Ecology and ecosystem - class-VIII

Interaction of biotic and abiotic components result in a physical structure, that is characteristic of each type of ecosystem. Components of ecosystem function as one single unit. Four important functional aspects of the ecosystem are (i) Productivity, (ii) Decomposition, (iii) Energy flow and (iv) Nutrient cycling. Ecological pyramids are a graphical representation of a number, biomass, and energy flow in an ecosystem.

An ecosystem can be natural (like a forest or pond) or man-made (like an aquarium or crop field). They can also vary in duration, from temporary to permanent.

Environment is living things and what is around them. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces. Living things do not simply exist in their environment. They constantly interact with it. Organisms change in response to conditions in their environment. In the environment, there are interactions between plants, animals, soil, water, temperature, light and other living and non-living things. 

An ecosystem is made up of two components-  biotic and abiotic. It includes the interaction of the living things which are the biotic components in a given area with the non-living environment which are the abiotic factors such as weather, earth, sun, soil, climate and atmosphere. Thus the correct answer is option B.

The word ecosystem was coined by Tansley a British botanist in 1935. Tansley defined ecosystem as a system resulting from the interaction between biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Biotic components include all living components and abiotic components include all physical factors such as weather, atmosphere, soil, etc. present in the surrounding. Hence the prefix 'eco' means environment.

Biosphere is biologically inhabited part of earth along with its physical environment consisting of lower atmosphere, land and water bodies.

Rice-field (an agricultural field) is considered to be an artificial ecosystem. It is because of the following: It is man-made ecosystem and has all the components of the ecosystem. Abiotic factors which include air, water, soil etc. Biotic factors which include all the living organisms like plants, animals and microbes. It also comprises phenomena such as the flow of energy,  food chains, food webs etc. Hence, option A is correct.

An ecosystem is a segment of biosphere consisting of a community of living beings and the abiotic or physical environment interacting and exchanging materials between them. The interactions ultimately result in trapping of energy and production of biomass in an ecosystem. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

As per thermodynamics, a system can be open or closed. An ecosystem is an open system because an open system is a system in which energy and nutrients are exchanged between the physical environment and living organisms. In a closed ecosystem, the waste product of an organism is used by the other organism, like decomposers. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

An ecosystem is a community of  organisms living and interacting with the non-living components of the environment within a system. It is made up of 2 types of components viz., biotic and abiotic. Ecosystem represents the relation between  biotic and physical componenets.

The ecosystem is a segment of nature or biosphere consisting of a community of living beings and the abiotic or physical environment both interacting and exchanging materials between them. 

Biotic elements are the living components of an ecosystem. CO2 is part of the carbon cycle, which is heavily influenced by biotic processes like respiration and photosynthesis, whereas photoperiod, soil texture, and rainfall are abiotic factors.

Autecology is the study of the ecology of a single individual or species in relation to its environment. Synecology, by contrast, is the study of groups of organisms or communities.

Ecosystem is a biological community that lives in conjugation with the nonbiological community. It can also be defined as all plants and animal species along with environment. It includes all living things like plants, animals and non-living things like air, water, land, etc. The term Ecosystem was termed by Arthur Tansley in 1935.

Ecosystem is a biological community that lives in conjugation with the nonbiological community. It can also be defined as all plants and animal species along with environment. It includes all living things like plants, animals and non-living things like air, water, land, etc.

Biome is a community that consists of plants and animals having common characteristics in a given environment. In other words, biome has organisms of various trophic levels reacting with abiotic environment. The different biomes include aquatic biome, forest biome, desert biome, tundra biome and grassland biome.

An ecosystem is all plants and animal species along with environment. It consists of biotic components such as producers, consumers and decomposers and abiotic components such as air, water, temperature, soil. It contains both food chain and food web. Food chain consists of producers, consumers and decomposers. It is a series of plants/animals which are interrelated in the form of organism being eaten as food by the other organism. Various interlinked food chains in a community constitutes the food web.

A. Arthur George Tansley coined the term ecosystem' in 1935 to describe the interactions between organisms and with their environment. 

