Abundance of metals in nature - class-X

In element of $VA$ only arsenic and antimony are metalloids where as nitrogen and phosphorus are non metal. Bismuth and moscovium are metal.

Copper is a metal which was first discovered by man.

Francium, right on the bottom of the group one of periodic table. As we know,size of the atoms increases as you go down a column and decreases as you go across the table. The larger the atom, the easier is to get rid of the valence electrons and easier to react with other atoms. Now if you look at the periodic table, francium has the largest radius therefore it is the most reactive element.

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen etc. are non-metal and boron, silicon, germanium etc. are metalloids. On the basis of chemical and physical properties, elements are further classified into metals, non metals and metalloids.

Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. The second most abundant metal in the earth is iron and third one is calcium.

Some metals are found in earth's crust in the free state. Some are found in the form of their compounds. The metals at the bottom of activity series are least reactive.

Iodine is a non-metal. Even though iodine is a non-metal, it has metallic lustre. It is neither ductile nor malleable. It is a poor conductor of electricity. These are properties of non-metals.

Boron is neither metal nor non metal it is a metalloid.

The oxide ore of zinc is known as zincite.

Metals found at the top of the reactivity series are never found in free-state as they are very reactive, e.g. K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al, etc.

Rubies are crystalline forms of aluminium oxide, which are red in colour due to the presence of chromium as an impurity. 

The carbonate and silicate ore of zinc is called as calamine and hemimorphite respectively.

 Carbonate ores are Magnesite $(MgCO _3)$, Dolomite $(CaCO _3MgCO _3)$, Calamine $(ZnCO _3)$, Malachite $(CuCO _3.Cu (OH) _2)$, Siderite $(FeCO _3)$, and Limestone $(CaCO _3)$.

The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite $(Al _2O _3.2H _2O)$. Corundum $(Al _2O _3)$ and Cryolite $(Na _3AlF _6)$ are also aluminium ores. Epsomite is a hydrous magnesium sulfate ore with formula $MgSO _4·7H _2O$.

Sulphate ores are  Gypsum $(CaSO _4.2H _2O)$, Epsom Salt $(MgSO _4.7H _2O)$, Barytes $(BaSO _4)$ and Anglesite $(PbSO _4)$.

Cinnabar is the most common  and is the chief ore of mercury with formula $HgS$.

Silver foil is used for decorating sweets called Vark,  or varak (also a silver leaf, German paper) is any leaf composed of pure metals, typically silver but sometimes gold, used on South Asian sweets. The silver is edible, though flavourless.

Heat conduction is the property of metals. In metals, valance electron is free to flow among the atoms. Because of that metals are such good conductors of electricity. These electrons can also carry energy in the form of heat and thus the metals are conductors of heat.

Copper(Cu), gold(Au) and silver(Ag) exist in their native state in the earth's crust, and are collectively called coinage metals.

Given statement is false. Very few elements occur in the free state - example: gold, platinum etc. The rest of the elements are found in the combined state as compounds such as carbonates,sulphides, oxides etc.

Gold and Silver occur in native forms since they are non reactive metal.

Allotropes are defined as chemical elements which exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state.

In general, elements located in the left two-thirds of the periodic table are metals, and the non-metals are on the right side of the table. 

True.

Potato chip bags are not full of air, but of nitrogen gas. This is done to prevent the chips from oxidizing, which is part of what makes them go stale. Oxygen is very reactive, and likes to combine with other molecules whenever it can, causing chemical changes to take place.

A purple coloured non-metal which forms a brown solution in alcohol, which is applied on wounds as an antiseptic is iodine. It is also known as tincture iodine. It is basically a weak solution of iodine with only 2 to 7 % iodine dissolved in asolution of water and ethanol along with potassium or sodium iodide.

In the metal reactivity series, metals are arranged in descending order of reactivity, with the most reactive metals at the top.

Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and carbon, where carbon is a non-metal. Brass, bronze, and solder are alloys consisting entirely of metallic elements such as copper, zinc, tin, and lead.

Wooden scale, glass test tube, paper basket are all non-metals and a poor conductor of electricity and Rubber gloves are similar to these. Also if she is doing any lab work as Wooden scale, glass test tube, paper basket are usually composed of carrying out some experiment then she would need a rubber glove.

