Exploration and conservation of minerals - class-X

Thermal power plants required coal and oil, which they burn to generate the required power. Since transmission of electricity is more efficient than transporting coal or oil over the same distance,  So thermal power plants are generally located near coal fields.

Dhuvaran Thermal Power Station is an Oil and Gas power plant located at Khambhat in Anand district, Gujarat. The power plant is under ownership of state owned Gujarat state Electricity limited.This was the first power plant of Gujarat Electricity Board, the parent company of Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited.

The Obra Thermal Power Station is a major coal-fired power plant located in the Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

The largest Thermal power plant to the date in India is Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Plant (VSTPP). It has an installed capacity of 4760MW with 6 units of 210 MW and 7 units of 500MW. 

Talcher Thermal Power station is located in Talcher sub-division of Angul district in the Indian state of Odisha. The power plant is one of the Coal based plants of NTPC. The coal for the power plant is sourced from Jagannath Mines of Mahanadi Coalfields Limited.

Satpura Thermal Power Plant is located at Sarni town in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The power plant is one of the coal-based power plants of Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited (MPPGCL). 

The Rosa Power Plant is a coal-based thermal power plant located in the Shahjahanpur district of Uttar Pradesh.

Thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India.

Installed power capacity figures change frequently. Based on historical data often cited in older textbooks, 104917 MW is the provided answer.

If
trees are cleared, annual rainfall decreases and area becomes dry. Water from
the soil is absorbed by the plants. Then, this water evaporates from plants and
form clouds. But, if trees are cleared, less water is absorbed from the
soil.  It disturbs the water cycle. The formation
of clouds becomes difficult. So, it leads to reduced rainfall and area becomes dry.

When humans burn fossil fuel sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into the atmosphere. These gases when react with rain water form nitric and sulphuric acids and result in acid rains. Death of fish in lakes and rivers in some countries has been attributed to such acid rains.

A yellowish
or blackish fog is called smog. Smoke and fog combines to form smog. It is mainly
formed by a mixture of pollutants in the atmosphere which consists of fine
particles and ground level ozone. Smog occurs mainly because of air pollution. Smog
also refers to hazy air that makes breathing difficult.  It causes various respiratory problems as well
as irritation in eyes.

Lead
is a cumulative toxicant that affects multiple body systems. Lead in the body
is distributed to the brain, liver, kidney and bones. It is stored in the teeth
and bones, where it accumulates over time. There is no known level of lead exposure that is
considered safe. Lead can have serious consequences for the
health of children. If lead accumulation occurs for long in body, it attacks the brain and
central nervous system to cause coma, convulsions and even death. Children who
survive severe lead poisoning may be left with mental retardation and
behavioural disorders.

The cutting down of trees and clearing off the forests is known as deforestation. Deforestation is caused due to following reasons:- 

• Requirement of more land for housing and urbanization
  
• Harvesting timber to create commercial items such as paper, furniture and homes
  
• Cattle grazing
  
• Mining activities
  
• Cultivation
• Burning trees and clear cutting

An ecosystem can be defined as a biological community with interacting organism and their physical environment. Though urbanization and industrialization may disturb the ecosystem to an extent, introduction of toxins into environment will spoil the ecosystem from its roots.

Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) is a colorless, crystalline, tasteless, and almost odorless organochlorine known for its insecticidal properties and environmental impacts.

Korba Thermal Power Station is located in the Korba district of Chhattisgarh. Since Chhattisgarh was part of Madhya Pradesh before 2000, older sources often list it under Madhya Pradesh.

The Namrup (often referred to as Naharkatiya area) Thermal Power Station is located in the Dibrugarh district of Assam.

The Obra Thermal Power Station is a major power plant located in the Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh.

Maharashtra consistently ranks as one of the top states in India for total electricity generation and installed capacity.

Harduaganj Thermal Power Station is located in the Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh.

India’s power sector is huge. It derives its power from diverse sources like hydro power, solar power, bio gas energy, wind power, thermal power, etc. Like all the other states in India, Andhra Pradesh has power generation plants. Andhra Pradesh thermal power plants form an important part of the power generating capacity of Andhra Pradesh. Thermal Power in Andhra Pradesh is mostly generated through gas, coal, and oil. The electric power of the state is generated at the thermal power plants of Andhra Pradesh, which meets the electricity needs of the state.

Following are the thermal power stations of Andhra Pradesh:-

• Ramagundem
  
• Sinhadripuram
  
• Rayalaseema
  
• Vizag
• Kottagundam
• Simhapuri
  
• Sri Damodaram 
  

Rapid urbanization often leads to challenges such as housing shortages, pollution, traffic congestion, and strain on public infrastructure.

Hydroelectricity is electricity made by generators that are pushed by movement of water which falls from greater height. It is usually made with dams that block a river to make a reservoir or collect water that is pumped there. When the water is released, the pressure behind the dam forces the water down pipes that lead to a turbine. This causes the turbine to turn, which turns a generator which makes electricity.

The Earth Summit (Rio Conference) was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, not New York in 1997. The other statements correctly identify key milestones in resource conservation history.

