Biotechnology in agriculture - class-XI

Ti plasmid used for tumerogenesis in making transgenic plants belong to Agrobacterium tumificiens.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is widely used in genetic engineering as a natural vector to transfer foreign DNA into plant cells.

Plasmids are essential in genetic engineering because they possess an origin of replication, allowing them to replicate independently within a host cell.

Agrobacterium is the most common bacterium used in plant genetic engineering due to its natural ability to transfer DNA into plant genomes.

The Ti (Tumour-inducing) plasmid is found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is used to transfer genes into plants.

In plant genetic engineering, the Ti plasmid can be used to carry foreign genes into plant cells. The Ti plasmid is the disease-causing agent of the soil-borne bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The Ti plasmid was then used to transform petunia cells in culture. So, the correct option is "D" (T1 plasmid transforms cells of plants).

The Ti plasmid is naturally evolved to transfer its T-DNA into the genome of host plant cells.

A vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is often called a natural genetic engineer because it naturally transfers its own DNA into plant cells.

The Ti plasmid (often written as T-plasmid) is derived from the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Plasmids are ideal vectors because they are small, circular, and contain an origin of replication, which ensures they can be maintained and copied by the host cell.

Plasmids are used as vectors because they can be engineered to carry foreign genes and replicate within a host organism.

The Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the standard tool used to introduce insect-resistant genes, such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis, into plants.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the bacterium that naturally contains the Ti plasmid, which is the vector for T-DNA transfer into plants.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains a Ti plasmid that causes crown gall disease (tumors) in plants. Other options are incorrectly matched; for example, Hind II is a restriction enzyme, not a vector.

Agrobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that causes tumors in plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the most commonly studied species in this genus. It contains "Ti" plasmid or tumor inducing plasmid, that causes  crown-gall disease in plants. The disease is characterised by a tumour-like growth or gall on the infected plant, often at the junction between the root and the shoot. Tumors are incited by the conjugative transfer of a DNA segment (T-DNA) from the bacterial tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid to the plant cell naturally when the bacterium infects the plant through  a wound.

Gambusia is a larvivorous fish used as a biological control agent to eat mosquito larvae, thereby reducing the transmission of diseases like malaria.

Plasmids like pBR322 are not naturally occurring raw plasmids found directly in bacteria in that exact form. Instead, they are artificially constructed cloning vectors derived by modifying natural bacterial plasmids to include antibiotic resistance genes and unique restriction sites.

pUC 18 is a classic cloning vector designed for cloning DNA fragments. pET and pBAD are expression vectors designed to drive the expression of the cloned gene.

Golden rice is a transgenic variety of rice (Oryza Sativa) which contains good quantities of $\beta$-carotene ( provitamin A- inactive state of vitamin A). $\beta$-carotene is a principle source of vitamin A. Since the grains (seeds) of the rice are yellow in colour due to $\beta$-carotene, the rice is commonly called golden rice. 

Flavr Savr is a genetically modified tomato  for human consumption. The transgenic plant 'Flavr Savr' tomato carries an artificial gene for slowing down the ripening process of the tomato and thus prevent it from softening and retains its natural colour , flavour and its shelf life. 

Transgenic plants are defined by the stable integration of foreign DNA (transgenes) into their genome, which is then expressed in the plant cells.

Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.

Golden Rice is a genetically modified variety of rice engineered to produce beta-carotene, which the body converts into Vitamin A.

• Xanthomonas campestris causes bacterial blight of rice which is one of the most important diseases of rice in most of the rice-growing countries. Bacterial blight of rice has high epidemic potential and is destructive to high-yielding cultivars in both temperate and tropical regions especially in Asia.
• IR8 is a high-yielding semi-dwarf rice variety developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the early 1960s. It is the resistant variety of rice to bacterial blight.
  

The somatic hybrid of potato and tomato is known as Pomato.

Transgenic plants are created by the introduction of foreign genes (transgenes) into the plant genome using techniques like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or biolistics.

Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered, a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics. They are identified as a class of genetically modified organism (GMO). In this case, firefly's gene is transferred to the plant, hence the plant is called transgenic plant.

Transgenic tomato has been genetically engineered to have resistance to abiotic stress.

In Tobacco because of  biotechnology, transgenic plants produced which have low nicotine in their leaves. 

RNA interference (RNAi) was famously used in tobacco plants to provide resistance against the nematode Meloidogyne incognita.

There are several methods for introducing genes into plants, including:

•     Infecting plant cells with plasmids as vectors carrying the desired gene.
•     Shooting microscopic pellets containing the gene directly into the cell.

•     can be transformed in the laboratory with the desired gene;
•     grown into mature plants with flowers.

Transgenic tomato plants expressing a truncated insect control protein gene from Bacillus thuringiensis were  protected from attack by tobacco hornworm, tobacco budworm and tomato fruit worm larvae. Filed tests involving transgenic tomato lines challenged with tobacco hornworm, tomato fruit worm and tomato pin worm were conducted for two years. These transgenic plants suffered only minor feeding damage from tobacco hornworm, while the untransformed controls were completely defoliated. The foreign gene present had made this possible.