Very few metals exist in the free or native state. Only metals like gold, platinum and mercury are occasionally found in the free state, i.e., in the pure form.

Hydrogen is more plentiful than any other element making up about 3/4th the mass of the universe. Helium is second making up almost all of the remaining $25%$. Oxygen is third most abundant element of universe. On earth, oxygen is the most common element making up about $47%$ of earth's mass.

1) Chlorophyll contains a magnesium ion, encased in a large ring structure known as a chlorine.

 2) The chlorine ring is a heterocyclic compound derived from pyrrole. 

Calcium occurs as carbonate in limestone $(CaCO _{3})$ and as flouride in flourspar $(CaF _{2})$.

Sodium occurs as chloride in rock salt, $(NaCl)$ and calcium occurs as fluoride in flourspar $(CaF _{2})$.

Copper occurs as an oxide ore as cuprite $(Cu _{2}O)$ and as sulphide ore as copper glance $(Cu _{2}S)$.

The element $X$ is calcium with atomic number 20 and electronic configuration (2,8,8,2). It has 2 valence electron.

Metal are defined as those element which posses luster, are malleable and ductile and good conductor of electricity. They are hard and have high density.

In the periodic table there are 22 non metals out of which 10 non metals are solids, one non metal is liquid and remaining 11 non metal are gases.
Nitrogen is one of the 22 non metals.

Metalloid is a chemical element with properties in between or that are a mixture of those of metal and non metal. Boron is also one of the metalloids

Metalloids are elements which have some metals property and some non-metals property. The element $X$ is germanium which is metalloid.

Non-metal is an element that usually has low density, a dull appearance, a low melting point, and a poor conductor of heat and electricity.

Post transition elements exists from $13^{th}$ to $16^{th}$ group number in the periodic table.

Anglesite, baryte and gypsum all are ores of sulphate.

The most abundant elements in the earth crust is Oxygen as many compounds are in form of their oxides.

The most abundant metal in the earth's crust is $Al$.

Answer : $2, 1$

Copper and silver are two metals which occur in free as well as combined state as sulphide, oxide or halide ores. 

Rhenium has the highest boiling point and it is least stable element. It is unstable because, it is one of the element of Group-7 as most elements of group-7 are unstable.

Iron is mainly extracted from its oxide ores such as haematite and magnetite. The iron extracted from these ores is mostly used in the manufacture of steel an alloy of iron. Iron is also an essential element found in biological systems.

Minerals that have a relatively high concentration of metal and can be extracted in an easy and cost-effective process are called ores.

The halide ore of sodium is called as rock salt or common salt.

Silver glance or argentite is the sulphide ore of silver.

The metals at the bottom of the activity series are the least reactive. They are often found in a free state. For example, gold, silver, platinum and copper are found in the free state. Copper and silver are also found in the combined state as their sulphide or oxide ores. The metals at the top of the activity series $(K, Na, Ca, Mg$ and $Al)$ are so reactive that they are never found in nature as free elements. The metals in the middle of the activity series $ (Zn, Fe, Pb, etc.)$ are moderately reactive. They are found in the earth’s crust mainly as oxides, sulphides or carbonates. The ores of many metals are oxides. This is because oxygen is a very reactive element and is very abundant on the earth.

Sapphire is a gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide. It is typically blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colours.

Smelting is a form of extraction metallurgy. Its main purpose is to get pure metal from th ore. Coke and limestone are added. Coke acts as an reducing agent and limestone acts as a flux. Concentrated ore of iron i.e. haemetite is used.

Graphite is a non-metal. Generally, non-metals are bad conductors of electricity but graphite is an exception. Because the structure of graphite is in such a way that electrons can move freely and conduct electricity. Due to this property, it is used in making of pencil cells. 

Heamatite is an iron oxide with a chemical composition of $Fe _2O _3$. Gravity Separation or Hydraulic Washing (Levigation)

Bromine is a halogen and a non metal. It is a red brown liquid at room temperature. Its atomic number is 35. It belongs to fourth period and $VII :A$ group of the periodic table. 

Metals have 1-3 electrons in their outermost orbit. They are present on the extreme left of the periodic table. They tend to donate electrons and obtain the stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas. The valency on metals also ranges from 1-3.

