Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs - class-XII

2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol-water mixture is known as tincture of iodine. It is a powerful antiseptic.

Disinfectants are harmful to the living tissues hence they are not applied to the skin.

Chloroxylenol also known as para-chloro-meta-xylenol (PCMX), is an antiseptic and disinfectant agent used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical instruments. Its chemical names are given as 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol.

Dettol contains Chloroxylenol (comprises of 4.8% of dettol's total admixture) which is an antiseptic and disinfectant used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical instruments, Terpineol which is a monoterpene alcohol that has been isolated from variety of sources such as cajuput oil, pine oil, and petotgrain oil. and isopropyl alcohol.

• An antimicrobial tends to destroy/prevent development or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria (antibacterial drugs), fungi (antifungal agents), virus (antiviral agents), or other parasites (antiparasitic drugs) selectively.
  
• Malaria is a viral disease and caused by female anopheles mosquito. The drugs which are used to cure malaria are quinine,,Hydroxychloroquine Mefloquine etc.

Estrogen and progesterone are hormones.

• Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces. These are not ingested like antibiotics.
  
• Bithionol (also called bithional) is added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties.
  
• Disinfectants are antimicrobial drugs which are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments, etc.
  
• Same substances can act as an antiseptic as well as a disinfectant by varying the concentration. For example, 0.2 per cent solution of phenol is an antiseptic while its one per cent solution is disinfectant.
  
• Hence, option D is the wrong option.

Since, Chloramphenicol functions by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, the drug chloramphenicol has a very broad spectrum of activity. It is active against gram-positive bacteria (including most strains of MRSA), gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is an organo chlorine insecticide, which is a colourless, crystalline solid, tasteless and almost odorless chemical compound. 

Ampicillin is a beta-lactum antibiotic that is part of the amino penicillin family and is roughly equivalent to its successor, amoxicillin in terms of spectrum and level of activity. It is not a natural antibiotic.

Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.

Sulphadiazine and penicillin are the synthetic antimicrobial chemicals consumed by humans. Insulin and hydrochloric acid are produced by the body.

Cholera is caused by vibriocholerae bacteria and typhoid is caused by salmonella typhi bacteria.

Antiseptics are antimicrobials applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.
Tincture of iodine is used as antiseptic on wounds.
Equanil is a tranquilizer.
Histamine is a antacid.
Heroin is a analgesic.

An antimicrobial tends to destroy/prevent development of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus, or other parasites selectively, and inhibit their pathogenic actions. 
Alexander Fleming was the first to discover a natural antimicrobial fungus known as Penicillium rubens. The substance he extracted from the fungus was named Penicillin. 

Anti-microbials are classified as:
1. Anti-biotics
2. Antiseptics
3. Disinfectants
Antiseptics are anti-microbials which are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.
Soframicin is an antiseptic.
All the other compounds given are antibiotics.

Following was the idea of Paul Ehrlich.
Chemicals which would adversely affect the invading bacteria but not the host, can be used for the treatment of diseases caused by the bacteria.
Paul Ehrlich was a German Bacteriologist. He prepared compounds containing arsenic for treating syphilis. In 1908, he got the Nobel Prize for discovering arsphenamine (salvarsan) to kill syphilis bacteria.
He also worked on azo dyes containing $-N=N-$ linkage similar to $-As=As-$ linkage in salvarsan, and prepared antibiotic protonsil.

The drug which is used to cure diseases caused by microbes or microorganisms is called as an antimicrobial. Microorganisms like fungi, bacteria and virus cause variety of diseases in human beings. Antimicrobials kill or stop the growth of these microorganisms.

Salvarsan is the medicine used for Syphilis. It is also called arsphenamine.
It was the first antibacterial, discovered by Paul Ehrlich (a German Bacteriologist). In 1908, he got the Nobel Prize for discovering arsphenamine (Salvarsan).

Antimicrobials are effective on all bacteria, viruses and fungi.
Microorganisms like fungi, bacteria and virus causes variety of diseases in human beings. Antimicrobials kill or stop the growth of these microorganisms.

In the year 1908, Paul Ehrlich (a German Bacteriologist) got the Noble Prize for medicine for discovering arsphenamine (Salvarsan). It was the first antibacterial discovered by Paul Ehrlich, used for the cure of Syphilis.

Paul Ehrlich promoted chemists "to study the relationship between structure and activity".
He himself worked on azo dyes, containing $-N=N-$ linkage similar to $-As=As-$ linkage in Salvarsan.

