Physiography, Climate and Vegetation of Europe - Class IX

The Canary current is a cold current, flows along the western coast of North Africa between Madeira and Cape Verde. This current is the continuation of North Atlantic Drift which turns southward and affects Spain and Portugal and flows to the south along the coast of Canaries Island.

• Sirocco is a Mediterranean wind that comes from  the Sahara and can reach hurricane speeds in North Africa  and  Southern Europe especially during the summer season..
  
• The Sirocco causes dusty dry conditions along the northern coast of Africa, storms in the Mediterranean Sea, and cool wet weather in Europe. 
  
• The term Sirocco  is a name given to hot and subsequently humid southeast to southwest winds originating as hot, dry desert-air over Northern Africa, flowing northward into the southern Mediterranean basin.
  

The temperate grasslands of south-eastern Europe are known as steppes. The temperate grassland region is characterized by warm and dry summer and cold winter. Various parts of the steppes have been cleaned and brought under cultivation. Soils of the steppes are generally deficit in humus but contain calcium, which is especially suitable for grain crops. In this grasslands, cattle and sheep are rared for milk, meat, skin, and wool.

sirocco is a hot wind, often dusty or rainy, blowing South, from North Africa across the Mediterranean to southern Europe. mistral is a cold northwesterly wind usually strong, that blows through the southern France into the Mediterranean, mainly in winter.

Oceanic climate

Reindeer,

The
Arctic type of climate is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool
summers. There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic,
but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and
winter. The Arctic type of climate in Europe is also called as Tundra because Tundra
region has the same type of climate as Arctic. The northern part of the
continents within the polar region is known as the Tundra region. Tundra
regions are found in the northern and southern hemispheres between the
ice-covered poles and the coniferous forests.

Coniferous forest region,

Mediterranean type of climate,

River rhone valley,

Paris is located on the Seine River in northern France. The Seine flows through the center of Paris and is crucial for the city's history and commerce. The Thames flows through London, the Danube through Central and Eastern Europe, and the Vistula through Poland.

The Baltic nations are Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Slovakia is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

Vatican city,

Sofia is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.

Usually the countries considered to be Central European are Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland; in the broader sense Romania too, occasionally also Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

Belgium,

Switzerland is globally renowned for its high-quality watchmaking industry.

The English Channel is a part of the Atlantic Ocean, and it separates the island of Britain (part of the UK) from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.

Guernica is a town in the Basque Country of northern Spain, famously bombed during the Spanish Civil War and immortalized in a painting by Pablo Picasso.

Moscow
is the capital city of Russia. It is the most populous city of Russia. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal
city. It is the largest city of the entire European continent. Moscow is
situated on the banks of Moskva River in the Central Federal District of Russia. This city is famous for its architecture, especially its historic buildings. Moscow
is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific centre of Russia and
Eastern Europe.

Kiel is a shipping canal between the North Sea and Baltic Sea. It is basically a freshwater canal and it is 98 km long. Its starting point is North sea and an endpoint is Baltic sea. By using the Kiel canal one can save 460 km distance and at the same time also can avoid storm-prone areas.

The Balkans included regions like Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia, Romania-neither Poland, Russia nor Slovakia.

Lapland is a group of countries located in northeastern Europe. It lies within Arctic Circle extending from Norwegian sea to the White Sea. The countries in Lapland are Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola peninsula of Russia. 

Along
with big countries, there are many small independent states, and some are so
tiny that are called microstates. The smallest one of them is the Vatican City.
It occupies the smallest area in the world. Its total area is 0.44 square kilometres.
It actually occupies only an old quarter with a few buildings and parks in the
center of Rome (Italy). It is the most unusual country with own government,
army, diplomatic missions, but without permanent native population.

Mount Elbrus is the highest peak in European continent. It has two summits elevation of one is 5,642 meters and another one is 5,621 meters. It is located in the southern part of Russia. Both the summits are dormant volcanoes.

State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of Europe. Answer: Europe lies between the latitudes 35°N to 72°N and the longitudes 25°W to 65°E.

Higher education,

Muscovite is the name given to the people of Moscow. They are the inhabitants of Moscow.

 Moscow (Russia) – 12.19 million inhabitants

Belgium is a small country in Europe. The ethnic composition of this small country is very complex. The capital of Belgium is Brussels. In the capital
city Brussels, 80 percent of people speak
French while 20 percent are Dutch-speaking.

