Environmental impact: global warming - class-X

Greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere trap the radiations and do not allow heat to leave. Examples of greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, sulphur dioxide.

The earth's atmosphere traps the heat from the sun, preventing it from escaping into space is the greenhouse effect. This is mainly caused by deforestation. This results in an increase in average temperature of the atmosphere due to which glaciers start melting and there is a rise in sea level. 

Global warming occurs when gases like carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb sunlight and solar radiation. They trap the heat and increase the temperature on the earth's surface. 

Ethene is a colorless flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odor when pure.
Ethylene is widely used in chemical industry. Ethylene is also an important natural plant hormone, used in agriculture to force the ripening of fruits. it is a non refrigerant.

$CO _2$ goes in the atmosphere and make a thick layer, this layer allowes the light to enter into the atmosphere but do not allow it to exit, the heat get trapped into the atmosphere and leads to the warming up of the surface.

Methane is by far the most abundant hydrocarbon constituting about 40 to 80 % of total hydrocarbons present in the urban atmosphere.

Global warming is due to Green Effect due to increase in the concentration of $CO _2$ by human activities like burning fossil fuels.

By growing trees and foresets, we can reduce level of carbon dioxide in atmosphere so we can reduce green house effect.

Chlorofluorocarbon causes depletion of ozone, so, $CCl _{3}F$ will react with ozone in the stratosphere.

Formic acid acts as a reducing agent. When heated with ammoniacal silver nitrate (Tollens' reagent), it reduces silver ions to metallic silver, forming a silver mirror.

Due to greenhouse effect, the sunlight that Earth gets in daytime is trapped inside the Earth's atmosphere and in night the same energy keeps the Earth's surface warm.

$CO _2, CH _4, N _2O, CFCs$ and $CO$ are the greenhouse gases. They are good at trapping heat and led to the melting of glaciers.

The main reasons for deforestation are-rapid increase in the population of human beings and their livestock, urbanization and human settlements, cutting down of trees for obtaining fuel.

The advantages of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are given below: 

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from the sun is trapped by greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere, warming the planet.

Earth's greenhouse effect causes warmer surface temperature.

The average temperature of the earth's atmosphere is gradually increasing. This is due to global warming.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, committing state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The primary objective of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases to combat global warming.

The Gangotri glacier in the Himalayas has started melting because of global warming.

Gases like methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour also contribute towards green house effect, they are also called greenhouse gases.

Global warming can cause sea levels to rise dramatically.

All the gases above trap the heat energy and radiate energy back to the surface of the earth causing the increase in temperature.

The main source of global warming is carbon dioxide. It causes global warming by trapping heat.

$H _2O$ vapour or water vapour is a potent greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.

Naturally occurring methane is mainly produced by the process of methanogenesis. This multistep process is used by microorganisms as an energy source. The net reaction is:

$C{ O } _{ 2 }+8H++8{ e }^{ - }→C{ H } _{ 4 }+2{ H } _{ 2 }O$

Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula $CH{ Cl } _{ 3 }$. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid.

Important conclusions on the formation of trihalomethanes are :

1. Chlorination of natural waters causes the formation of chloroform and other trihalomethanes because of the reaction of OCl−OCl− on DOC present in the water.

2.Use of both ammonia and chlorine in water treatment has reduced the level of the trihalomethanes due to the formation of the chloroamines, which react more slowly than free chlorine.

3.The concentration of the trihalomethanes above 100μμ g/l are considered unsafe for drinking water.

Alkanes (both alkanes and cycloalkanes) are virtually insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents. However, liquid alkanes are good solvents for many other non-ionic organic compounds

Coal plants are the nation’s top source of carbon dioxide emissions, the primary cause of global warming. Burning coal is also a leading cause of smog, ash, acid rain, and toxic air pollution.

Biomass contains stored energy. That's because plants absorb energy from the sun through the process of photosynthesis. When biomass is burned, this stored energy is released as heat. Burning biomass releases carbon dioxide.

The most important commercial sources for alkanes are natural gas and oil. Natural gas contains primarily methane and ethane, with some propane and butane: oil is a mixture of liquid alkanes and other hydrocarbons.

Greenhouse nursery is a plant nursery where the plants are kept protected by several types of rodent and pest control product. Use of $MeBr$ gas leads to a deficiency of $Zn$ in plants as methyl bromide is very toxic.

The Main Ozone-Depleting Substances        

1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)  
2. Halons  
3. Methyl Chloroform
4. Carbon Tetrachloride
5.  Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

A layer of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere prevents the infrared radiations (reflected by the Earth's surface) from going out in the atmosphere. This heats up the Earth's surface and results in green house effect.