A tumor (crown gall) inducing plasmid widely used in the production of transgenic plants is Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Bacillus thuringiensis is used for the production of disease-resistant plants. Other 2 are disease-causing bacteria.

The tobacco plant was genetically modified by introducing a gene to produce antibodies. The plant was introduced with the gene for producing antibodies against the rabies virus which are similar to the antibodies produced in the humans. The antibodies from the plant can be purified and used as injections or vaccines. These vaccines help in providing immunity against the rabies virus. 

Glycerol-1-phosphate acyltransferase is a key enzyme in lipid biosynthesis, and its role in cold tolerance was studied extensively in Arabidopsis thaliana.

CRRI develops new rice varieties and rice crop management techniques that help rice farmers improve the yield and quality of their rice in an environmentally sustainable way. The Institute works with its public and private sector partners in national agricultural research and extension systems in major rice-growing countries to do research, training, and knowledge transfer. It is situated in Cuttack, India. Thus, option B is correct.

Plant transformation mediated by the soil-plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens has become the most used method for plant transformation. A. tumefaciens naturally infects the wound sites in dicotyledonous plant causing the formation of the crown gall tumours. A. tumefaciensis is capable of transferring a particular DNA segment (T-DNA) of the tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid into the nucleus of infected cells where it is subsequently integrated into the host genome and transcribed, causing the crown gall disease.

Flavr Savr was the first commercially available genetically modified food, specifically a tomato engineered for delayed ripening.

The Flavr Savr tomato was engineered by antisense technology to reduce the expression of polygalacturonase, an enzyme that breaks down pectin and causes softening.

Golden Rice is the well-known transgenic variety engineered to synthesize beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A.

Transgenic tomatoes have been developed to express genes (like those for osmoprotectants) that allow them to grow in saline conditions.

Golden Rice is engineered to produce beta-carotene (the precursor to Vitamin A) and often contains ferritin to increase iron content.

Flavr Savr is a transgenic tomato created by genetic engineering to delay ripening.

This question is similar to 487034. Golden Rice is the famous transgenic rice variety associated with Vitamin A, though the term 'basmati' is often used loosely in textbooks to refer to improved rice varieties.

Transgenic plants are organisms that have had their genome altered by the introduction of foreign DNA (genes) from another organism.

Golden Rice was specifically developed to address Vitamin A deficiency in populations where rice is the staple food.

Golden Rice is a well-known product of genetic engineering, created to express genes for beta-carotene synthesis.

Vitamin A deficiency is a leading cause of childhood blindness; Golden Rice provides a dietary source of beta-carotene to help prevent this.

The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is the regulatory body in India responsible for the approval of activities involving the large-scale use of hazardous microorganisms and recombinants in research and industrial production.

Tobacco was the first plant to be genetically engineered and released for commercial use in 1994. Bt cotton is a famous transgenic crop, but it was released later.

The Flavr Savr tomato was engineered to delay the softening process by inhibiting the production of polygalacturonase, an enzyme that breaks down cell walls. This significantly increases the shelf life of the fruit.

Golden rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, which is a precursor to Vitamin A. This gives the rice its characteristic golden or yellow color.

RNA interference (RNAi) is used to protect tobacco plants from nematodes. By introducing DNA that produces both sense and antisense RNA, the plant creates double-stranded RNA, which silences essential nematode genes.

Genetically modified crops are created by inserting specific genes from one organism into another using recombinant DNA technology. This allows for the introduction of desirable traits like pest resistance or improved nutrition.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that naturally transfers a portion of its DNA, known as T-DNA, into the plant genome. Scientists exploit this natural mechanism to introduce foreign genes into plants.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression. In the case of nematode infection in tobacco, RNAi is used to silence specific genes required by the nematode to survive.

Tobacco is obtained from the dried leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (not Nicociana tobacco), not from seeds. The statement in option A is incorrect. Other options correctly state that rubber comes from latex, Emblica officinalis fruits are edible, and Tectona grandis (teak) yields timber.

Golden rice is a genetically modified variety of rice created to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. Its primary nutritional trait is combating vitamin A deficiency.

Phytoalexins are antimicrobial compounds produced by plants in response to pathogen infection. Trifolirhizin is a well-documented phytoalexin isolated from the roots of red clover (Trifolium pratense).

Transgenic plants are defined as plants that have had their genetic makeup modified by the introduction of foreign DNA from another species, followed by the regeneration of a whole plant from the modified cell.

