Binomial nomenclature - class-IX

The scientific naming of an organism is termed as Binomial nomenclature. It was first given by Carl Linnaeus. In this system, the first section of the name indicates genus and the second one indicating the species name. Genus name should always start with capital letter and the species name should start with the small letter. In the biological name both the words, when handwritten are separately underlined or printed in italics.

So, the correct answer is ‘Panthera tigris and Pisum sativum'.

The scientific names ensure that each organism has only one name. Description of any organism should enable the people (in any part of the world) to arrive at the same time. They also ensure that such a name has not been used for any other known organism. Dead language is a language that is no longer spoken by anyone as their main language.

ICBN stands for International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).

Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters. Hence, based on characteristics, all living organisms can be classified into different taxa. This process of classification is taxonomy. External and internal structure, along with the structure of cell, development process and ecological information of organisms are essential and form the basis of modern taxonomic studies. Hence, characterization, identification, classification, and nomenclature are the process that is basis to taxonomy.

Batrachospermum is the botanical name for frogs spawn algae, while the other options have incorrect scientific names.

Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name – the generic name – identifies the genus to which the species belongs, while the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – identifies the species within the genus.

A homonym is the identical name of two different taxa. 

• According to the conventions followed by binomial nomenclature, the scientific name comprises of Genus and Specific epithet.
  
• The first letter genus is capitalized while species name is written in small alphabets. Example: Mangifera indica.
• So, the correct option is 'First letter capital and single word'.

The system of bionomial nomenclature was developed by Linnaeus. There were certain rules which were set up for writing the scientific names. They are as follows:

• Vernacular names or common names are based on the normal language of everyday life. These can be misleading as different languages have different names of organisms. Also, they are named according to the common knowledge of people and for their ease making not systematically or scientifically. 
  
• Starfish is actually an echinoderm and not a fish.
  
• Silver fishes are rather members of Arthropoda and spider lily is a plant.
  

A tautonym is a logical name of an animal variety in which the two sections of the name have a similar spelling, for instance, rattus. The initial segment of the name is the name of the class and the second part is alluded to as the explicit sobriquet in the International Code of Nomenclature for green growth, organisms, and plants and the explicit name in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

• "Species Plantarum", a book written by Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish naturalist), contains nearly 5900 species of plants and it is the starting point for the nomenclature of flowering plants (spermatophytes) and ferns i.e, plants. 
  
• Species Plantarum was the first botanical work to consistently apply the binomial nomenclature system for the large group of plants.

The binomial system of nomenclature has been an important factor in the development of taxonomy. Before the middle of 18th century the names of plants were polynomials consisting of several words. The confusion arising due to this emphasised the need of a code of nomenclature by which the naming of plants might be regulated. Many codes have been proposed, buy only two have received the support of international conferences, the Paris Code of 1867 and the Vienna Code of 1905. These two codes have been a great help in stabilising nomenclature.

The current system of International code of botanical nomenclature (ICBN) was adapted to assign the scientific name to plants. It was adapted in 1978 after the twelfth International Botanical Congress held in 1975 to follow the rules for naming the plants. The fifth International Botanical Congress was also held in 1930, at Cambridge (England). So, the correct option is C.

In the mid eighteenth century, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus devised a system in which every living species was given a two part Latin name. Latin, was chosen because it was a dead language, fixed and not changing over time. Thus, we can rely on a Latin name to mean exactly the same thing that it did 300 years ago. The first word in a scientific name, is that of the genus. The second word of a scientific name identifies an individual species.

In the scientific name genus and species name written in italic and name of auther is printed in Roman.

A tautonym is a scientific name where the genus and species epithet are identical, such as Naja naja. The other terms do not describe this specific naming convention.

Option $D$ is wrong statement.

Binomial nomenclature was popularized by Linnaeus, not Bauhin (i is False). Scientific names are derived from Latin, not Greek (ii is False). The first name is the generic name (iii is True). Generic names start with a capital letter, while specific epithets start with a small letter (iv is False).

Binomial nomenclature is a two-term naming system that uses two different terms to name the species, plants, animals and living organisms. Binomial nomenclature is also known as Binary nomenclature. The two terms consists of a generic epithet which is genus (category) of that species, and specific epithet which indicates the species itself. This two-terms naming system can also use some other different languages to create such scientific names. These scientific names are unique and help in identifying organisms analyser in the world.

Trinomial nomenclature uses three names (genus, species, and subspecies). An autonym is a name where the subspecies name repeats the species name. Corvus splendens splendens follows both rules.