Dynamic aspects of an ecosystem are mineral cycles and energy flow. Mineral cycles are biogeochemical cycles through which there is exchange or circulation of nutrients in the biosphere. Energy flow occurs in a unidirectional manner in an ecosystem from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels. Through these dynamic aspects, biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem are connected. Biotic components are living part of the environment which include producers, consumers and decomposers whereas abiotic components are non living part of the environment which include light, water, temperature etc.

Term ecosystem was coined by Tansley while the term ecosystem was coined by Ernst Haeckel. Warming wrote the first book on plant ecology. Odum described an ecosystem as a functional unit of nature.

Decomposers are the organisms which feed on dead organisms such as microbes. Spider feeds on other insects and acts as a predator and woodlouse found in forest and feeds on plant matter from the forest floor. Whereas earthworm and fungus can grow in pond water and feeds on dead organisms (plant or animal).

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms together with non-living components of their environment, functioning together as a system. The term 'ecosystem' was first proposed by Sir Arthur Tansley in 1935. The ecosystem can be recognized as a self-regulating and self-sustaining unit of 'landscape'. Hence, the correct answer is option B. ''landscape'.

(A) In deep sea ecosystem has all structural components,

The ecosystem is defined as the study of the interaction between the living organisms and the environment.

The Earth's surface is covered by approximately 71% water, most of which is contained within the oceans.

An ecosystem is defined by the interaction between the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components in a specific environment.

Biotic potential refers to the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under ideal environmental conditions.

An ecosystem is a functional unit consisting of all the living organisms (biotic community) in a particular area interacting with the non-living (abiotic) environment.

Primary succession is the process of ecosystem development on a previously unoccupied or barren site, such as newly formed volcanic rock or sand dunes.

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that relies on the principles of natural sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, geology) to understand environmental systems.

The environment is defined as the sum of all living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components that surround and influence an organism. Options B, C, and D are subsets of these factors, making A the most comprehensive definition.

Ecosystem function refers to the biological, geochemical, and physical processes that take place within an ecosystem. This includes the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients.

An ecosystem functions to maintain life by cycling materials and providing structure, which ensures the continuity of various species. The other options are too narrow or incomplete.

When the Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) is greater than the Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR), the atmosphere is considered unstable. This condition is specifically referred to as super-adiabatic.

A man-subsidized ecosystem is one where human intervention provides additional energy to supplement natural processes. Fertilizers and machines are classic examples of such human-provided energy inputs.

An ecosystem is a natural system consisting of all plants, animals and microorganisms (biotic factors) in an area functioning together with all the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment.

Two main components exist in an ecosystem: abiotic and biotic. The abiotic components of any ecosystem are the properties of the environment; the biotic components are the life forms, that occupy a given ecosystem. 

An ecosystem includes all the living organisms and all the nonliving components of their environment. It comprises of all living things namely plants, animals and organisms interacting with each other and also with their non-living environments, that is earth, air, water, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere, etc. 

Environment is composed of biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components. All components of environment are closely related and they interact with each other.  Environment is composed of both environmental resources and regulatory factor. 

When we destroy a forest, we destroy an ecosystem. It is because ecosystem constitutes of both abiotic and biotic components. The biotic components constitute all the living organisms present in the ecosystem, i.e. plants and animals. Whereas, abiotic components constitute the environmental factors like air, soil, water etc. When a forest is destroyed, it results in the loss of food and habitat of wild animals, due to which the population of wildlife is threatened. The loss of forest also results in deforestation, which affects the environment by raising the temperature and causing a flood. So, the correct option is A.

In ecology, a food web describes the feeding connections between organisms in a biotic community. Both energy and nutrients flow through a food web, moving through organisms as they are consumed by an organism above them in the food web. A single path of energy through a food web is called a food chain. A food web consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in an ecosystem is part of multiple food chains. Each food chain is one possible path that energy and nutrients may take as they move through the ecosystem. All of the interconnected and overlapping food chains in an ecosystem make up a food web.

The biotic components of an ecosystem are the lifeforms that inhabit it. The life forms of an ecosystem aid in the transfer and cycle of energy. Examples of biotic components are producers and consumers. There are three main types of consumers: herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. 

