Non-cooperation movement and its fallout - class-IX

At a special session of the Congress held at Calcutta on September 4 1920 a special resolution was adopted accepting Non-Cooperation Movement as the only option left open for Indians.

Gandhiji saw the Khilafat Movement as an opportunity for uniting the Hindus and the Muslims. The movement was launched by the Khilafat committee to oppose the harsh treaty which was going to be imposed on the spiritual leader of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. The movement was anti-British which provided Gandhi with a Pan-Indian platform for his national movement.

 The Non-Cooperation movement was in full swing when in Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur, the police fired upon a Congress procession of 3,300 peasants. The angry crowd set  the police station on fire, killing 22 policemen. Gandhiji had always emphasised that the movement should be peaceful and non-violent . After this incident he called off the movement unilaterally in 1922.

 The movement was in full swing when in Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur, the police fired upon a Congress procession of 3,300 peasants. The angry crowd set  the police station on fire, killing 22 policemen. Gandhiji had always emphasised that the movement should be peaceful and non-violent . after this incident he called off the movement unilaterally in 1922.

On April 13, General Dyer opened fire on the public which had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar for the celebrations of Baisakhi Festival. He ordered his troops to attack in lieu of the Martial Law passed by the General to prevent any revolt or protest against the British. Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar became the unfortunate site for the massacre.

In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.

Motilal Nehru and Chittranjan Das thought of contesting elections to enter the legislative council with a view to obstructing the government. Therefore, in 1922, they formed the Swaraj Party within the Indian National Congress.

• The Punjab region as a whole and Amritsar, in particular, witnessed the worst scenes of violence in 1919.

• In Amritsar, the news of Gandhi's arrest led to mob violence. (Gandhiji was arrested due to Rowlatt satyagraha)

• On 13th April,1919, General Dyer ordered his troops to fire on a peaceful unarmed crowd assembled at Jallianwala Bagh.

Khilafat movement was originally in support of the Caliph who was deprived of all authority. But it was withdrawn when the final blow came with the victory of Mustafa Kemal's forces, which overthrew the Ottoman rule and established a pro-western, secular republic in independent Turkey. He abolished the role of Caliph.

Chauri Chaura is a place located in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The movement was in full swing when in Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur, the police fired upon a Congress procession of about 3,300 peasants. The angry crowd set the police station on fire, killing 22 policemen. Gandhiji had always emphasised that the entire movement should be non-violent & peaceful. After this incident he called off the movement unilaterally in 1922.

On April 13^th, 1919 in Amritsar, a large but peaceful crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Some came to protest against the government's new repressive measures. Others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Being from the outside city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd killing hundreds.

The Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph was deprived of all authority. The Caliph was looked upon by large sections of Muslims as their religious head. They felt that any weakening of the Caliph's position would adversely affect the position of the Muslims.

Khilafat committee was organised in March 1919 in Bombay. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhi saw this as an opportunity to brings Muslims under the umbrella of a united national movement.

Mahatma Gandhi, a follower of non-violence saw the spread of violence after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre because of which he called off the movement.

Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted.

In 1920, Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement. He advised the people not to cooperate with the British, with a view to bring the administration to a standstill.

The peasant revolt in Awadh was led by the baba Ramchandra. This movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. Baba Ram Chandra was an Indian trade unionist who organised the farmers of Oudh into forming a united front to fight against the abuses of landlords in 1920s and 1930s.

A Congress procession of 3,300 peasants were fired upon by the police in Chauri Chaura at Gorakhpur. The angry crowd set the police station on fire , killing twenty two policemen. Gandhiji had always emphasised that the entire movement should be non-violent & peaceful. Since the movement became violent, Gandhiji withdrew the movement in 1922.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919 when a crowd of nonviolent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, were fired upon by troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer. The civilians had assembled to participate in the annual Baisakhi celebrations—both a religious and cultural festival for the Punjabis. Coming from outside the city, they may have been unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.

C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. The main purpose was to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic.

The police fired upon a Congress procession of 3,300 peasants at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur. The angry crowd set the police station on fire, killing 22 policemen. Gandhiji wanted the movement to be non-violent but since the movement became violent he called it off in 1922.

The police fired upon a Congress procession of 3300 peasants at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur. The angry crowd set the police station on fire, killing twenty two policemen. Since the movement took a violent turn, Gandhiji called off the movement in 1922.

Mahatma Gandhi felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organized without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue.

Baba Ramchandra was a leader of the peasant movement in Awadh, had worked as an indentured laborer in Fiji, and was a key figure in the Oudh Kisan Sabha. All these statements are historically accurate.

The movement was in full swing when in Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur, the police fired upon a procession of 3,300 peasants. The angry crowd set the police station on fire, killing 22 policemen. Gandhiji had always emphasised that the entire movement should be non-violent and peaceful. After this incident, he called off the movement unilaterally in 1922.

In 1920, Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement. He advised the people not to cooperate with the British, with a view to bring the administration to a standstill.

The Rowlatt Act legislation was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India in February 1919. It was passed despite opposition from the Indian members. It provided for stricter control of the press, arrests without warrant, indefinite detention without trial, etc. Gandhiji launched the Non-cooperation movement in reaction to the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

In the Non-Cooperation movement, in response to Gandhiji’s call for the boycott of foreign goods, Jayarao Nargund gave up his legal practice to actively participate in the movement. He launched the Boycott and Swadeshi movement at Bagalkot in 1905. This movement consisted of the boycott of the use of the foreign goods like sugar, kerosene and bangles. Eventually, he was arrested for his speeches urging non-cooperation, burning of foreign goods, and articles published in pamphlets, newspapers and magazines.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on April 13, 1919, which is the day of the Baisakhi festival in Punjab.

The Chauri Chaura incident occurred in the Gorakhpur district of the United Province on 5th Feb, 1922. A large group of protesters clashed with the police and in retaliation to the firing by police, set fire to a police station killing all the policemen inside. Upset with the incident due to violence involved, Gandhiji called a halt to the Non-Cooperation movement.

This movement marked the first major anti-British reaction and its new political order initiated in 1849 among the people in Punjab in 1857. The Namdhari Movement, the aftermath of the Kuka Movement was the most important phase as it aimed at overthrowing the British rule and played important role in freedom struggle. This movement actively propagated the principles of boycott and non-co-operation given by Sant Guru Ram Singh (founded the Namdhari sect) for the Namdharis. Guru’s Non-co-operation Movement actively propagated few things such as the boycott of education institutions of British and laws established by them.

Congress held a special session in Calcutta in September 1920 under the presidentship of Lala Lajpat Rai. It met to pass the resolution of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Mahatma Gandhi wrongly predicted that if the Non-cooperation movement gets successful, Swaraj could be attained in One year. 

Rowlatt Act allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted imprisonment of suspects without trial. It was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in February 1919. Gandhi organized a hartal, a form of protest through non-violence by the stoppage of work on 6th Aprill,1919.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was the incident in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in Amritsar killing several hundred people and wounding many hundreds more. On 13 April 1919, thousands of people were gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. General Dyer arrived there with armed troops and ordered ruthless firing on the uninformed crowd. 

Congress held a special session in Calcutta in September 1920 under the presidentship of Lala Lajpat Rai. It met to pass the resolution of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Mahatma Gandhi wrongly predicted that if the Non-cooperation movement gets successful, Swaraj could be attained in One year. 

Jawaharlal Nehru was a strong supporter of the Non-cooperation movement. C.R. Das, Madan Mohan Malaviya, and Annie Besant were among those who initially expressed reservations or opposition to the resolution.

Khilafat Movement was organized by the Ali brothers- Shaukat and Muḥammad Ali to protest against the injustice done to Turkey. It was an agitation by Indian Muslims, allied with Indian nationalists, to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam after World War I. In early 1919 a Khilafat Committee which demanded that the Khalifa’s control over Muslim sacred places be restored and he should be left with sufficient territories.

Swaraj Party was an Indian political party established in late 1922–early 1923 by members of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party), notably Motilal Nehru and CR Das. Their first session was held at the residence of Motilal Nehru in Allahabad. They were among the pro changes who wanted to contest in the elections. Many candidates of the Swaraj Party got elected to the central legislative assembly and provincial legislative council in the 1923 elections where they opposed the unjust government policies.

Non-cooperation movement was a movement organized by Mahatma Gandhi, to induce the British government of India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. The movement was suspended in February 1922 on account of Chauri Chaura incident. In Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and protesters of the movement. Gandhi decided to discontinue the movement as the principle of ahimsa or nonviolence was violated and the Congress Working Committee met at Bardoli on 12th February 1922 to suspend the mass movement.

Swaraj Party was an Indian political party established in late 1922–early 1923 by members of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party), notably Motilal Nehru and CR Das. They were among the pro changers who wanted to contest in the elections. Many candidates of the Swaraj Party got elected to the central legislative assembly and provincial legislative council in the 1923 elections where they opposed the unjust government policies.

The Khilafat movement was an agitation by Indian Muslims, allied with Indian nationalists, to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam after World War I. The leaders joined forces with Mahatma Gandhi’s noncooperation movement for Indian freedom, promising nonviolence in return for his support of the Khilafat movement. It had lost its relevance when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk had abolished the Caliphate.

Non-cooperation movement was a movement organized by Mohandas Gandhi, to induce the British government of India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. The movement was suspended in February 1922 on account of Chauri Chaura incident. In Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and protesters of the movement. Gandhi discontinued the movement as the principle of ahimsa or nonviolence was violated.

Rowlatt Act allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted imprisonment of suspects without trial. It was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in February 1919. Gandhi organized a hartal, a form of protest through non-violence by stoppage of work and going on hunger strike.

Non-cooperation movement was a movement organized by Mohandas Gandhi, to induce the British government of India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. Another objective was the restoration of the old status of the Caliph. Lord Reading was the Viceroy during which the Non-cooperation Movement had reached climax and was abruptly withdrawn in 1922.

Non-cooperation movement was an attempt organized by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 to induce the British government of India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. It involved boycott of foreign goods, surrendering all titles and honorary offices and resign from nominated seats in local bodies, etc. It was suddenly adjourned due to the violent Chauri Chaura incident in 1922.

Rowlatt Act allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted imprisonment of suspects without trial. It was immediately followed by the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. It was the incident in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in Amritsar killing several hundred people and wounding many hundreds more. On 13 April 1919, thousands of people were gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. General Dyer arrived there with armed troops and ordered  ruthless firing on the uninformed crowd. 

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was the incident in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in Amritsar killing several hundred people and wounding many hundreds more. On 13 April 1919, thousands of people were gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. General Dyer arrived there with armed troops and ordered  ruthless firing on the uninformed crowd. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in condemnation of the tragedy.

The special session of the Indian National Congress held in Calcutta in September 1920, presided over by Lala Lajpat Rai, officially adopted the Non-cooperation resolution.

Rabindranath Tagore was critical of the burning of foreign clothes during the Non-Cooperation Movement, describing it as insensate waste because he believed it was a negative approach that did not address the root causes of poverty.

Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India. This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. In response to this, Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).  

• (i) Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
  
• (ii) The boycott of British institutions posed a problem.
  
• (iii) For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones.
  
• (iv) These institutions were slow to come up. So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
  

Khilafat
movement was originally in support of the Caliph who was deprived of all the authority. Gandhi supported this movement so as to bring unity between Hindus and
Muslims. In India October 17, 1919 was
observed as Khilafat Day. It came to be known as Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement.

Khilafat movement was originally in support of Caliph who was the religious head of the Muslims. Gandhiji saw an opportunity for a Hindu-Muslim mass movement and hence joined his non-cooperation with the khilafat issue. It was started in the year 1919. The non-cooperation movement started to spread in different parts of the country.

In September 1921, the Ali brothers (Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) were arrested who had started the movement. Moreover, Gandhiji suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri Chaura incident. He was arrested in 1922. A few months after his arrest, the Caliph or the Sultan of Turkey was deposed of his power due to a revolution led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha.