Generally all the metals are found in the solid state at room temperature. The exception to this is mercury. Mercury is found in liquid state at room temperature. Whereas non metals are found in the 3 states at room temperature $i.e.$ solid, liquid and gas.

Sodium is an alkali metal and is highly reactive, reacting vigorously with cold water to produce hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide.

The most electrically conductive element is silver, followed by copper and gold. Silver also has the highest thermal conductivity of any element and the highest light reflectance.  Because silver tarnishes, it is less desirable for high frequencies because the exterior surface is less conductive.
As to why silver is the best conductor, the answer is that its electrons are freer to move than those of the other elements. This has to do with its valence and crystal structure.

Aluminium is the most abundant metal in earth's crust with $\text{percentage by weight = 8.23%}$ followed by iron with $\text{5.63% by weight }$.

The most abundant element in earth's crust is oxygen with$\text{ Percent by weight = 46.1% followed by aluminium with 8.23% by weight.}$
Hence, the answer is option $B$.

Ans: (B) False

Ans : (D) Sand and Shirt

                            	<span class="ng-binding">Metals exists as solids at room temperature but Gallium and mercury are&nbsp; liquid metals.<br>They Exists as liquids at room temparature.<br>Hence option C is correct.<br></span>

                        <div class="solution-holder">
                            
	                        <div class="fl-l">
	                            <div class="fr inline-block">
	                                
	                            </div>
	                            
	                        </div>
                            
                            <a class="add_solution fr  inline-block clickable">+ Solution</a>
                            
                            

                            

                            <div>
                                
                            </div>
                        </div>

                        
						                        
                        
                        
                    
                
            
            
        
    

    
        
            
                

The
density of non metals isl ow when compared with  metals as metals are
solids and non metals are liquids and gases(Generally solids are more
denser than liquids and gases).
Hence option C is correct.

The
density of  metals are high when compared with  non metals as metals
are solids and non metals are liquids and gases(Generally solids are
more denser than liquids and gases).
Hence option A is correct.

                            	<span class="ng-binding">Non-metals are generally solids and gases. They do not exist as liquids except Bromine. Bromine is a liquid non-metal.</span><div><span class="ng-binding"><br>Hence option D&nbsp; is correct.<br></span></div>

                            	<span class="ng-binding">Generally Non metals are not lustrous(not shiny). But Iodine is the only non metal which is lustrous. Iodine is shiny. Hence, option A is correct.<br></span>

                            	<span class="ng-binding">Metal oxides are basic in nature whereas non-metal oxides are acidic in nature.</span><div><span class="ng-binding"><br></span></div><div><span class="ng-binding">Non-metal oxides are called acidic oxides because when a non-metal reacts with oxygen, it gives an oxide which on dissolution with water gives an acid.<br></span></div><div><span class="ng-binding"><br></span></div><div><span class="ng-binding">&nbsp;Hence, option A is correct.<br></span></div>

                            	<span class="ng-binding">Non-metals are not sonorous as they do not produce sound when they are beaten.&nbsp;</span><div><span class="ng-binding"><br></span></div><div><span class="ng-binding">&nbsp;Hence, option A is correct.<br></span></div>

                            	<span class="ng-binding">Metal oxides forms bases and non metal oxides forms acids when they react with water.&nbsp;</span><span>Metal oxides when they reacted with water it produces bases.&nbsp;</span><span>Hence, option A is correct.</span>

Non
metals are generally not malleable as they can not be beaten into thin
sheets. Substance which can be beaten into thin sheets are called
malleable. Hence, option A is correct.

Non metals are generally solids and gases.They do not exist  as liquids except Bromine.Bromine is liquid.
Hence option B is correct.

Hydrogen has one electron in its outermost shell with electronic configuration of $1s^1$ but it is a non-metal. therefore all elements having one electron in their outermost shell are not metals. Hydrogen is an exception.

Percent abundance of given elements in the earth's crust are :

Elements are classified into four major categories: Metals, non-metals, Metalloids, and noble gases

Iron is the second most abundant metal in the earths crust. It is found in the molten form inside the crust of the earth. In the presence of air and moisture it forms its oxide but the alloy of steel is widely used as pipes,it is unreactive in nature.

Non-metals are elements which can accept one or more electrons and form negative ions.