Mining activities attract large populations to remote areas, which often overwhelms local infrastructure like roads, water supply, and housing.

In India, industrial licensing is still mandatory for a small list of industries, including alcohol, cigarettes, and hazardous chemicals, for safety and regulatory reasons.

The Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) in Kota is known for its research and application in agricultural fields, such as crop improvement through radiation.

Named Apsara, the reactor was housed in a 100 x 50 x 70 concrete building. India's and Asia's first nuclear reactor, Apsara reached criticality at 3:45 p.m on 4 August 1956 and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Nehru on 20 January 1957.

Located at Rawatbhata in Rajasthan, the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) was the first facility in India to operate pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs). RAPS' Unit-1 was built as a 220MWe CANDU PHWR and constructed with Canadian assistance. 

Kaiga Atomic Power Station is a nuclear power generating station located at Kaiga in Karnataka, India. It is operated by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India. The power plant has been functioning since March 2000. The Kaiga power plant has four units of 220 MW each.

Solar energy is a renewable free source of energy that is sustainable and totally inexhaustible, unlike fossil fuels that are finite. It is also a non-polluting source of energy and it does not emit any greenhouse gases when producing electricity.

Uranium, thorium.

Narora Atomic Power Station is located at Narora of Bulandshahar district located in Uttar Pradesh. It began in January 1991. It is operated by Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited.

Nuclear power is obtained from energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of naturally occurring radio active elements like uranium and thorium. 

Nuclear power is the fourth largest source of electricity generation in India.

Coal has many important uses worldwide.

Coal in India is mostly used for energy generation like electricity generation and as liquid fuel. Steam coal - also known as thermal coal - is mainly used in power generation.

Raniganj power plant is located in the Bardhhaman district of west Bengal. Discovery of coal led to industrialisation in this area. It is a pithead coal based thermal power plant.

The nuclear power plant situated in Rajasthan at Rawatbata in Chittorgarh district. This power plant is situated at Rana Pratap Sagar dam across Chambal River.

Kota nuclear plant is also called as Rawatbata nuclear plant situated in Chittorgarh district in Rajasthan. This power plant is situated at Rata Pratap Sagar dam across Chambal River.

This is the only nuclear plant that helps in the field of agriculture. Some uses of this plant are combating pests and diseases by disinfecting with gamma radiations, Increase crop production by changing the genetic makeup, protecting land and resources by enabling farmers to keep closer track of their operations and use vital resources more sparingly and effectively.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a process that can produce electricity by using the temperature difference between deep cold ocean water and warm tropical surface waters. OTEC plants pump large quantities of deep cold seawater and surface seawater to run a power cycle and produce electricity.

Aluminum (Al) salts may become fatal to fish if allowed to react with gaseous pollutants like acid rains.

In selective cutting only mature trees are selected for cutting. This process is to be followed in rotation. Shelter wood cutting is where first of all useless trees having been cut down followed by medium and best quality timber trees.

The Rana Pratap Sagar atomic power plant is located in Rawatbhata, Rajasthan.

The Eastern New England region of the USA historically developed its industrial base significantly due to the availability of water power from its numerous rivers.

India's rainfall is highly seasonal (monsoonal), meaning water flow is inconsistent throughout the year, necessitating expensive storage reservoirs to ensure year-round power generation.

Kawas Thermal Power Station is located in the Surat district of Gujarat. Talcher is in Odisha, Korba is in Chhattisgarh, and Ramagundam is in Telangana.

The Tala Hydroelectric Project is a major power project located in Bhutan, developed with assistance from India.

Thermal (coal/gas) and hydroelectric power are the two most traditional and widely used sources for industrial power globally.

The Koyna Hydroelectric Project is the largest completed hydroelectric power plant in India. It is a complex project with four dams including the largest dam on the Koyna River, Maharashtra hence the name Koyna Hydroelectric Project. The site is in Satara district near Patan.

Europe has historically been a leader in wind energy adoption and technology, with countries like Denmark and Germany leading the way.

Hydroelectricity is one of Niagara Falls' most important products. Together, power plants on both the American and Canadian sides of the Falls have the capacity to produce up to 2.4 million kilowatts of electricity.

 Elecctricity is generated by running water which drives
hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity  and by burning other fuels such as coal,
petroleum,radio active minerals and natural gas to drive turbines
to produce thermal power. 

The United States is the leading producer of hydroelectric power in North America, followed by Canada.

China has developed extensive hydroelectric power stations on major rivers including the Yangtze (Three Gorges Dam), Hwang Ho, and Sikiang.

The process of collecting sunlight, converting it to electricity, and managing and distributing this electricity builds up excess heat that can damage spacecraft equipment. This heat must be eliminated for reliable operation of the Space station orbit. The Space station power system uses radiators to dissipate the heat away from the spacecraft. The radiators are shaded from sunlight and aligned toward the cold void of deep space.

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.

Africa has the largest untapped hydroelectric potential in the world due to its vast river systems, such as the Congo and the Nile, which have not been fully developed.

Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by
altering the structure of atoms. When such an
alteration is made, much energy is released in
the form of heat and this is used to generate
electric power.