The first antibacterial discovered by Paul Ehrlich (a german bacteriologist) was Salvarsan (also called arsphenamine).
In 1908, he got Nobel prize for discovering arsphenamine (salvarsan) to kill syphilis bacteria.

In 1932, Paul Ehrlich prepared antibiotic Prontosil.
Prontosil contains $-N=N-$ linkage similar to $-As=As-$ linkage in Salvarsan. In human body, the sulpha drug prontosil gets converted into sulphanilamide.

Women commonly take progesterone to help start menstrual periods that unexpectedly stopped, treat abnormal uterine bleeding associated with hormonal imbalance, and treat severe symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Progesterone is also used in combination with the hormone estrogen to "oppose estrogen" as part of hormone replacement therapy. If estrogen is given without progesterone, estrogen increases the risk of uterine cancer.

The chemical substances used to cure diseases caused by microbes or microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc., are called antimicrobials.

Antimicrobial drugs are derived from the natural process of some micro organism that can inhibit or destroy other micro organism are known as antibiotics.

During sewage treatment in secondary treatment the biogas is produced in anaerotric sludge digestor have anaerobic bacteria which produce gases like $CO _2$, $H _2S$, $CH _4$

The chemical name of 'Aspirin' is-Acetyl salicylic acid or 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid or 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid.

Chloramines-T is a N-chlorinated and N-deprotonated sulfonamide used as a biocide and a mild disinfectant. It is a white powder that gives unstable solutions with water.

Antiseptics and disinfectants cannot be used for the same purposes. Antiseptics are applied to living tissues whereas disinfectants are applied to non living tissues. However, both antiseptics and disinfectants kill micro organisms.

One per cent solution of phenol is used as a disinfectant and $0.2$ per cent solution of phenol is an antiseptic so a higher concentration of the same compound is harmful to the body but can be used as a disinfectant to kill microorganisms on the non-living thing.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is an organochlorine insecticide which is a colorless, crystalline solid, tasteless and almost odourless chemical compound.

Trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-trintrotoluene, TNT) is an extensively used explosive, which has been detected in soil and water at military sites and at munitions manufacturing and training operations.

Option C is correct.

Aspirin is a weak acid with pKa = 3.5. In the stomach (pH 2-3), pH < pKa, so it remains mostly unionized (protonated). In the intestine (pH 8), pH > pKa, so it becomes ionized (deprotonated).

Salvarsan was first used in the treatment of Syphilis. It was also used to treat trypanosomiasis. 

Chloroquine is a drug which is used in the treatment and prevention of Malaria. It is an aminoquinoline.

A) Sodium lauryl sulphate - Used in detergents. Common component of cleansing products.

Chloramine –T is a disinfectant and an allergen. It is an organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.

Difluorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDFT), similar to DDT, is used as a fungicide.

Water disinfection means removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms. Microorganisms are destroyed or deactivated resulting in termination of growth and reproduction.

Formalin is the commercial name for a 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde.

Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to the surface of non-living objects.

An antimicrobial is an agent that kills micro-organisms or inhibits their growth.

Dysentery can be caused by bacteria, virus, or other parasites which cause inflammation of intestines accompanied by bloody diarrhoea.

Antiseptics drugs cause destruction of micro organisms, which produce septic diseases, eg. dettol, savlon, acriflavin, boric acid, phenol, iodoform, $KMn{O} _{4}$ and some dyes such as chloramine-T, methylene blue.

Chloramine-T is antiseptic. Chemically it is sodium salt of p-toluene sulphonamide.

$KMn{O} _{4}$ is a powerful oxidising agent in all mediums and it is used as an antiseptic.

An antimicrobial tends to destroy/prevent development or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria (antibacterial drugs), fungi (antifungal agents), virus (antiviral agents), or other parasites (antiparasitic drugs) selectively. Antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants are antimicrobial drugs.

Antibiotics containing chemicals called sulfonamides are called suplha drugs.
In the body, prontosilis converted to a compound called sulphanilamide, which is the real active compound as antibacterial agent.

Antiseptics and disinfectants are the chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. Disinfectants are for non-living things while antiseptics are for living tissues.

Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces. Examples are furacine, soframicine, etc.

Antiseptics acts as disinfectants at low concentration of solution.

