentage in its milk. It is an improved buffalo breed from Uttar Pradesh and some districts of Madhya Pradesh.  Bhadawari buffaloes are specifically renowned for the high content of butterfat found in their milk.

Holstein-Friesian from Holland, Brown Swiss from Switzerland and Hersey from Island of Jersey in English channel are exotic breeds of cattle.

Hallikar is a draught breed of cattle native to the state of Karnataka in India and is most commonly found in the Hallikar belt of Southern India, comprising of Mysore, Mandya, Hassan and Tumkur districts of South Karnataka. So, the correct option is 'Karnataka'.

Ayrshire is a breed of dairy cattle. Ghagus and Kadaknath are chicken breeds, and Scampi is a crustacean.

Chegu is a breed of goat, not a buffalo. The other options correctly pair buffalo breeds with cattle breeds.

Rinderpest, also called cattle plague, is an acute viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, particularly, cattle and buffalo. Rinderpest is caused by a paramyxovirus (genus Morbillivirus) closely related to those that cause measles in humans. The virus is transmitted by close direct or indirect contact.

Foot and mouth disease is an infectious and fatal viral disease that affects domestic and wild cows. The viral causes, high fever for two to three days. It is a severe plague for animal farming.

• Sahiwal is a breed of Zebu cattle which primarily is used in dairy production. The Sahiwal originated in the dry Punjab region which lies along the Indian-Pakistani border. 

When sweet clover becomes spoiled or is improperly cured the coumarol is converted to the toxic substance dicoumarol. This toxin interferes with the metabolism and synthesis of vitamin K. Vitamin K is essential for liver function, necessary to prevent the seepage of blood from the circulatory system and to establish blood clotting. Without vitamin K, the blood will not clot properly after an injury, and this is why sweet clover poisoning is also called sweet clover bleeding disease.

Indian milch cattle belong to two different species- cows (Bos indicus) and Buffalo (Bos bubalis).

Anthrax is a fatal disease which commonly effects humans and cattle. It is caused by spores of bacteria Bacillus anthracis. These spores remain in soil for decades and are also found in bloody discharges of infected animals and can spread to other animals easily.

Clinical signs depend on species of cattle effected. If infection occurs through mouth or nose the symptoms are shown immediately and death occurs rapidly. If infection occurs through skin there will not be acute symptoms but later becomes generalized. If infection is less acute symptoms may be having difficulty in breathing, tremble, collapse and die. Nearby death blood oozes from openings of animal. When infection is localized to throat area, the neck swells and bloody discharge comes from mouth. 

• Lactometer is an instrument which is used to check the purity of milk on the basis of density/buoyancy. Adulteration of water or the addition of any compound in the milk decreases the density. Threshers, cane planter and winnowers are the instrument used in agriculture. 
• 
  
• Thus, the correct option B.

Murrah (punjab), Surti (Rajasthan) and Mehsana (Gujarat) are common buffalo breeds reared in India.

Holstein is one of the exotic breeds of cow. The average milk production of Holstein is about 16000 l per lactational period. It has lactation period of about 365 days.

• A phosphoprotein are a group of conjugated proteins, like casein, in which the protein molecule is bound to phosphoric acid. 
• Casein is a phosphoprotein. These proteins are commonly found in mammalian milk, making up 80% of the proteins in cow milk and between 20% and 45% of the proteins in human milk.

The agent of anthrax is a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. While other investigators discovered the anthrax bacillus, it was a German physician and scientist, Dr. Robert Koch, who proved that the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis) was the cause of a disease that affected farm animals in his community.

Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax can be found naturally in soil and commonly affects domestic and wild animals around the world. Domestic and wild animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, antelope, and deer can become infected when they breathe in or ingest spores in contaminated soil, plants, or water. People get infected with anthrax when spores get into the body. 

Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes milk production and agricultural work such as tilling, irrigation and carting.

Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Brucella. Various Brucella species affect sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, dogs, and other animals. Bovine brucellosis mainly affects rams, causing lesions in their reproductive organs (called epididymitis).

Milk fever is a disorder of mainly dairy cows close to calving. It is a metabolic disease caused by a low blood calcium level. Feeding jaggery along with lime water, few days prior to calving and giving soft nutritious and easily digestible food for few days after calving prevent milk fever.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B), 'Milk fever'.

• Ranikhet disease is a disease caused by viruses. It is the most fatal disease of poultry. 
  
• Cholera and coryza are bacterial diseases.
  
• Aspergillosis is a fungal disease.
  

The best known breeds of Indian buffaloes are the murrah, Jaffrabadi, Nili, Bhadawari and sweti.

Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus or Bos indicus), sometimes known as humped cattle, indicus cattle,
or brahmin cattle are just a type of domestic cattle originating in South Asia (the Indian subcontinent). They are characterised by a fatty hump on their shoulders, drooping ears and a large
dewlap.

• Silver revolution refers to the period in which there was a  tremendous increase in the production of eggs.

• White Revolution in India also known as Operation Flood was a plan of three phases launched in 1970 by the National Dairy Development Board. 
• Its aim was to increase India's dairy production until India became self-sufficient in milk.
•  This program was highly successful and in 1998, India became the largest milk producer in the world. Thus the correct answer is option C.

• The milk is obtained from the milch animals which are reared for the production of milk and its products. 
• Cream, cheese, and ghee are the dairy products which are obtained by the different processes involving milk as the substrate. 
• Chapathi is the food produced from the dough of cereals.

• None of the above statements are wrong. 

Verghese Kurien known as the 'Father of the White Revolution' in India,[2] was a social entrepreneur whose "billion-litre idea", Operation Flood, the world's largest agricultural dairy development programme, made dairy farming India's largest self-sustaining industry and the largest rural employment provider, being a third of all rural income, with benefits of raising incomes and credit, riddance of debt dependence, nutrition, education, health, gender parity and empowerment, breakdown of caste barriers and grassroots democracy and leadership. It made India the world's largest milk producer from a milk-deficient nation, which doubled milk available per person and increased milk output four-fold, in 30 years. A key invention at Amul, the world's first, was the production of milk powder from the abundant buffalo-milk, instead of from the conventional cow-milk, short in supply in India. Keen on a strong linkage between town and country, he surmounted skepticism and adversity with his indefatigable fighting spirit and outmaneuvering skills to capture a commanding share of the market of the city of Bombay (now, Mumbai), which got him wide attention.

Pasteurized milk can be consumed without boiling as it is free from harmful microbes. The milk is heated to about $700^{\circ}C$ for $15$ to $30$ seconds and then suddenly chilled and stored. By doing so, it prevents the growth of microbes. This process was discovered by Louis Pasteur. It is called pasteurization.

Waksman is credited with coining the term antibiotics, to describe compounds derived from other living organisms such as penicillin, though the term was first used by the French dermatologist François Henri Hallopeau, in 1871, to describe a substance opposed to the development of life

Most microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria can grow and flourish in the complete absence of oxygen and is known as fermentation. Pasteur described that fermentation is directly associated with the growth of metabolism of living matter. He observed that the rate of fermentation was considerably higher under anaerobic conditions as compared to aerobic conditions. The inhibition of anaerobic breakdown of sugars into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol due to the presence of oxygen under aerobic conditions is known as Pasteur effect. 

Support growth system refers to a process in which the microorganisms are grown on a thin layer of nutrient medium. A nutrient medium provides various nutrients required for the growth of microorganism to carry out their metabolic activities. The nutrient media supports the growth of a wide range of microorganisms. So, the correct answer is 'Support growth system'.

Koch's postulate designed the causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.  Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so they cannot be grown on artificial media. 

Hippocrates believed that disease caused inside the body is due to a natural cause not by gods and superstition. He gave humor theory based on the black bile produced, which was later rejected.

Louis Pasteur saved the French silk industry (not German) by identifying the pebrine disease affecting silkworms and developing methods to control it. However, among the options given, Pasteur is the only scientist who worked on silk industry problems - the question likely has a geographical error but the answer is still Pasteur.

Koch's postulates are used to trace back the causal organism of a particular disease in the host organism. It designed the causative relationship between a microbe and a disease. 

Louis Pasteur developed the process of pasteurization in 1864 to prevent the spoilage of wine and beer, which was later applied to milk.

(A)Mesophile is an organism that grows in a moderate temperature from 20-45 degree Celcius.

Louis Pasteur's work on pasteurization and germ theory made it possible to ensure the safety and quality of milk by killing harmful bacteria.

a) Pasteurization does not remove all bacteria from milk. It reduces the harmful active bacteria from the milk but it is unable to kill their spores which might erupt again under favourable conditions. 

A pure culture is a laboratory culture containing a single species of microorganisms. A pure culture was usually derived from a mixed culture (culture containing many species of organisms) by transferring a small sample into a new, sterile growth medium. Robert Koch developed solid culture media and the methods for obtaining pure cultures of bacteria.

The more formal experiments on the relationship between germ and disease were conducted by Louis Pasteur between the year 1860 and 1864. He discovered the pathology of the puerperal fever and the pyrogenic vibrio in the blood, and suggested using boric acid to kill these microorganisms before and after confinement.