Congress supported Gandhiji in Non-cooperation movement. Initially, they were not enthusiastic to boycott the council elections. This election was scheduled to be held in November 1920. Congress feared that the movement might lead to popular violence. In the months between September & December there was an intense tussle within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the  supporters & opponents of the movement.

Khilafat movement was originally in support of the Caliph who was also the religious leader of the Muslims. It was led by Mohammad Ali & Shaukat Ali to support the Caliph.

In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ram Chandra - a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses.

Rowlatt Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. The bills passed by the Rowlatt committee were the violation of freedom and justice. The law was unfair and Indians called it the 'Black Act'.

The Rowlatt Act legislation was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India in February 1919. It was passed despite opposition from the Indian members. It provided for stricter control of the press, arrests without warrant, indefinite detention without trial, etc.

 In 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many
parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by
an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people
perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.

Its value dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. People also began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones.

In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the villagers, and trying to understand their grievances. By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others. Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.

At many places, merchants and traders refused to trade foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue to which Gandhiji lend his support.

At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj. Gandhi supported Khilafat movement so as to build unity among the Hindus and the Muslims.

Gandhi supported the Khilafat movement so as to bring unity between the Hindus and Muslims. Mahatma Gandhi was elected as President of the All - India Khilafat Committee in November 1919. He advised the Khilafat committee to adopt a policy of Non- Cooperation with the Government from August 1920 which is marked as start of Non-cooperation movement. 

It was one of Gandhi's first organized acts of large-scale civil disobedience. It was started in August 1920 and was organized by Mahatma Gandhi to convince the British government of India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. It was called off in February 1922 due to Chauri Chaura incident which broke the non-violent character of the movement.

Non-cooperation movement was launched in the year 1920 against Rowlatt act that was passed in the year 1919 and lasted till 1922 when Gandhi had to suspend it after the Chauri Chaura incident.

They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics.

The Rowlatt satyagraha even though a widespread movement was limited mostly to cities and towns. He was of the opinion that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together.

After the passing of unjust Rowlatt act in 1919, Gandhiji launched a Satyagraha against it.

Gandhi from the beginning chose non violent ways to achieve freedom. Against Rowlatt Act when he launched Non-Cooperation movement he wanted people to boycott foreign goods, schools & colleges, awards & honours resign from government jobs and surrender titles in a peaceful way . Gandhiji himself returned his Kaiser-i-Hind medal in August 1920. 

A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5, 1922. This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non-Cooperation movement on Feb. 12, 1922. Gandhiji had to stop his Non-co-operation movement because the people became violent at Chauri-Chaura.

A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5, 1922. This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non-Cooperation movement on Feb. 12, 1922.

In spite of opposition from the Indians the Rowlatt Act was passed in March, 1919.

Congress supported Gandhiji's plan of Non-cooperation Movement till three of its objectives were achieved. They included:

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919.

In 1921, as the non-cooperation movement spread, houses of talukdars were looted and merchants were attacked. People told that Mahatma Gandhi had declared that tax was not to be paid and land was to be redistributed amongst the poor. They used his name to sanction all the things but Gandhi did not give such statement.

In 1921, After having resolved to fully dedicate himself for the freedom of India, Gandhiji decided to wear only a loincloth to promote home spun cotton. His main aim or doing this was also to identify himself with the people of India.

The Chauri Chaura incident, where a police station was set on fire by a mob resulting in the death of several policemen, led Mahatma Gandhi to suspend the movement due to his commitment to non-violence.

One of the major achieved milestones of the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 was fostering Hindu-Muslim unity through the joint pursuit of the Khilafat and Swaraj agendas, bringing communities closer together in political action.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was officially launched in 1920 and was abruptly suspended by Gandhi in February 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident.

The Charanpaduka massacre occurred in 1931 in Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh, where British troops opened fire on a peaceful gathering, and it is historically referred to as the Jallianwala Bagh of Madhya Pradesh.