Food security and nutrition - class-IX

• Academy of Development Science has facilitated a network of NGOs for setting up grain banks in different regions.
• ADS organises training and capacity building programmes on food security for NGOs. Grain Bank are now slowly taking shape in different parts of Maharashtra.
• ADS efforts to set up the Grain Bank is paying rich dividends.

Antyodaya ration cards are issued to such families who have the income of less than Rs. 250 per person per month.

Drought is a continuous period of dry weather, when an area gets less than its normal amount of rain. Crops and other plants need water to grow, and land animals need it to live. It can become dangerous for people and other animals; causing famine and even creating deserts.

Dadabhai Naoraji was the first person in India to use the poverty line to identify the poor people.

In coverage and public expenditure, it is considered to be the most important food security network. However, the food grains supplied by the ration shops are not enough to meet the consumption needs of the poor or are of inferior quality. The average level of consumption of PDS grains in India is only 1 kg per person / month.

Public distribution system is a government-sponsored chain of shops entrusted with the work of distributing basic food and non-food commodities to the needy sections of the society at very cheap prices.

Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd is an Indian company that manufactures, markets and sells milk, milk products and other edible products. Its milk products include cultured products, ice cream, paneer and ghee under the Mother Dairy brand. Mother Dairy provides milk, vegetable and pulses at controlled rate decided by government of Delhi.

Food Corporation of India was set up on 14 January 1965 under the Food Corporations Act 1964. Its headquarter is at Delhi. 

• Amul is a dairy cooperative, based at Anand in Gujarat.
• Formed in 1946, it is a brand managed by a cooperative body, the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF).

Chronic hunger is a persistent inadequacy in diet in terms of quantity and/or quality. Poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of their very low income in turn inability to buy food even for survival.

Hoarding in economics refers to maintaining unaccounted stocks of many commodities to save guard oneself from rise in general price level i.e. inflation or to take advantage of future rise in prices. This creates artificial scarcity of commodities in the market which further increases the prices of the commodities through which consumers are exploited.

National food for work programme was introduced during the 5th five-year plan. This programme was launched in the year 2004 by the minister of rural development. The objective of this scheme is to give employment to Indian poor who can undertake unskilled jobs and thus also maintain food security.  

Hoarding in economics refers to maintaining unaccounted stocks of many commodities to safeguard oneself from rise in general price level i.e. inflation or to reap the benefits of future rise in prices. This act leads to decrease of supply of the commodity, leading to artificial scarcity in the market and further rise in price. 

NFWP stands for National Food for Work Program . It is launched by the Ministry of Rural Development, Central Government of India in November 2004. Under this scheme, 150 backward districts are provided with the necessary resources.

Hoarding in economics refers to maintaining unaccounted stocks of many commodities to save guard oneself from rise in general price level i.e. inflation or to take advantage of future rise in prices. This creates artificial scarcity of commodities in the market which further increases the prices of the commodities through which consumers are exploited.

In the process of production and consumption for economic growth, natural resources are exploited as a result of various activities that causes many types of pollution which includes air, water and land pollution. The focus on rapid growth has led to greater environmental damage, while the emphasis was laid on increased production.

Black market is an intangible market that deals in buying and selling of illegal products without concern of business law. These products are sold at very high prices which are not accounted by the government and transforms into black money. It operate outside the purview and regulation of the government or the judiciary system.

Black market is an intangible market that deals in buying and selling of illegal products without concern of business law. These products are sold at very high prices which are not accounted by the government and transforms into black money. It operate outside the purview and regulation of the government or the judiciary system.

Hoarding in economics refers to maintaining unaccounted stocks of many commodities to save guard oneself from rise in general price level i.e. inflation or to take advantage of future rise in prices. This creates artificial scarcity of commodities in the market which further increases the prices of the commodities through which consumers are exploited. This may also lead to creation of monopoly of a seller, in case of scarcity of goods.

Hoarding in economics refers to maintaining unaccounted stocks of many commodities to save guard oneself from rise in general price level i.e. inflation or to take advantage of future rise in prices. This creates artificial scarcity of commodities in the market which further increase the prices of the commodities, leading to inflation. This is a clear case of exploitation of the consumers and such a situation may create panic in the society.

In the process of production and consumption, natural resources are exploited as a result of various activities that causes many types of pollution which includes air, water and land pollution. These losses cannot be measured in terms of money as it includes damage to life and society by causing various diseases.

In the process of production and consumption, natural resources are exploited as a result of various activities that causes many types of pollution which includes air, water and land pollution. Unregulated production and consumption has led to further increase in the degradation of the environment.

Black market is an intangible market that deals in buying and selling of illegal products without concern of business law. These products are sold at very high prices which are not accounted by the government and transforms into black money. It operate outside the purview and regulation of the government or the judiciary system.

• Hoarding in economics refers to maintaining unaccounted stocks of many commodities to save guard oneself from rise in general price level i.e. inflation or to take advantage of increased prices in the future, by creating artificial scarcity.  
  