An ecosystem consists of the biological community of living organisms that occurs in some particular area and the physical and chemical factors that make up its nonliving or abiotic environment. There are many examples of ecosystems - a pond, a forest, an estuary, a grassland. 

The ecosystem is comprised of various food chains in which the organisms interact with each other. There is also the involvement of the non-living forms. The living form is the biotic component and the non-living forms are the abiotic components. The producers, consumers and decomposers are the biotic components. Sunlight, air and water are the abiotic components. 

• The ecosystem is comprised of various food chains in which the organisms interact with each other.
• There is also involvement of the non-living forms. The living form is the biotic components and the non-living forms are the abiotic components. The producers, consumers, and decomposers are the biotic components. 

An ecosystem includes living things in a given environment, their interaction with each other, and also with their non-living environment i.e., weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, and atmosphere. Thus the correct answer is option C.

An ecosystem includes the interaction of the living things i.e biotic factors in a given area with the non-living environment i.e abiotic factors such as weather, earth, sun, soil, climate and atmosphere. Thus the correct answer is option B.

An ecosystem includes the interaction of the living things i.e biotic factors in a given area with the non-living environment i.e abiotic factors such as water, weather, earth, sun, soil, climate and atmosphere. Bacteria, Daphnia and Chlorella form the biotic component of the ecosystem. Thus the correct answer is option A.

Habitat is the environmental area where particular organisms live. Hence the size of the habitat determines the size of an ecosystem. More the number of the organism more the area will be covered and thus the size of the particular ecosystem increases.

The correct answer is 'soil'

Interaction between biotic and abiotic factors is called ecosystem. Study of ecosystem is called ecology. The study of interaction and habitat or organisms in certain area is called niche and major ecosystems is called bio-mes.

A stable ecosystem requires energy, living organisms, self-sustaining mechanisms, and nutrient cycling to maintain balance. Since all these components are essential, 'All of the above' is the correct choice.

(c) Living organisms have effect on other living organisms and these constitute biotic factors or living factors.

An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic omponents. Biotic or living things involve producer, consumers and decomposers. Abiotic or nonliving things involve air, water, soil. An area with very little water is called as xeric or desert ecosystem. A lentic ecosystem is an ecosystem which consists of still water. 

Biotic community along with its interacting physical environment comprises ecosystem. The biotic community involves living things like plants, animals, microorganisms. The physical environment is called as abiotic community or nonliving things. It includes air, water, land, etc. Ecology is the study of interactions of organisms with one another and with environment. 

Ecosystem ecology is the study of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components of an ecosystem and their interactions within an ecosystem. Well known ecosystem ecologist is E. P. Odum. Eugene Pleasants Odum is well known for his pioneering work on ecosystem ecology. He wrote a book on 'Fundamentals of Ecology.'

Stability of ecosystem depends upon interchange between producers and consumers. Producers and consumers occupy different trophic levels of a food chain. High interactivity between producers and consumers makes the ecosystem to be independent of outside factors for its stability.

An ecosystem consists of both biotic and abiotic components and interactions between them. When the interactions take place there must be some input of energy for example light energy is transferred to plants for performing photosynthesis and if there is an input of energy then there must be a continuous output of energy also.

an ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic components of an area. Biotic components interact with their surroundings or the abiotic component to form a sustainable environment.

The ecosystem is a self-regulatory and self-sustaining structural and functional unit of the biosphere containing a community of living beings and the physical environment, both interacting and exchanging materials between them. In an ecosystem, energy flow is unidirectional. So, the correct option is "all of the above".

• Cropland includes areas used for the production of adapted crops for harvest. Two subcategories of cropland are recognized: cultivated and non-cultivated. 
• Cultivated cropland comprises land in row crops or close-grown crops and also other cultivated cropland, for example, hay land or pasture land that is in a rotation with row or close-grown crops.
•  Non-cultivated cropland includes permanent hay land and horticultural cropland. 
• Major natural resource concerns facing cropland include: (1) erosion by wind and water, (2) maintaining and enhancing soil quality, (3) water quality from nutrient and pesticides runoff and leaching, and (4) managing the quantity of water available for irrigation.
  