Paul Ehrlich was a German Bacteriologist. He prepared compounds containing arsenic for treating syphilis. In 1908, he got the Nobel Prize for discovering arsphenamine (salvarsan) to kill syphilis bacteria. He also worked on azo dyes containing $-N=N-$ linkage similar to $-As=As-$ linkage in salvarsan, and prepared antibiotic protonsil.

Pathogens are the type of organisms which cause diseases, by attacking on the defense mechanism of body.

Protonsil also called as sulfamido chrysoine is first synthetic drug used in treatment of general bacterial infections in humans. Protonsil converts into sulfoamide in the body which prevent bacterial infection.

Penicillin, one of the first and still one of the most widely used antibiotic agents, derived from the Penicillium mold.In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming first observed that colonies of the bacterium staphylococcus aureus failed to grow in those area of a culture that had been accidentally contaminated by the green mold Penicillium notatum.The greatest number of antimicrobic allergies is also reported for Penicillins 

Chloramphenicol interact acts with SOS subunit, of ribosome and prevents the formation of peptide bonds when chloramphenicol is around, amino acid beads can't be linked together into polypeptide strings.

Drugs affect the bacterial cell wall which is made of phospholipids. These drugs are active against young and actively growing bacteria.

Gram negative bacteria can concentrate $\beta$-lactamase enzymes in the perplasmic space between the cell wall and the outer membrane. Some Gram positive bacteria can produce $\beta$-lactamase enzyme, but these enzymes diffuse away from the cell because there is no outer membrane to trap them . Thus, they are less effective than $\beta$-lactamases produced by Gram negative bacteria.

Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins, and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.

Estrogen and progesterone are the female hormones that are associated with ovulation and menstruation in females. Besides this, both play important role in pregnancy.

Antifertility agents are drugs that control fertility and are also called oral contraceptives. These drugs affect and are involved in the menstrual cycle and ovulation in females. Estrogen and progesterone in combined form are given as birth control pills. The antifertility substance is deemed to be active in females when it prevents fertilization, prevent ovulation, implantation, and destroys the zygote or causes abortion.

Ethinylestradiol (Novestrol) is an estrogen medication which is used widely in birth control pills in combination with progestins. It is also occasionally used as a component of menopausal hormone therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms in combination with progestins.

Norethindrone is a synthetic progesterone most commonly used antifertility drugs. A chemical substance which is used to check pregnancy in women is called antifertility drug.

There are two main types, as follows.

Antimuscarinics such as:

Dicycloverine

Hyoscine

Atropine

Smooth muscle relaxants such as:

• Alverine
  
• Mebeverine
• Peppermint oil
• Hence option D is correct.

There are two main types of anti plasmodics, as follows. Antimuscarinics such as Dicycloverine, Hyoscine, Atropine and Propantheline

Smooth muscle relaxants such as Alverine, Mebeverine and Peppermint oil Hence option B is correct

Lysine is used for treating eye disease and as an anti-cancer drug because it is a nutritional supplement containing the biologically active L-isomer of the essential amino acid lysine, with potential anti-mucositis activity.
People use it to make medicine, also used for preventing and treating cold sores. 

A 0.2 percent solution of phenol acts as an antiseptic, while stronger concentrations are used as disinfectants. It is not an antibiotic, analgesic, or antiviral agent.

According to the given paragraph. P and Q show mutual relationship, i.e. if Q will extinct then it will lead to extinction of Pas well and vice versa. If animal S is hunted to extinction, then population of animal R will start increasing abnormally in the absence of its predator. This uncontrolled growing population of R will feed more on Q population which may ultimately lead to Its extinction with time. As both P and Q depend on each other for existence hence, P population will start decreasing and ultimately get extinct with time.

It is used in tanning, preserving, and embalming and as a germicide, fungicide, and insecticide for plants and vegetables, but its largest applications is in the production of certain polymeric materials.

(B) acetylsalicylic acid

Formaldehyde in its aqueous solution called formalin (40% formaldehyde) is used as a disinfectant and for preserving the samples in labs.

Boric acid is the active ingredient contained in some brands of multipurpose contact lens cleaning solutions. Like hydrogen peroxide, boric acid is a disinfectant and anti-fungal agent used in contact lens solutions to prevent the growth of microorganisms on the eye. 

Chemotherapeutic agents are drugs, primarily antibiotics, that are taken internally to fight/kill microbes, whereas antiseptics are chemicals that are applied to skin and tissue directly to fight/kill microbes.

These drugs generally do not have many side effects, weight gain is the only issue know to be reported. These drugs are very useful if taken in the in the proper dose, following are its significant benefits: