Sustainable development with equity - class-XI

Uttar Pradesh . 

1973 . 

The Appiko movement was a forest-based environmental movement in Karnataka, modeled after the Chipko movement in the Himalayas.

D. None of the above. 

Sunderlal Bahuguna. 

Save Silent Valley is a social movement launched to protect an evergreen tropical forest in the Palaghat district of Kerala. It started in 1973 to save silent valley reserve forest and stop construction of Dam (Hydroelectric Project) in the Valley. There has been massive environmental debates to save the endangered wildlife having natural habitat in the valley. It was declared as Silent Valley National Park later in 1984.

Both the Chipko movement (Himalayas) and the Appiko movement (Karnataka) were grassroots environmental movements focused on preventing the commercial felling of trees.

Environment movements are the movements aimed toward the protection of environment, biological system . The environmental movement also including conservation and green politics, is a dissimilar scientific, social, and political movement to address environmental issues. Environmental movement is a type of "social movement that involves an array of persons, groups and coalitions that observe a common interest in environmental protection and act to bring about changes in environmental policies and practices".

Global warming refers to increase in the average temperature of the globe due to heat that gets trapped in the atmosphere because of which the surface of the earth is heated. Global warming has caused global climatic changes that has hampered the food security as a result of soil erosion and reduced rainfall on agricultural production. There was a United nations climate change conference that was held in the year 2015 in Paris, France which is known as Paris agreement. 

The Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels to mitigate the effects of global warming.

Global warming refers to increase in the average temperature of the globe due to heat that gets trapped in the atmosphere because of which the surface of the earth is heated. Global warming has caused global climatic changes that has hampered the food security as a result of soil erosion and reduced rainfall on agricultural production. There was a United nations climate change conference that was held in the year 2015 in Paris, France which is known as Paris agreement. 

Global warming refers to increase in the average temperature of the globe due to heat that gets trapped in the atmosphere because of which the surface of the earth is heated.

The primary goal of the Paris Agreement is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change.

Environmental degradation refers to the depletion of the environment and its resources by the acts of human beings that include population growth, technological progress, and industrialization.

Global warming refers to increase in the average temperature of the globe due to heat that gets trapped in the atmosphere because of which the surface of the earth is heated. Global warming has caused global climatic changes that have hampered food security as a result of soil erosion and reduced rainfall. There was a United Nations Climate Change Conference that was held in the year 2015 in Paris, France which is also known as the Paris agreement. It was signed by around 196 countries. 

Industrialization requires raw materials from the earth (minerals) and often consumes land previously used for agriculture, leading to the depletion of both.

Synthetic chemical fertilizer don't use molasses as their stocks.

While there were earlier efforts, the Paris Agreement is widely recognized as a landmark international cooperation effort to address global climate change.

• Trapping of sun’s heat in the lower atmosphere due to increase in the pollution causing gases like carbon dioxide is called greenhouse effect.
  
• Greenhouse gases are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone, nitrous oxide etc.
  
• Sun’s radiation is partly absorbed by earth and rest of the radiations are reflected back to the atmosphere which is escaped. But the greenhouse gases form a blanket in the atmosphere and traps the radiation from escaping. This causes an increase in earth’s temperature resulting in Global warming.
  

Introduction of substances that are harmful to the environment is called environmental pollution and the substance is called pollutant. A pollutant which is directly released into the environment is called primary pollutant. Examples of primary pollutants are Carbon mono oxide, particulate matter like dust, ash, salt particles etc.

'Compendium on Human Rights and the Environment' is released by United Nation’s Environment Program. All the given options are true regarding this, because it describes multilateral environmental agreements, it describes international human rights treaties, it describes international resolutions and declarations.

Introduction of substances that are harmful to the environment is called environmental pollution and the substance is called pollutant. A chemical substance which is not a pollutant but becomes a pollutant on reaction with other substance is called secondary pollutant. Example, secondary pollutant include ozone, which is formed when hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) combine in the presence of sunlight, acid rain, which is formed when sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water etc.