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. The Sun is the source of energy in most ecosystems. Energy is transferred from the Sun to plants that make their own food. The stored energy in plants is transferred to animals that eat the plants. When organisms die, their bodies decompose, or break down. The materials needed by organisms in an ecosystem are recycled, or used over again.  

Anthropogenic biomes, also known as anthromes or human biomes, describe the terrestrial biosphere in its contemporary, human-altered from using global ecosystem units defined by global patterns of sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems.

An ecosystem is not just an energy input system; it is a complex, self-regulating unit that involves the interaction of biotic and abiotic components. The claim that the only requirement is energy input ignores the necessity of nutrient cycling and biological interactions.

Abiotic components are the non-living parts of an ecosystem. Soil is a non-living physical factor, whereas plants, animals, and bacteria are biotic (living) components.

The term 'ecosystem' was coined by the British ecologist Arthur Tansley in 1935.

An ecosystem is fundamentally composed of two interacting parts: the biotic (living) community and the abiotic (non-living) environment.

Biotic factors refer to all living organisms in an ecosystem. Grass is a living plant, while water, sunlight, and oxygen are abiotic factors.

The term biocenosis was coined by Karl Mobius in 1877. It describes the interacting organisms living together in a habitat (biotope). Based on the concept of biocenosis, ecological communities can take in various forms zoocenosis for the faunal community, phytocenosis for the flora community and microbiocenosis for the microbial community.

Nice is the ecological role and space that an organism fills in the ecosystem. The ecological niche involves both the place where an organism live and role that an organism carries out in its habitat e.g. A plant growing in garden along with soil, climate, sunlight, nutrients etc.

Forests provide excellent introduction to the foundational concepts of ecology, since they are among the most structurally and biologically diverse of the planets ecosystems. Forests are built upon highly complex relationships between living and non-living components. In a forest, abiotic factors include fundamentals such as sunlight, moisture, nutrients, bedrock and topography. Biotic components are the living members of the system. A defining trait of an ecosystem is the cycling of nutrients and energy between organisms and their environment, and it is these abiotic components that provide the foundation for interaction between members of ecological communities. 

Living organisms constantly take in or give out various abiotic factors. Thus, each biotic factor affects the quality of the abiotic factor around itself and thus affects the lives of the other biotic factors with which it share the ecosystem.

Abiotic factors are the non living part of ecosystem. This can be distinguished into organic and inorganic. Organic include proteins, methane, carbohydrates etc., whereas inorganic includes iron, magnesium, oxygen, nitrogen etc.

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. The fundamental source of energy in almost all ecosystems is radiant energy from the sun. The autotrophs processes the light energy and use the energy stored within the simple carbohydrates to produce the more complex organic compounds. The flow of energy through the ecosystem drives the movement of nutrients within the ecosystem. Decomposers play a key role in many of these cycles, returning nutrients to the soil, water, or air, where they can be used again by the biotic constituents of the ecosystem.

A species whose presence and role within an ecosystem has a disproportionate effect on other organisms within the system. A keystone species is often a dominant predator whose removal allows a prey population to explode and often decreases overall diversity. It includes the American alligators, beavers, bees, elephants, gopher tortoises, grizzly bears, hummingbirds, ivory tree corals, jaguars, mountain lions, mycorrhizal fungi, Pacific salmon and prairie dogs. Thus, Mycorrhiza is a keystone species.

The biosphere is the world of living organisms together with soil layers (land or lithosphere), water (hydrosphere) and air (atmosphere) on the earth surface. Hence, it consists of 4 parts as land, water, air and living organisms. Of which  land, water and air are abiotic or non-living components and living organisms are biotic or living components. 
Producers are one of the type of biotic component, which produce their own food material from simple inorganic substances like $CO _2$ and water in presence of sunlight. E.g., Plants.
Consumers are one of the type of biotic component, which consume food prepared by producers. E.g., Human being, animals.
Decomposers are one of the type of biotic component, which derive their food material from dead, decaying matter. Eg. Bacteria, fungi.
Hence, option A, B and C are incorrect. 
Air is a abiotic or non-living type of component of biosphere. Therefore, option D is correct.