Scandinavia, historically Scandia, part of northern Europe, generally held to consist of the two countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Norway, and Sweden, with the addition of Denmark. Some authorities argue for the inclusion of Finland on geologic and economic grounds and of Iceland and the Faroe Islands on the grounds that their inhabitants speak North Germanic (or Scandinavian) languages related to those of Norway and Sweden.

Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent. Most definitions of Southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include Spain, Italy, Malta, Corsica, Greece, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania,Vatican, Gibraltar, Andorra, Slovenia, East Thrace of European Turkey and Cyprus.

Valletta, The Fortress City, Citta' Umilissima, "a city built by gentlemen for gentlemen" is Malta's capital city: a living, working city, the administrative and commercial heart of the Islands. Valletta is named after its founder, the respected Grand Master of the Order of St. John, Jean Parisot de la Valette.

Luxembourg  also known as Luxembourg City (Luxembourgish: Stad Lëtzebuerg or d'Stad, French: Ville de Luxembourg, German: Stadt Luxemburg, Luxemburg-Stadt), is the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (also named "Luxembourg"), and the country's most populous commune. Standing at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers in southern Luxembourg, the city lies at the heart of Western Europe, situated 213 km (132 mi) by road from Brussels, 372 km (231 mi) from Paris, and 209 km (130 mi) from Cologne. The city contains Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.

Low Countries, also called Benelux countries, coastal region of northwestern Europe, consisting of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. These are together known as the Benelux countries, from the initial letters of their names. The Low Countries are bordered by Germany to the east and France to the south. In 1947 the three nations formed the Benelux Customs Union, which broadened over the years into what a 1960 treaty confirmed as the Benelux Economic Union.

The North Atlantic Drift is a warm ocean current that brings relatively warm water to the Norwegian coast. This prevents the ports from freezing even at high latitudes where other regions experience ice.

New York is in the North American continent, whereas Moscow, London, Berlin are in Europe.

Paris is regarded as the world's fashion capital, and spread throughout the city are many fashion boutiques. Most of the major French fashion brands, such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Dior, and Lacroix, are currently headquartered here.

• During the Middle Ages, Oslo reached its heights in the reign of Haakon V of Norway. He started building Akershus Fortress and was also the first king to reside permanently in the city, which helped to make Oslo the capital of Norway
• Copenhagen is the capital and most populous city of Denmark
• Beirut is the capital and largest city of Lebanon
• Guangzhou  also known as Canton and formerly romanized as Kwangchow or Kwong Chow, is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China.

The Strait of Gibraltar  is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Peninsular Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa.

Alpine system is the highest and extensive system in europe.

Danube is second longest river after Volga. It rises in Black forest mountain of Germany and passes through nine countries - Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. 

Volcanoes,

The Suez Canal, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, significantly shortened the maritime route between Europe and India by approximately 7,000 km compared to the route around the Cape of Good Hope.

A
natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the
Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle in which the sun remains visible
at the local midnight is known as the midnight sun. This happens on 21 June in northern
hemisphere and on 22 December in southern hemisphere. Norway is called the Land
of the Midnight Sun because the sun never dips entirely below the horizon
between late May and late July.

Both the Elbe and the Rhine are major European rivers that flow into the North Sea. Therefore, the option indicating both is correct.

The sea is considered an internal sea of Russia and Ukraine, and its use is governed by an agreement between these countries ratified in 2003. ... The Sea of Azov is an internal sea with passage to the Atlantic Ocean going through the Black, Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean seas.

River Garonne and River Loire,

North sea,

Fjords,

The Central European Plains extends from Atlantic ocean in the West to Ural mountains in the East, these plains are lush green with scattered low hills and the valleys of River Don, Dnieper, Volga, Ural, and Po.

The Central European pains,

The North-West highlands include the plateaus and mountain systems of Norway and Sweden extending up to Scotland, Wales and Ireland.

Plateau,

Crystalline rock, any rock composed entirely of crystallized minerals without glassy matter. Intrusive igneous rocks—those that congeal at depth—are virtually always crystalline, whereas extrusive igneous rocks, or volcanic rocks, may be partly to entirely glassy. Many factors influence the ability of a magma to crystallize, but the length of time during which cooling occurs is the controlling factor. Metamorphic rocks are almost always crystalline; the term crystalline schists has been applied to indicate all rocks of metamorphic origin, and thus the term crystalline rocks may be taken to mean an igneous origin. Sedimentary rocks can also be crystalline, such as the crystalline limestones precipitated directly from solution; the term is not generally applied to the clastic sediments, even though they are formed largely from the accumulation of crystalline materials.

France and Spain,

London is located on the bank of the river Thames. London is the capital and most popoular city of England. It was founded by the Romans who named it Londinium.