• Black market is an intangible market that deals in buying and selling of illegal products which are sold at very high prices which are not accounted by the government and transforms into black money.        
• This leads to monopoly of the exploiters who are performing such acts in the economy which is unethical and against human virtue as it creates social and economic instability.  

In the process of production and consumption, natural resources are exploited as a result of various activities that causes many types of pollution which includes air, water and land pollution. These losses cannot be measured in terms of money as it includes loss of life and society, and impairs physical and mental growth of the people.

This was launched in $2012$ as part of Rashtriye Krishi Vikas Yojana under which free 'kits' are made available to the farmers (owning upto $2$ hectares farm land).

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an 'agricultural research centre' and is not funded by the UNO (other funding partners arc correct in Statement 2)

The other name of 'ration shops' is fair price shops which are used by government for distribution of foodgrains under Public Distribution System.

Availability of food- It means food production within the country, food imports and the previous year's stock of granaries.

Antyodaya cards are the ration cards for the people below the poverty line. People who have no stable income, old men and women, labours, etc., are provided these cards under the Public Distribution System.

Chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity and/or quality. Poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of their very low income and in turn inability to buy food even for survival.

Seasonal hunger is prevalent in rural areas because agriculture activities depend on natural factors. Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting.

Workers most affected by seasonal hunger in urban areas are construction labourers. There is no regular work and no stable income for them. Due to seasonal activities in construction field, these labourers are more affected.

Availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all people at all times is known as food security.

Fair Price Shop means a shop which has been licensed to distribute essential commodities by an order issued under section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 to the ration card holders under the Targeted Public Distribution System. Locally these are known as ration shops and chiefly sell wheat, rice, kerosene and sugar at a lower price than the market which is hence known as the, Issue Price.

The
accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per
person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in
urban areas.

The introduction of rationing in India dates back to the 1940s Bengal famine. This rationing system was revived in the wake of acute food shortage during the early 1960s, prior to the Green Revolution. 

Food security implies availability, accessibility and affordability of food at all times. Thus, if a person is hungry for either part of the year or throughout the year, this indicates food insecurity.
If the person is chronically hungry, then that person is not able to access an adequate quality or quantity of food at any time. If the person is seasonally hungry, that person is not able to avail adequate quality or quantity of food at certain times of the year.

The estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life is the poverty line. The nutritional requirement recommends a national norm of 2,400 kilo calories a day for rural areas and 2,100 calories a day for urban areas, the difference being attributed to the lower rate of physical activity in urban areas.

A new study based on a survey of the height and weight of more than one lakh children across six States has found that as many as 42 per cent of under-fives are severely or moderately underweight and that 59 per cent of them suffer from moderate to severe stunting, meaning their height is much lower than the median height-for-age of the reference population.

Below Poverty Line is an economic benchmark used by the government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. It is determined using various parameters which vary from state to state and within states.

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a multidimensional statistical tool used to describe the state of countries' hunger situation. The GHI measures progress and failures in the global fight against hunger. The GHI is updated once a year.

According
to the yardstick of poverty line, an individual in cities requires
2100 calories and in rural areas requires 2400 calories of food.

The Green Revolution initiative resulted in the adoption of new technologies including new, high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of cereals, especially dwarf wheats and rices, and new methods of cultivation. 

Even though India is self-sufficient in food production, a large number of people still suffer from hunger because of lack of purchasing power and defects in the distribution system.

According to the National Sample Survey Organization estimates, in 2011-12 21.8 percent people in India were poor.

Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food of a proper quality. It ensures that everybody is capable of getting enough healthy food.

The worst affected group in the rural areas facing food insecurity are:

• Landless People
• Traditional artisans
• Beggars

Seasonal hunger is a chronic, slow, persistent, insidious condition that affects generations of people in a geographic region. Unlike famine, this hunger is a cycle of quiet and predictable starvation.

The Antyodaya Anna Yojana has been started from 1^st May 2001. Under this scheme, 35 kg foodgrains (Wheat at the rate - Rs. 2.00 per kg + Rice at rate Rs. 3.00 per kg) is distributed to the AAY cardholders.

After identifying the "poorest of the poor" through extensive surveying, the government began providing them an opportunity to purchase up to 35 kilograms of rice and wheat at a highly subsidised cost of three rupees per kilogram of rice and two rupees per kilogram of wheat.

White revolution created a national milk grid linking producers throughout India. Thus it is associated with milk.

The cooperatives are playing an important role in food security in India, especially in the southern and western parts in India. The cooperative societies set up shops to sell goods to the poor people at lower prices.

• Food stability: Refers to the ability to obtain food over time.
• Food access: Refers to the affordability and allocation of food, as well as the preferences of individuals and households.
• Food availability: Relates to the supply of food through production, distribution, and exchange.

The Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) was launched in June 1992 in 1775 blocks throughout the country. RPDS was launched with a view to strengthen and streamline the PDS as well as to improve its reach poor families especially in the far-flung, hilly, remote and inaccessible areas.

