Fungi - class-XI

Reserve food material in all the fungi is glycogen and oil but not starch. 

Bacterial nature of Anthrax disease in animals was studied by Robert Koch. He used gelatin as solidifying agent in culture media, which is replaced by Agar-Agar. Koch postulates are applicable to bacteria and fungi as pathogen.

Fungi are a subsection of eukaryotes. Fungi are heterotrophs, which means they consume other organic products. Types of fungi include both molds and yeasts. Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.

The term heterothallism was first used by Blakeslee in 1904 for the condition of sexual reproduction which he found in certain species of Mucorales, such that 'conjugation is possible only through the interaction of two differing thalli.

Iyengar and mehta are scientists who worked extensively on chlorophyllous and non chlorophyllous thallophytes.

A.Hypha – a filament of mycelium is called hypha.

B.mycelium – a network of filamentous structure appear in the body of fungus is called mycelium.

C.Rhizoid -  root like hyphae appear in some fungi are called rhizoids.

D.Fruiting body – specialised structure formed after fertilizaiton in ascomyetis and basidiomycetis fungi is called fruiting body. It is made up of secondary mycelium.

So,
the correct option is ‘mycelium’.

Fungi are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, that acquire their nutrients by absorption. Heterotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition which is obtained by digested organic compounds. They feed on dead or decaying organic matter.

Mycology means 'mykes' meaning mushroom and 'logos' meaning discourse.Mycology had another name mycetology and involves the study of fungi.
Humans have been using fungi for thousand of years but it was in the 19th century that fungi was studied for the invasion into plant and animal tissues.   

The term fungi refer to the mushroom in the greek language. The Linnaeus had coined the term fungi a plural form of fungus as a plant class in 1973. 

Prof. T. S. Sadasivan has an outstanding work done in the fields of Plant Pathology and Mycology, this laboratory was elevated as a Centre for Advanced Studies by the University Grants Commission in 1964. T.S. Sadasivan work on physiology of infection by Fusarium. Other famous Indian mycologists are KC. Mehta, B.B. Mundkar and C.V. Subraman

The branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi along with their genetic and biochemical properties is called mycology. It also involves the study of their use to humans as a source of medicine and food. It combines with algae and fungi to form lichens. It also associate with root to form mycorrhiza.

Root caps are the growing part of the roots present at the tips of the roots and are formed by parenchymal cells. Rhizomorphs also have a root cap like structure and hence the first statement is incorrect. So the right answer is option 'Rhizomorph do not have root cap like structure'.

Plant mushroom get its food from dead and decaying plants. In short, they are saprophytes. Plants are green because they contain chlorophyll, which helps them with photosynthesis, the process of turning sunlight into food. Mushrooms are not green and they contain no chlorophyll. Therefore, they cannot photosynthesize. Mushrooms obtain their food by metabolizing dead or decaying organic matter, such as dead plants on the ground. Tiny filaments called as hyphae absorb the nutrients from the dead matter. Mushrooms are made up of hyphae filaments and a mass of hyphae is called as a mycelium. This is why, you often see mushrooms growing on dead tree stumps.

Fungal tissue is known as plectenchyma that is formed due to well organized hyphae either forming parallel strand-called parenchyma or give the appearance of parenchyma of higher plants called pseudoparenchyma.

Fungi are saprophytes in nature. They tend to live on dead organisms. They do not possess chlorophyll. Their cell wall is made up of chitin.

1. Agaricus bisporus from the above options is an edible mushroom which is a native of grassland of Europe and North America.
2. Rest of the mushrooms Amanita phalloides (Death cap), Omphalous olearius (Jack O Lantern) and fungus of genus Entoloma are all poisonous and not eligible for human consumption as they me cause sever cramps and vomiting and other symptoms.

Mature gill composed of a central core called trema which is made up of parallel or loosely interwoven hyphae.

Mushroom Spawn is simply any substance that has been inoculated with mycelium, the vegetative growth of the fungus. Mycelium a thread like the collection of the cell is to a mushroom-like an apple tree is to an apple.

Fungal cell walls are primarily composed of chitin and glucans. Cellulose is typically found in plant cell walls, and lignin is a structural polymer in vascular plants.

Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that grows naturally in soils worldwide and acts as a parasite on various arthropod species, making it useful as a biological insecticide. Trichoderma is typically used as a bio-fungicide for plant pathogens.

Ascomycota members include molds that have septate hyphae and some yeasts which are called sac fungi because their sexual spores, called ascospores, are produced in a sac or ascus.

• The hyphae that develop on the bread are of the fungus Rhizopus stolonifer also known as black bread mold and it is not a type of mushroom.

Actinomyces species of bacteria form colonies that have fungus like branched networks of hyphae and are therefore also known as ray fungus. They are gram positive and a few species of nitrogen fixing bacteria live in symbiosis with actinorhizal plants of the genus Alnus. 

The sugars in the bread product are converted into carbon dioxide and ethanol as an end product. The carbon dioxide is evolved from the dough when the yeast gets dissolved in water so that it makes the dough lighter.