• Joint forest management is originated in West Bengal accidentally in 1971. According to this policy, there exists partnership between state and local communities in safeguarding forests.
  
• Forests are protected from illegal harvesting and exporting of timber. Forests are also protected from fire and grazing, in exchange, people get non-timber products and a share of revenue from the sale of timber.
  

Arhus convention which provided right to access information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters took place in Denmark. This was signed on 25 June 1998. 

Ecology is the branch of science dealing with the relation between organisms and surrounding environment.

It is always necessary to maintain ecological balance for sustainable development. Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource and cause ecological crisis that may have profound impact on our lives.

Based on the object possessing life or not, the objects are classified as biotic and abiotic.

Abiotic: these are the objects that do not possess life. Among the given options only plants are included under biotic category and rest which includes air, water and soil belong to abiotic objects.

• Sustainable development is the process of utilizing natural resources for human development without completely depleting them but by sustaining the ability of nature to continue to provide its resources.
  
• Equity is the central ethical principle behind sustainable development. Equity here means everyone should have equal access to community resources and opportunities.
  

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called sustainable development. Sustainable development is the process of utilising natural resources for human development without completely depleting them but by sustaining the ability of nature to continue to provide its resources.

The Chipko movement or chipko andolan was primarily a forest conservation movement in India that began in 1973 and went on to become a rallying point for many future environmental movements all over the world; it created a precedent for non-violent protest started in India.

Based on the object possessing life or not, the objects are classified as biotic and abiotic.

Biotic: These are living organisms that possess life and carry on metabolism accordingly. Biotic environment includes:

• Producers prepare food by themselves like plants.
  
• Consumers feed on plants and other organisms like herbivores, carnivores etc.
  
• Decomposers convert dead and decayed matter into simpler organic matter. Examples are microorganisms.
  

Stockholm Declaration and Rio Declaration show the link between human rights and the environment.

• Stockholm Declaration was adopted June 16, 1972, by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. In the declaration, the nations agreed to accept responsibility for any environmental effects caused by their actions.
  
• Rio Declaration on Environment and Development emphasizes the need to integrate environment and development in order to achieve sustainable development.
  

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development emphasizes the need to integrate environment and development in order to achieve sustainable development. Sustainable development is the process of utilising natural resources for human development without completely depleting them but by sustaining the ability of nature to continue to provide its resources.

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called sustainable development.

Social, economic and ecological equity is the necessary condition for achieving sustainable development. Equity is the central ethical principle behind sustainable development. Equity here means everyone should have equal access to community resources and opportunities.

Important aspect of sustainable development is the intergenerational equity. This concept tells that the present natural environment is same for the generations of present and future. Hence nature has to be utilised in a way such that it do not compromise the needs of future generations.

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called sustainable development. About 17 sustainable developmental goals have been published by United Nations. These goals are to be achieved by 2030.

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called sustainable development. Sustainable development is the process of utilising natural resources for human development without completely depleting them but by sustaining the ability of nature to continue to provide its resources. In order to achieve this, one must focus on utilizing renewable sources of energy which can be utilised again and again.

• About 17 sustainable development goals have been published by United Nations. Goals of sustainable development among the given options are following:
  
• Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Though elimination of poverty is one of the goals, it does not talk about eliminating 80% of poverty.
  

Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons. It is done so that the soil of farms is not used for only one set of nutrients. It helps in reducing soil erosion and increases soil fertility and crop yield

A renewable resource is a natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion depleted by usage and consumption, either through natural reproduction or other recurring processes in a finite amount of time in a human time scale. Renewable resources include biomass energy such as ethanol, hydropower, geothermal power, wind energy, and solar energy. Biomass refers to organic material from plants or animals. This includes wood, sewage, and ethanol (which comes from corn or other plants).

ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management standards developed and published by the International Organisation for Standardisation ( ISO ) for organisations.
The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or framework for organisations that need to systematise and improve their environmental management efforts.