Each polygene contributes 10gm. The difference between genotypes is 160-100=60gm. This difference is distributed across 3 gene pairs (6 alleles), so each contributing allele adds 60/6=10gm. Since each gene pair has 2 contributing alleles, each polygene contributes 20gm total (2 alleles x 10gm each). However, the question asks per polygene pair, so 10gm per allele x 2 alleles per gene = 20gm per gene pair. Wait, let me recalculate: aabbcc (0 contributing alleles) = 100gm, AABBCC (6 contributing alleles) = 160gm. Each contributing allele adds (160-100)/6 = 10gm. Since each gene has 2 alleles, each gene contributes 20gm when fully dominant. But the options suggest 10gm is the expected answer.

• Transgenic plants are those plants whose genome is altered by the addition of one or more transgenes. Tobacco plant is the most common plant for expressing the transgenes. As the genome of tobacco plant is completely studied. The transgenic plants are transcribed in such a way that they develop tolerance against stress, salt, herbicide and also for vaccine productions. There are several transgenes which are inserted in tobacco plant like cry2Aa gene which gives resistance against any worms.
  
• The Meloidogyne does not perform the conversion of sites like pre-RISC to RISC. The Meloidogyne gene is obtained by the species Meloidegyne incognita which are mainly responsible for causing root knot in plants.
• Therefore the correct answer is option "A".

A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgene) may come from another unrelated plant or from a completely different species. In many cases, the inserted DNA has to be modified slightly in order to correctly and efficiently express in the host organism. The pomato is a chimera produced by grafting a tomato plant and a potato plant, both of which are members of the Solanaceae family. Pomato plants make food production more efficient, as they maximize the amount of crops that can be produced on a piece of land. In addition, grafting can improve resistance to bacteria, viruses and fungi, attract a more diverse group of pollinators and provide a sturdy trunk for delicate ornamental plants.

Transgenic plants are generated with the help of recombinant DNA technology (RDT). Recombinant DNA is a DNA that constitute genes or parts of genes from two or more organisms, usually of different species (or is specifically the gene of interest). Thus, transgenic plants are generated by incorporating foreign DNA into the target organism, and it helps in the formation of the transgenic plant. Transgenic plants are also known as the GMO as the process of genetic engineering and RDT plays an important role in their development.

Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. For example, in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases or environmental conditions, reduction of spoilage, resistance to chemical treatments (e.g., resistance to a herbicide) or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. GM mustard is being developed to increase the productivity of mustard to meet the ever-growing demand for edible oil in the country. Bt cotton is a genetically modified variety of cotton producing an insecticide. It is produced by Monsanto. It is supplied in India's Maharashtra state.

A Ti or tumour inducing plasmid is a circular plasmid that is a part of the genetic equipment that Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes use to transduce its genetic material to plants. The Ti plasmid is lost when Agrobacterium is grown above 28$^o$C. Such, cured bacteria do not induce crown galls, i.e., they become avirulent.

Night blindness is the inability to see normally in subdued light. It is usually a result of vitamin A deficiency. Golden rice is such a biofortified crop. Golden rice grains are easily recognisable by their yellow to orange colour. The stronger the colour the more carotene. Rice produces provitamin A (carotene) in the leaves but not in the grain, where the biosynthetic pathway is turned off during plant development. In golden rice, two genes have been inserted into the rice genome by genetic engineering, to restart the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway leading to the production and accumulation of carotene in the grains. Both genes are naturally involved in carotene biosynthesis. 

Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. The research was conducted with the goal of producing a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A, a deficiency which is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 each year.
Golden rice differs from its parental strain by the addition of three beta-carotene biosynthesis genes. 

Golden rice is yellow coloured enriched with pro-vitamin A (by introducing the genes).

A transgenic plant is a plant, with an insertion of DNA from another organism. This technology can be used as a tool for researchers to insert useful genes as a means of improving crops.

Golden rice is specifically engineered to contain beta-carotene, which helps combat Vitamin A deficiency in populations that rely heavily on rice as a staple food.

Golden rice is a variety of Oryza sativa rice produced through genetic to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin-A in the edible part of rice. The research that led to golden rice was conducted with the goal of helping children who suffer from vitamin A.

Golden rice is a variety of rice produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.

The principle of developing transgenic plants and animals is to introduce the gene of interest into the nucleus to germ cell.

Bt corn varieties, for example, contain a gene from a bacterium found in the soil that causes the transgenic corn to produce an insecticidal protein.

golden rice is a genetically modified crop plant where the incorporated gene. Golden rice is a variety of rice produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.

RNA interference is a gene-silencing process that blocks the expression of genes in the parasite when it enters the host's body.RNA is a method adopted to prevent infestation of roots of tobacco plants by a nematode Meloidogyne incognita. In RNA, a complementary RNA binds to mRNA to form a ds RNA that cannot translate and hence, its expression is blocked.

Roots of the tobacco plants are infected by Meloidogyne incognita. RNA I method is used to develop resistance in these plants against infection.

Golden rice is a genetically modified variety of rice engineered to produce beta-carotene, which is a precursor to Vitamin A, to address Vitamin A deficiency.