The Annapurna Scheme has been launched with effect from 1st April, 2000. It aims at providing food security to meet the requirement of those senior citizens who, though eligible, have remained uncovered under the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS). 

Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) is a government scheme to provide highly subsidised food to millions of the poorest families. It was launched by the Union government on 25 December 2000 and first implemented in Rajasthan.

Food security means everybody is able to get enough healthy food to be well and active. For everybody to get enough food, we need a food system that works well. 

The company derives significant competitive advantage from its unique distribution network of bulk vending milk booths, retail outlets and mobile units. Mother Dairy ice creams launched in the year 1995 have shown continuous growth over the years and today boasts of approximately 62% market share in Delhi and NCR.

The food security system is composed of two components:
1- Maintaining a Buffer Stock of food grains purchased by the government by offering farmers the Minimum Support Price (MSP).
2- This foodgrain is distributed among the poorer sections of the society with the help of a Public Distribution System (PDS).

The Food Corporation of India (FCI) is the main agency for procurement, storage and distribution of food grains. In addition to the requirements of wheat and rice under the Targeted PDS, the Central Pool is required to have sufficient stocks of these in order to meet any emergencies like drought/failures of crop, as well as to enable open market intervention in case of price rise.

The economically backward states with high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas, and regions more prone to natural disasters etc. are more food insecure in India. These states include Orissa, Rajasthan, Jharkjand and parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Maharashtra.

In the urban areas the following types of people are more prone to food insecurity:
(i) Casual labourers
(ii) Workers employed in the ill paid occupations.
(iii) Workers employed in seasonal activities.

Problems crept up in the functioning of the ration shops, such as:
(i) The quality of the rationed articles issued to the poor is much less than what it should be.
(ii) Some of the ration shop dealers resort to malpractices.
(iii) Some of the ration shop dealers sell only poor quality of grains.
(iv) Some dealers do not open their shops regularly and the poor people can not draw their ration quota timely.

In 1981, Amartya Sen published Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (1981), a book in which he argued that famine occurs not only from a lack of food, but from inequalities built into mechanisms for distributing food. Sen also argued that the Bengal famine was caused by an urban economic boom that raised food prices, thereby causing millions of rural workers to starve to death when their wages did not keep up.

Grain banks was set up by Maharashtra Academy of Development Science to facilitate a network of NGOs.

Kisan Credit Card Yojna was formulated to provide short term loans to farmers for agricultural needs.The loan was provided at subsidized interest rates by the government if the borrower maintained a good credit history. An additional 2% subsidy was provided if the borrower managed a sound record during the term of the loan.

Social audit is a process of reviewing official records and determining whether state reported expenditures reflect the actual monies spent on the ground. The basic objective of a social audit is to ensure public accountability in the
implementation of projects, laws and policies.

Farmers are not able to meet their agricultural requirements like buying seeds, fertilizers, mechanized equipment due to lack of funds. Kisan Credit Card Yojna was started in 1998 to provide some relief to the farmers on this front. the scheme was formulated by NABARD to provide short-term loans.

Under Crop Insurance Scheme, when the crop gets damaged by natural calamity or any other factors, a certain amount is provided to the farmers to avoid any further degrading of farmer's quality of life. It is known as 'Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana'.

14 January, 1965.

The components of food security are:

• Food availability: the appropriate quantity of food should be available.
  
• Food accessibility: the food that is available should also be easily accessible to all people.
  
• Food utilization: the food should not be wasted and utilized properly so that it provides energy to the body. 
  

Social Audits are now widely accepted as an important mechanism to address corruption and strengthen accountability in government service delivery.  A social audit is a process by which citizens review and monitor government actions on the ground and use the findings from the review to place accountability demands on the government through the mechanism of a public hearing.

The green revolution refers to the large increase in the crop production and thus, it is also known as grain revolution.In India, green revolution took place in $1965$.

National food for work programme aims at providing additional supplementary wage employment with food security. This programme
was launched in the year 2004 by the minister of rural development. The objective
of this scheme is to give employment to Indian poors who can undertake
unskilled jobs and thus also maintaining food security.  

Food for work programme is a component of Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS). Started in the year 2000-01, it was later expanded to become a part of the wage employment scheme of the central government. It was launched only in certain districts during the periods of drought, flood, earthquake or any such natural calamity. However the programme was later implemented in other states as well.

Food problems in India are multifaceted, stemming from high population growth, the shift toward commercial crops over food grains, and the historical backwardness of agricultural infrastructure and technology.

The introduction of rationing in India dates back to the 1940s Bengal famine. This rationing system was revived in the wake of acute food shortage during the early 1960s, before the Green revolution.

Salt is a fundamental mineral with no direct substitute in cooking or physiological function. Sugar and tea have various alternatives or substitutes available.

Thomas Robert Malthus stated the theory of population-which explored the relationship between food supply and population growth. He stated that population grows exponentially and food supply increases arithmetically.