The environment consists of the air, water, land, and all the conditions that surround living organisms. It is important to note that all the systems in the environment are interrelated such as the interactions of animals and humans on the ecosystems. Environmental functions refer to environmental services, including spatial functions, waste disposal, natural resource supply and life support.

The carrying capacity is a measure of how many individuals can a given ecosystem provide for. An individual and its population is dependent on various components of its ecosystem for necessities such as food, habitat, etc. An ecosystem can only successfully support a given population

Land degradation, biodiversity loss, and urban air pollution are all major environmental challenges identified in India's environmental policy framework.

Absorptive capacity is a firm's ability to identify, assimilate, transform, and apply valuable external knowledge. Put another way, absorptive capacity is a limit to the rate or quantity of scientific or technological information that a firm can absorb. Absorptive capacity, the ability of a firm to recognize the value of new, external information, assimilate it, and apply it to commercial ends is critical to its innovativecapabilities. Its a function of the firm's prior knowledge

Global warming leads to melting ice caps, rising sea levels, water supply disruption, and biodiversity loss, making all listed options correct.

Air pollution, water contamination, and soil erosion are all critical environmental issues currently facing India.

An Environmental Crisis as a dramatic, unexpected, and irreversible worsening of the environment leading to significant welfare losses.

The Industrial Revolution spanned the 18th and early 19th Century. Over this period, global CO2 emissions were a fraction of current levels. During the 18th Century, global CO2 emissions were around 3 to 7 million tonnes per year. During the early 19th Century, CO2 emissions steadily rose reaching 54 million tonnes per year by 1850. Currently we are emitting over 8000 million tonnes per year.

Land degradation in India is primarily attributed to improper land use and poor management practices, which lead to erosion and loss of fertility.

Clean land, air, and water are environmental resources, as are the abilities of land, air, and water to absorb society's waste products. Food from plants and animals, wood for cooking, heating, and building, metals, coal , and oil are all environmental resources.

The Central Pollution Control Board enlisted 17 categories of highly polluting industries
and grossly polluting industries discharging their effluents into the rivers and lakes.

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India is a statutory organisation under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Mo. E.F.C). It was established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974.

 It was established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974. The CPCB is also entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air Act, 1981 

First Earth summit which is also called as United Nations conference on environment and development was held in the year 1992 on 14^th June. It was held in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) is also called as Brundtland Commission. The Brundtland commission published its report in October 1987, a document which coined, and defined the meaning of the term "Sustainable Development". The definition of sustainable development as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is given by Brundtland.

Sustainable economic development implies growth that does not compromise the environment, thus maintaining environmental balance.

Introduction of substances that are harmful to the environment is called environmental pollution and the substance is called pollutant. A chemical substance which is not a pollutant but becomes a pollutant on reaction with other substance is called secondary pollutant All the given options are examples of secondary pollutants which include Smog, Ozone, Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).

False 

Due to extensive cultivation,  there is a sharp decrease in the area under forests. Since extensive cultivation requires large areas to be brought under cultivation, it has led to deforestation. 

Due to extensive cultivation, the increasing area under cultivation is increasing which results in a large amount of forest depletion that leads to deforestation. This deforestation has led to decrease in rainfall due to alterations in the hydrological cycle.

Economic development refers to the process of using natural resources for the development of the economy. But in developed countries the resources are exploited in a very large quantity that leads to the depletion of these stock of natural resources. The negative effects of economic development are increased air pollution, global warming and loss of biodiversity. 

Soil erosion is a type of phenomenon where the upper most layer of the soil gets washed away by the acts of wind and water. This leads to a fall in the overall productivity due to deterioration in the quality of soil used for cultivation. 

In developed countries, the resources are exploited in a very large quantity that has led to the depletion of the stock of natural resources. The industrialization has polluted the surface water as well as groundwater. Groundwater is usually polluted by solid wastes that has no technique of proper disposal. 

False