Rule of Binomial Nomenclatures-

• Felis domesticus is any domesticated member of the genus Felis. Cat, name applied broadly to the carnivorous mammals constitutes the family Felidae, and specifically to the domestic cat, Felis catus. 

According to binomial nomenclature, as first implemented by C. Linnaeus, each species is assigned two names, the first generic names and second species epithet. Since, generic name is mostly a proper noun, it is written with first letter capitalized while the species epithet is objective and is written in small letters only. It is customary to mention the name of the person who described the species with year after species epithet. Since, the scientific names are formulated in Latin language, they are always written in italics and are underlined when handwritten. Option A is incorrect as “luberosum” is misspelled and the name is not italicized. Option B is incorrect as species epithet “Tuberosum” is written with first letter capitalized and the name is not written in italics. Option C is incorrect as species epithet “luberosum” is misspelled and the name is not written in italics. 

ICBN stands for International code of Botanical Nomenclature.
The Code is an internationally-recognized authority,intended to encourage stability within botanical nomenclature. It provides a stable method of naming taxonomic groups, avoiding and rejecting the use of names which may cause error or ambiguity or throw science into confusion.
Some features of ICBN/ICZN:
- Purpose is to ensure a unique, stable scientific name for every taxon.
- Provides rules for publication, validation, documentation and typification of names.
- Allow assignment and changes in names without interfering with scientific freedom.
- Commissions provide an administrative system to oversee and interpret rules, but not based on case law.
Previous cases that are not involved in a case currently under consideration have no bearing on a case under consideration.  
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

• Binomial nomenclature is the system of naming organisms by giving a name which consists of two parts where the first part denotes Genus of that particular organism and its first letter is capitalized, the second part denotes Species of that particular organism and it is written in the small form.
• The generic name is followed by a specific epithet and then the name of the discoverer in full or an abbreviation. The name of the author is kept in Roman script. The names are derived either from the Latin language or are Latinized because of the  Latin language is dead and therefore, it will not change in form or spellings with the passage of time.
• From the example, Tamarindus and Mangifera are the generic names of Tamarind and Mango respectively whereas indicia denotes the specific name of both Tamarind and Mango respectively.
• The (L) followed by a specific name in both Tamarind and Mango describes the scientist who initially gave them the scientific name i.e, (L) refers to the Swedish botanist Linnaeus.
• So the correct option is 'The letter L means that the Swedish botanist who gave the scientific name'.

• Most plants and animals have local, popular names, but a system needed to be devised so that they will be recognized everywhere. When Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus started to devise a system of classifying organisms, he gave different phyla and species Latin names, because Latin was such a universal scholarly language in Europe.
• Using Latin names helps to avert confusion caused by the often contradictory and multiple common names an individual may have. European scholars throughout the continent spoke Latin as a common language between various European nations. Key scientific figures such as Newton and Mendeleev published their papers and findings in Latin.
• Latin is used throughout the world as it is a dead language and is universally identified and it will not change in the form or spelling with the passage of time.
• Most of the scientist, used Latin to publish their papers. So it is only logical for Linnaeus to come out with his classification system for living things (binomial nomenclature) in Latin or else he would not have probably gained much recognition from the academia at that time.

Homo sapiens is the scientific name of human beings. Rana tigrina is a tiger. Brassica rapa is a turnip and Pavo cristatus is the Indian peacock.

The scientific name of a genus may be called as the generic name or generic epithet. It is always capitalized in both, plants and animals. It plays a pivotal role in binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms. 

The binomial system of nomenclature was first introduced in 1753 by Carl von Linne, who is known by his latinised name Linnaeus. According to the binomial system, the name of the organism consists of two latin words. The first word which begins with a capital letter refers to the genus. The second word, which begins with lower case letter, refers to species. Both are written in italics or underlined. Hence option A is the correct answer. 

• The term Nomenclature means the scientific naming of organisms according to an established system. In earlier days common vernacular names were used which generally changes with change of language. Later in the haunt of one common internationally accepted name for a species, scientific names (Technical names) have been introduced in the form of Polynomial, binomial and trinomial systems of nomenclature.
• In the early 17th century, taxonomists started using a string of descriptive Latin words to designate a species. For example, in the herbal of Clusius (1583) a species of willow is named as Salix pumila angustifolia altera.
• Polynomial nomenclature was discarded for the two main reasons that it was lengthy and difficult to remember, it often varies from place to place, scholar to scholar based on the characters chosen by them.

While writing the scientific names, certain conventions need to be followed such as the name of genus begins with a capital letter and name of species begins with small letter.