Global warming causes the melting of ice caps. While ozone depletion is a separate environmental issue, global warming is the primary driver of polar ice melt.

Freons are responsible for the hole in ozone layer.
The life is protected from harmful UV radiation by ozone.
The temperature of earths surface rises due to increase in the level of carbon monoxide, as it is a greenhouse gas. 
Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain.

Greenhouse effect:

• The progressive heating up of the surface of the Earth is called the greenhouse effect or global warming.

• $CO _2$ and $H _2O$ block a part of the heat (IR) emitted by the Earth and reflect it back. Due to this, the Earth's surface gets heated up.

• 50% of $CO _2$ content of air can increase the surface temperature of the Earth by $3^oC$.

• In addition to $CO _2$, the other greenhouse gases are $CFC$ (17%), $O _3$ (18%), $NO$ (4%) and water vapour (2%).

A greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions cause the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3) are all recognized greenhouse gases that contribute to the warming of the Earth's atmosphere.

The gases in the atmosphere that absorb radiation are known as "greenhouse gases" (sometimes abbreviated as GHG) because they are largely responsible for the greenhouse effect. 

Hydrogen is not a greenhouse gas because it does not absorb infrared radiation in the same way that polyatomic molecules like CO2, methane, or nitrous oxide do.

Option A is correct in context, but the question asks for the 'not correct' statement. Option D is incorrect because the greenhouse effect causes sea levels to rise due to melting ice and thermal expansion, not by lowering ocean levels through evaporation.

Solution:- (A) Global warming

The primary green house gases in earth's atmosphere are water vapour, $CO _2$, $CH _4$, $N _2O$, $O _3$, $CFC$ etc. Thus $CO _2$ is not the only green house gas and water vapours also contribute to global warming.

Heat radiations from the sun are absorbed by the earth's surface and are reflected back to the atmosphere which is the cause of greenhouse effect.

Global warming may cause glaciers to melt, which may lead to the rise in sea level and submerge low-lying areas but does not cause acid rain.

The greenhouse effect causes the melting of the ice caps and releases other greenhouse gases, $CH _4$ which is heating up the environment and causing the greenhouse effect again. 

The global warming effect causes the rise in the global temperature resulting in melting of polar ice caps and rise in sea level.This rise in temperature changes the rain cycle and it decreases the crop production.

The trapping of infrared radiations from the atmosphere and not reflecting it back due to higher levels of Carbon dioxide as a major pollutant which traps radiations. This effect causes the rise in the global temperature resulting in melting of polar ice caps and rises in the sea level.

The most significant greenhouse gases are water vapour (H$ _2$O), carbon dioxide (CO$ _2$), methane (CH$ _4$) and nitrous oxide (N$ _2$O). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), once used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were phased out by international agreement, are also greenhouse gases.

Using unleaded petrol reduces the emission of harmful pollutants, though global warming is primarily driven by CO2. Among the choices, it is the only one that represents a move toward cleaner energy compared to deforestation or leaded petrol.

The $CO _2$ is a gas which traps heat and let to the glaciers to melt, which cause an increase in global warming.

Gases which cause green house effect are:

Green house gases (GHGs) are gaseous components of the atmosphere that contribute to the 'green house effect'. A greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of absorbing infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere. By increasing the heat in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect, which ultimately leads to global warming. Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. Certain human activities, however, add to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases.

There are several other gases like $H _2O, CH _4, N _2O, CFC _s$ and $CO$, are responsible for the greenhouse effect. 

Deforestation leads to an increase in the amount of $CO _2$ in the air because the number of trees which consume $CO _2$ is reduced.

$CO _2$ is one of the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect effect.

On Earth, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about $33^ \circ C$.

Global warming could result in wide ranging effects on rainfall patterns, agriculture, forests, plants and animals.

Majority of people living in regions which are threatened by global warming are in Asia.

Green house causes the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone.

Argon is not a greenhouse gas because it is mostly transparent to the wavelengths of light that is responsible for trapping heat.

A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. 

A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. 

Black carbon consists of pure carbon in several linked forms. It is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass, and is emitted in both anthropogenic and naturally occurring soot. Black carbon causes human morbidity and premature mortality.

The greenhouse effect is useful because trapping some energy keeps the temperatures on our planet mild and suitable for living things. Without its atmosphere and the greenhouse effect, the average temperature at the surface of the Earth would have been very low.

Increases in the different greenhouse gases have other effects apart from global warming, including ocean acidification (by acid rain), smog pollution (contaminated particles in air) and ozone depletion as well as changes to plant growth and nutrition levels.

Black carbon is second only to carbon dioxide for its contribution to global warming. Chemically, black carbon or BC is a component of fine particulate matter. Black carbon consists of pure carbon in several linked forms. It is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass, and is emitted in both anthropogenic and naturally occurring soot.

By increasing the heat in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect, which ultimately leads to global warming. Three factors affect the degree to which any greenhouse gas will influence global warming: its abundance in the atmosphere, how long it stays in the atmosphere and Its global-warming potential.

Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), once used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were phased out by international agreement, are also greenhouse gases. They damage the ozone layer of the atmosphere. 

A greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of absorbing infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere. By increasing the heat in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect, which ultimately leads to global warming.

Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made. Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials. Full synthetic oils are derived from crude oil or byproducts through a chemical process rather than the distillation process used for conventional oil. The resulting synthetic oil has a more consistent molecular size and therefore tends to have somewhat more uniform properties.

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical
formula $C{ H } _{ 4 }$ (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).
It is a group 14 hydride and the simplest alkane, and is the main component of
natural gas.In its natural state, methane is found both below ground and under
the sea floor. When it finds its way to the surface and the atmosphere, it is
known as atmospheric methane

Oxides of sulphur do not combine with any other molecule to give hydrocarbon, while manmade sources like industries, vehicles release hydrocarbon into the atmosphere.

Primary Pollutants are the ones which are injected into the atmosphere directly.  Examples include:

1. Carbon monoxide (CO)
2. Oxides of nitrogen ($N{ O } _{ x },NO$ )
3. Sulfur oxides ($S{ O } _{ x }$)
4. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
5. Particulate matter (dust, ash, salt particles)

Human activities have produced a 28% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 313.83 ppm in 1960 to 400 ppm in 2015. 

Ground-level ozone is formed when volatile organic compounds (VOCs), also known as hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides ($N{ O } _{ x }$) interact in the presence of sunlight. Sources of VOC and $N{ O } _{ x }$ emissions include:

large industry such as chemical manufacturers, and combustion sources such as power plants burning fossil fuels.

small industry such as gasoline-dispensing facilities, auto body paint shops, and print shops

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) is the hydrocarbon pollutant from electrical transformers.

Global warming is among the most serious outcome of industrial pollution, witnessed on the account of the steady rise of industrial activities. Industries release into the atmosphere a variety of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide $(CO _2)$ and methane $(CH _4)$. These gases absorb thermal radiation from the sun thereby increasing the general temperature of the earth, leading to global warming.

Nitrous oxide $\displaystyle N _2O$ is a greenhouse gas scientists link to global climate change. Following are the sources of nitrous oxide.
(1) Fertilizer use
(2) Fossil fuel combustion
(3) Biomass burning
(4) Changing land use

Pollutions occur due to hydrocarbons are air, water soil pollutions. Hence option D is correct.

The following are the source for hydrocarbons as pollutants:
Anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic matter, forest fires and trees and combustion of fuels. Solvents in industrial operation.
Hence option D is correct.

The greenhouse gases absorb more of infrared rays and emits heat and this heat cannit be escaped from the atmosphere-resulting in heating up of the earth surface thereby resulting in global warming and hence greenhouse effect.

The gases in the atmosphere that absorb radiation are known as "greenhouse gases" (sometimes abbreviated as GHG) because they are largely responsible for the greenhouse effect. The most significant greenhouse gases are water vapor $(H _2O)$, carbon dioxide $(CO _2)$, methane $(CH _4)$  and nitrous oxide $(N _2O)$ and ozone $(O _3)$. While oxygen $(O _2)$ is the second most abundant gas in our atmosphere, $O _2$ does not absorb thermal infrared radiation to cause green house effect.

Highest contribution to green house gases are $CO _2 $  $60$% and $CH _4$  $20$% which absorbs more of the infrared rays and UV rays and causes global warming.  

Nitrogen is not a green house gas

$CO _2$ absorbs most of the infrared rays and heats up the earth surface thereby causing global warming.

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. Carbon Monoxide and other reactive gases Carbon monoxide (CO) is not considered a direct greenhouse gas, because it does not absorb terrestrial thermal IR energy strongly enough. 

$C + O _2 \rightarrow CO _2$
$CO _2$ is a green house gas, which act as blanket in earth atmosphere, and cause Green house effect.
Green House Effect:
The Earth gets energy from the sun in the form of sunlight. The Earth's
surface absorbs some of this energy and heats up. That's why the surface
of a road can feel hot even after the sun has gone down—because it has
absorbed a lot of energy from the sun. The Earth cools down by giving
off a different form of energy, called infrared radiation. But before
all this radiation can escape to outer space, greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere absorb some of it, which makes the atmosphere warmer. As the
atmosphere gets warmer, it makes the Earth's surface warmer, too.