Nomenclature of Living Organisms - Class VIII

• The term nomenclature means the scientific naming of organisms according to an established system. In earlier days common vernacular names were used which generally changes with change of language. Later in the haunt of one common internationally accepted name for a species, scientific names (Technical names) have been introduced in the form of polynomial, binomial and trinomial systems of nomenclature.
• In the early seventeenth century, taxonomists started using a string of descriptive Latin words to designate a species. For example, in the herbal of Clusius (1583) a species of willow is named as Salix pumila angustifolia altera.
• Polynomial nomenclature was discarded for the two main reasons that it was lengthy and difficult to remember, it often varies from place to place, scholar to scholar based on the characters chosen by them.

The scientific naming of an organism is termed as Binomial nomenclature. It was first given by Carl Linnaeus. In this system, the first section of the name indicates genus and the second one indicating the species name. Genus name should always start with capital letter and the species name should start with the small letter. In the biological name both the words, when handwritten are separately underlined or printed in italics.

So, the correct answer is ‘Panthera tigris and Pisum sativum'.

Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name – the generic name – identifies the genus to which the species belongs, while the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – identifies the species within the genus.

A homonym is the identical name of two different taxa. 

• According to the conventions followed by binomial nomenclature, the scientific name comprises of Genus and Specific epithet.
  
• The first letter genus is capitalized while species name is written in small alphabets. Example: Mangifera indica.
• So, the correct option is 'First letter capital and single word'.

The system of bionomial nomenclature was developed by Linnaeus. There were certain rules which were set up for writing the scientific names. They are as follows:

• Vernacular names or common names are based on the normal language of everyday life. These can be misleading as different languages have different names of organisms. Also, they are named according to the common knowledge of people and for their ease making not systematically or scientifically. 
  
• Starfish is actually an echinoderm and not a fish.
  
• Silver fishes are rather members of Arthropoda and spider lily is a plant.
  

A tautonym is a logical name of an animal variety in which the two sections of the name have a similar spelling, for instance, rattus. The initial segment of the name is the name of the class and the second part is alluded to as the explicit sobriquet in the International Code of Nomenclature for green growth, organisms, and plants and the explicit name in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

A neotype is a specimen chosen to serve as the nomenclatural type when all original material is missing or destroyed. Holotypes are the original primary types, while isotypes and paratypes are duplicates or additional cited specimens.

In the scientific name genus and species name written in italic and name of auther is printed in Roman.

A tautonym is a scientific name where the genus and species epithet are identical, such as Naja naja. The other terms do not describe this specific naming convention.

Binomial nomenclature was popularized by Linnaeus, not Bauhin (i is False). Scientific names are derived from Latin, not Greek (ii is False). The first name is the generic name (iii is True). Generic names start with a capital letter, while specific epithets start with a small letter (iv is False).

Binomial nomenclature is a two-term naming system that uses two different terms to name the species, plants, animals and living organisms. Binomial nomenclature is also known as Binary nomenclature. The two terms consists of a generic epithet which is genus (category) of that species, and specific epithet which indicates the species itself. This two-terms naming system can also use some other different languages to create such scientific names. These scientific names are unique and help in identifying organisms analyser in the world.

Trinomial nomenclature uses three names (genus, species, and subspecies). An autonym is a name where the subspecies name repeats the species name. Corvus splendens splendens follows both rules.

Rule of Binomial Nomenclatures-

• Felis domesticus is any domesticated member of the genus Felis. Cat, name applied broadly to the carnivorous mammals constitutes the family Felidae, and specifically to the domestic cat, Felis catus. 

According to binomial nomenclature, as first implemented by C. Linnaeus, each species is assigned two names, the first generic names and second species epithet. Since, generic name is mostly a proper noun, it is written with first letter capitalized while the species epithet is objective and is written in small letters only. It is customary to mention the name of the person who described the species with year after species epithet. Since, the scientific names are formulated in Latin language, they are always written in italics and are underlined when handwritten. Option A is incorrect as “luberosum” is misspelled and the name is not italicized. Option B is incorrect as species epithet “Tuberosum” is written with first letter capitalized and the name is not written in italics. Option C is incorrect as species epithet “luberosum” is misspelled and the name is not written in italics. 

• Most plants and animals have local, popular names, but a system needed to be devised so that they will be recognized everywhere. When Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus started to devise a system of classifying organisms, he gave different phyla and species Latin names, because Latin was such a universal scholarly language in Europe.
• Using Latin names helps to avert confusion caused by the often contradictory and multiple common names an individual may have. European scholars throughout the continent spoke Latin as a common language between various European nations. Key scientific figures such as Newton and Mendeleev published their papers and findings in Latin.
• Latin is used throughout the world as it is a dead language and is universally identified and it will not change in the form or spelling with the passage of time.
• Most of the scientist, used Latin to publish their papers. So it is only logical for Linnaeus to come out with his classification system for living things (binomial nomenclature) in Latin or else he would not have probably gained much recognition from the academia at that time.