In the Binomial system of nomenclature zoological name of an organism consist of two parts. The first part starts with a capital letter and represents genus, the second name that does not start with the capital letter is species name. Both the names are underlined separately.

• Plants have Latin names due to Binomial Nomenclature System of naming plants developed by famed Swedish botanist, Linnaeus.
• Using Latin names helps to avert confusion caused by the often contradictory and multiple common names an individual may have.
• He picked the Latin language because it's a dead language and is universally identified

Biological names are regarded legitimate when, they are not illegitimate, very popular and have their holotypes.
So, answer is - 'All of the above'.

A tautonym is a scientific name of a species in which both parts of the name (the genera and species) have the same spelling, for example - Bison bison Linnaeus, 1758 for American Bison.

The binomial nomenclature is the use of the genus and species name system for describing all the living organisms. The method is beneficial as it prevents confusion in the names used in different places and makes it easy that one organism is known by the same name throughout the world. 

The usefulness of botanical names is limited by the size of the taxonomic group. The taxonomic groups are not fixed in size. It may have circumscription depending on the taxonomic system. Hence, the botanical name may belong to either too small or too big group.

ICZN was adopted in 1964 with an object to assign a unique and scientific name of every taxon, it also regulates how these naming will be documented and used in literature. They provide universality in the naming or nomenclature.

ICVN is referred to as the International Code of Viral Nomenclature. It is concerned with the correct classification and nomenclature of different strains of a virus. It is international and universally applied to all viruses.

The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants. Its intent is that each taxonomic group of plants has only one correct name that is accepted worldwide. The value of a scientific name is that it is an identifier; it is not necessarily of descriptive value, or even accurate.

A type specimen is an original specimen from which a description of a new species is made. It is described in Latin and published in a recognized scientific journal. To preserve the specimen, it is kept in a recognized herbarium or collection for future references.

ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) was adopted in the year 1961. It is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the classification and botanical names that are given to plants. The nomenclature is universal and according to the system of binomial nomenclature.

1. Syntype: It refers to two or more specimens collected by the author simultaneously of the same species.
   2. Isotype: It is a duplicate of the holotype collected and can be used for studies when holotype is not accessible.
   3. Neotype: It refers to the new specimen collected when the original material is missing.
   So, the correct option is 'Isotype'.

• A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described.
• An isotype is a duplicate of the holotype and is often made for plants, where holotype and isotypes are often pieces from the same individual plant or samples from the same gathering.
  
• Hence Two similar holotypes are called isotypes
• So, the correct answer is 'Isotypes'

The various conventions followed while writing Binomial nomenclature are : 

There are certain rules regarding biological nomenclature like - 

• According to rules of binomial nomenclature first word in the scientific name is the generic name (represents genus ) and it starts with capital initial. The second word is specific epithet which starts with a small initial. 
  
• Only Option C follows these rules.
  
• Note that option A seems like a correct option but it has exchanged a generic name and specific epithet. The correct name for mango is 'Mangifera indica'. 
  

Scientific names do not favor multiple naming as it will create confusion among the scientists over the world. Also, the very first significance of the scientific name is to give a unique single name to each species.

The generic name refers to the first part of a binomial. The binomial name is comprised of the generic name and the specific epithet. Accordingly, the generic name is the genus of the species and is written by starting with a capitalized letter. As the binomial name of mango is 'Mangifera indica' where 'Mangifera' represents genus, hence it is the generic name and 'indie' represents specific epithet.

• The first word in the scientific name is the generic name ( represents the genus) and the second word is the specific epithet ( represent species name ). 
  
• For example - in Homo sapiens, sapiens is the specific epithet.
  

• Strobilanthus is the botanical name of neelakuranji plants.
  
• Martynia is the botanical name of the Tiger claw plant
  
• Lodoicea is the botanical name of double coconut
  
• viola is the botanical name of common pansy 
  

Pollinia, which are coherent masses of pollen grains, are characteristic of the families Orchidaceae and Asclepiadaceae.

In the type method of nomenclature, the type specimen serves as the permanent reference point for the application of a name, not the species itself.

All three statements are correct: each taxon has one correct name, a name is specific to a group, and the species is the basic unit of classification.

Scientific description of an organism includes a two name or binomial system of Genus and species/specific epithet. The name of scientist who has described the genus and species is written in abbreviated form after the specific epithet. For example, Linnaeus is written as Linn, or L. All the Genera and species in the question have been described by Linneaus 

Nomenclature is the specific branch of taxonomy concerned with the naming of organisms.

Binomial nomenclature assigns each organism a name consisting of two parts: the genus and the species epithet.