Hydroelectric generation requires a consistent water supply, a significant drop in elevation (head) to create force, and suitable sites for dams or reservoirs.

Thermal electricity is generated by using
coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal
power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels
for generating electricity. There are over 310
thermal power plants in India.

Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste
are used to produce biogas for domestic
consumption in rural areas.The biogas plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. These
provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form
of energy and improved quality of manure.

Oceanic tides can be used to generate
electricity. Floodgate dams are built across
inlets. During high tide water flows into the
inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed.
After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the
water retained by the floodgate flows back to
the sea via a pipe that carries it through a
power-generating turbine. 

Historically, in terms of total power generation, Russia (and the former Soviet Union) has been one of the largest producers globally, ranking behind the USA.

The first hydel power station was established Shivsamundrama in Karnatak. It was established in June 1902. It is Asia's first hydel power station.

Thermal power accounts for the majority of India's electricity generation. While the exact percentage fluctuates annually, it is consistently around 60-70 percent, making 60 percent the most accurate choice among the provided options.

Geothermal energy refers to the heat and
electricity produced by using the heat from the
interior of the Earth. Geothermal energy exists
because, the Earth grows progressively hotter
with increasing depth. Where the geothermal
gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths.

Dereliction in the context of mining refers to the abandonment of mine sites after operations have ceased. This often leaves the land in a degraded state without proper reclamation.

Thermal electricity, primarily generated from coal, is a major energy source globally. The USA, Japan, and European nations all rely heavily on thermal power plants for their electricity needs.

Rapid urbanisation frequently leads to the expansion of cities into natural areas, resulting in the encroachment upon and destruction of water bodies and forests.

Tidal, wind, and hydroelectric power are all forms of renewable energy that generate electricity through kinetic energy rather than the combustion of fuels.

Thermal power remains the dominant source of electricity in India. While the specific percentage varies based on the reporting year, 70 percent is a commonly cited figure for its share in the total energy mix.

Coal is the most abundant and widely used fossil fuel for thermal power generation in India due to its availability and cost-effectiveness compared to gas or oil.

Thermal electricity is generated by using
coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal
power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels
for generating electricity. 

Kadana Dam is an earthen and masonry dam on the Mahi River in Mahisagar district of Gujarat, India. The dam was constructed between 1979 and 1989. The dam supports a pumped-storage hydroelectric power-station.

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada river near Navagam, Gujarat in India. Four Indian states, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, receive water and electricity supplied from the dam.

The Ukai Dam, constructed across the Tapti River, is the second largest reservoir in Gujarat after the Sardar Sarovar. It is also known as Vallabh Sagar. Constructed in 1972, the dam is meant for irrigation, power generation and flood control.

Tehri dam in Uttrakhand is the highest Hydel project in India commissioned in 2006. Its construction started in 1978 with the technical collaboration from the USSR.

Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water, which is a renewable resource. It is non-polluted energy.

Hydroelectricity is often referred to as white coal because it is a renewable and clean source of energy that can be used to generate power, similar to how coal is used, but without the carbon emissions.

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is the largest dam of Narmada Valley Project, is a concrete gravity dam on the Narmada river near Navagam in Gujarat. It is the biggest hydroelectric power station in Gujarat. 

CPCB is the statutory organization in India responsible for the implementation of environmental legislation, specifically regarding air and water pollution.

The Indus river system originates in the Himalayas, and its upper, mountainous reaches where the gradient is steep enough for significant hydroelectric potential are located within Indian territory.

Micro-hydel projects are small-scale installations that are generally more cost-effective to set up and maintain compared to large-scale dam projects, making them suitable for remote areas.

The Loktak hydroelectric project is located in Manipur, not Sikkim. Therefore, this is the incorrect combination.

The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy because it contributes significantly to industrial production (14 per cent), employment generation (35 million persons directly – the second largest after agriculture).

The Narora Atomic Power Station in Uttar Pradesh is noted for its proximity to agricultural regions and its role in supporting regional development, including agricultural power needs.

The major constituent of biogas are methane (55-70%), CO2 (30-45%) and some traces of gases such as H2S and ammonia. 

The 1991 Industrial Policy was a major reform that ended the 'License Raj' and reduced the dominance of the public sector, allowing for greater private sector participation.

New Indistrial Policy of $1991$ abolished licensing for all industrial projects, except $18$
industries of strategic and security importance and now it has been reduced to only $6$
industries.

Industrial licensing is still required for certain sensitive sectors, including defense equipment, industrial explosives, and hazardous chemicals, to ensure safety and security.

Urbanisation brings challenges such as the proliferation of slums, inadequate infrastructure, and the strain on civic administration to provide basic services to a growing population.

Narora, Rawatbhata, Tarapur, and Kalpakkam are all established nuclear power plant sites in India. Silchar is a city in Assam and does not have a nuclear power plant.

Apsara is the name of the first nuclear reactor in India. It was designed by Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai. It was built with the aid of United Kingdom. It also supplied required uranium. It was inaugurated on January 20, 1957.

The abandonment of mines (dereliction) leads to land degradation, visual pollution (landscape spoilage), and various health risks for local populations due to toxic runoff or structural instability.