Homo sapiens is the scientific name of human beings. Rana tigrina is a tiger. Brassica rapa is a turnip and Pavo cristatus is the Indian peacock.

The scientific name of a genus may be called as the generic name or generic epithet. It is always capitalized in both, plants and animals. It plays a pivotal role in binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms. 

The binomial system of nomenclature was first introduced in 1753 by Carl von Linne, who is known by his latinised name Linnaeus. According to the binomial system, the name of the organism consists of two latin words. The first word which begins with a capital letter refers to the genus. The second word, which begins with lower case letter, refers to species. Both are written in italics or underlined. Hence option A is the correct answer. 

• The term Nomenclature means the scientific naming of organisms according to an established system. In earlier days common vernacular names were used which generally changes with change of language. Later in the haunt of one common internationally accepted name for a species, scientific names (Technical names) have been introduced in the form of Polynomial, binomial and trinomial systems of nomenclature.
• In the early 17th century, taxonomists started using a string of descriptive Latin words to designate a species. For example, in the herbal of Clusius (1583) a species of willow is named as Salix pumila angustifolia altera.
• Polynomial nomenclature was discarded for the two main reasons that it was lengthy and difficult to remember, it often varies from place to place, scholar to scholar based on the characters chosen by them.

While writing the scientific names, certain conventions need to be followed such as the name of genus begins with a capital letter and name of species begins with small letter.

In the Binomial system of nomenclature zoological name of an organism consist of two parts. The first part starts with a capital letter and represents genus, the second name that does not start with the capital letter is species name. Both the names are underlined separately.

Biological names are regarded legitimate when, they are not illegitimate, very popular and have their holotypes.
So, answer is - 'All of the above'.

A tautonym is a scientific name of a species in which both parts of the name (the genera and species) have the same spelling, for example - Bison bison Linnaeus, 1758 for American Bison.

The binomial nomenclature is the use of the genus and species name system for describing all the living organisms. The method is beneficial as it prevents confusion in the names used in different places and makes it easy that one organism is known by the same name throughout the world. 

ICZN was adopted in 1964 with an object to assign a unique and scientific name of every taxon, it also regulates how these naming will be documented and used in literature. They provide universality in the naming or nomenclature.

ICVN is referred to as the International Code of Viral Nomenclature. It is concerned with the correct classification and nomenclature of different strains of a virus. It is international and universally applied to all viruses.

A type specimen is an original specimen from which a description of a new species is made. It is described in Latin and published in a recognized scientific journal. To preserve the specimen, it is kept in a recognized herbarium or collection for future references.

1. Syntype: It refers to two or more specimens collected by the author simultaneously of the same species.
   2. Isotype: It is a duplicate of the holotype collected and can be used for studies when holotype is not accessible.
   3. Neotype: It refers to the new specimen collected when the original material is missing.
   So, the correct option is 'Isotype'.

• A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described.
• An isotype is a duplicate of the holotype and is often made for plants, where holotype and isotypes are often pieces from the same individual plant or samples from the same gathering.
  
• Hence Two similar holotypes are called isotypes
• So, the correct answer is 'Isotypes'

The various conventions followed while writing Binomial nomenclature are : 

There are certain rules regarding biological nomenclature like - 

• According to rules of binomial nomenclature first word in the scientific name is the generic name (represents genus ) and it starts with capital initial. The second word is specific epithet which starts with a small initial. 
  
• Only Option C follows these rules.
  
• Note that option A seems like a correct option but it has exchanged a generic name and specific epithet. The correct name for mango is 'Mangifera indica'. 
  

Scientific names do not favor multiple naming as it will create confusion among the scientists over the world. Also, the very first significance of the scientific name is to give a unique single name to each species.

• The first word in the scientific name is the generic name ( represents the genus) and the second word is the specific epithet ( represent species name ). 
  
• For example - in Homo sapiens, sapiens is the specific epithet.
  

In the type method of nomenclature, the type specimen serves as the permanent reference point for the application of a name, not the species itself.

Nomenclature is the specific branch of taxonomy concerned with the naming of organisms.

Binomial nomenclature assigns each organism a name consisting of two parts: the genus and the species epithet.

• Carlous Linnaeus is also known as 'Father of modern taxonomy' for introducing the artificial classification system and binomial nomenclature.
• The term 'species' was coined by Jonh Ray.
• Father of Biology is Aristotle.
• A.P. Decandolle introduced the term 'taxonomy'.

Binomial nomenclature involves a generic epithet, a specific epithet, Latin language usage, and specific formatting rules like italics or underlining. All four listed features are standard components of the system.