Jainism - class-VIII

Mahavira was originally born as Vardhamana in northeast India in 599 BCE (that's the traditional date but some modern scholars prefer 540 BCE, or even later).

 He was a prince, the son of King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala, who were members of the kshatriya (warrior) caste of Lichchhavis.

Jainism was founded by Lord Mahavira. He was 24th Jain Tirthankara. He is also known as Vardhamana. He was the son of King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala. He was born at Kundgram in Vaishali. The principle of ahimsa (non-violence) is a fundamental belief of Jainism.

false.

The Jains were supposed to lead a austere lives.

Mahavira lived from 599 BCE to 527 BCE, whereas Gautama Buddha lived from 480 BCE to 400 BCE. Going by these years, Mahavira had attained salvation 47 years before Gautama Buddha was even born  this unequivocally avows that they never met Siddhartha attained Buddhahood at the age of 35.

Chandragupta Maurya and King Kharavela of Kalinga were both well-known patrons of Jainism. Srenika Bimbisara was a patron of Buddhism.

Satrunjayagiri (Palitana) and Arbudagiri (Mount Abu) are famous sacred sites for Jains. Urjayantogiri (Girnar) is also sacred, but based on the options provided, C is the most standard pairing.

The sacred texts of Jainism are collectively known as the Agamas or Angas.

Jainism split into Digambara and Svetambara sects during the First Jain Council held at Pataliputra, primarily due to differences in discipline and interpretation of texts.

Mahavira did not believe in any God. He considered it less important than the Jina (the conqueror). He opined that man himself creates his destiny. So the given statement can not be considered as true.

The Jains those who went to south during the great famine began to be called as digambaras. And those who stayed back in Magadha began to be called as shvetambaras.

The statement is true. The shvetambaras were allowed to put on white dresses and this sect of Jainism was formed under the leadership of Sthalabahu.

Mahavira rejected Vedas and condemned Vedic rituals. He believed that through pure and meritorious life all can attain liberation. No ritual is required for acquiring such liberation. It can be attained through right knowledge, right faith, and right action.

The doctrine of Karma is one of the main pillars of Jain philosophy. According to Mahavira, the human soul is constrained to a cycle of rebirth and this transmigration of the soul is completely dependent on its Karma. Based on Karma, a soul undergoes transmigration and reincarnates in various states of existence. This cycle continues until the soul attains Moksha through purification..

Sutta Pitaka is a holy book of Buddhism. It is the second part of Pali Canon. The other two parts are Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka. Together they are known as Tripitaka. 

Mahavira was born in a royal family to king Siddhartha and queen Trishala in the Ikshvaku dynasty. 

Vardhman Mahavira was born in a royal family to king Siddhartha of Ikshvaku dynasty and queen Trishala, a Licchavi Princess.

In the beginning, Jainism was very popular among the traders and businessmen. The mercantile community was attracted by the rigorous asceticism and religious life of the Jains and adopted the Jain way of life. Being bound by a sense of fraternity they formed business guilds for smooth conduct of business. These wealthy merchants patronized Jainism to a great extent. Even during the time of English East India Company, Jain business families like the Jagat Seths and the Singh is acted as state bankers and naturally wielded great influence in the society. Hence, Option A is correct. Among the rest, the rituals and sacrifices were performed by the Brahmins, not the Vaishyas, or mercantile community. There were Hindu businessmen too who flourished, like the Agraharis and Agrawals, Gahois. The doctrine of karma was present in Hinduism too. Hence, these options are incorrect. 

Mahavira, also known as Vardhamana was the Twenty-fourth and last Tirthankara of Jainism. He was born in Kundagram near Vaishali in Bihar in the second half of the sixth century BC. In the Jain tradition, a Tirthankara is an enlightened soul who is born as a human being and attains perfection through intense meditation.

Sunyawad does not belong to Jainism because this technique belongs to disciples and Bhikkhus of Buddha. Sunyawad is the philosophy of emptiness. 

Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire. He accepted Jainism and became a monk. He gave up all his wealth and power. He went to Deccan region with Jain monks. He performed Sallekhana - which is a Jain religious ritual of peacefully welcoming death by fasting.

Mahavira was the twenty fourth and last Jain Tirthankaras.  According to the Jain philosophy, a Tirthankara is an enlightened soul who is born as a human being and attains perfection through intense meditation. Mahavira travelled throughout the India to teach Jainism.

Mahavira was the last of the twenty fourth Tirthankara of Jainism.Tirthankaras means ford maker.Mahavira taught the observance of the following vows Ahima - non-violence , Satya - truth , Asteya - non-stealing , Brahmacharya - chastity,Aparigraha - non-attachment is necessary to spiritual liberation.

Kharavela patronized Jainism. Kharavela was king of Kalinga from Mahameghavahana dynasty or Chedi dynasty. From the Hathigumpha inscription, it came to known that Kharavela was a follower of Jainism. 

The three jewels of Jainism are also known as three gems and three refuges. They are different from the three jewels of Buddhism. They constitute the core practice of Jainism. They are:

1. Right to faith: This doesn't mean believing what you're told, but means seeing things properly, and avoiding preconceptions and superstitions that get in the way of seeing clearly.
2. Right knowledge: This means having an accurate and sufficient knowledge of the real universe.
3. Right conduct: This means living your life according to Jain ethical rules, to avoid doing harm to living things and freeing yourself from attachment and other impure attitudes and thoughts.

Jainism was the  religion developed in India along side Buddhism around the sixth century BCE against the teachings of orthodox Brahmanism. It teaches that the way to liberation and bliss is to live lives of harmlessness and renunciation. It is a religion of self-help which believes that liberation is achieved by eliminating all karma from the soul.

Mahavira was born at Vaishali. He was the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism. He was the son of king Siddharth of kundagrama and Queen Trishala. 

Besides Hinduism untouchability was observed in Jainism. The people who are born in lower castes they are considered as impure and untouchable. By the upper-class people, they are restricted to enter in the same temples, drink water from wells, and also not allowed to eat from the same stalls etc. In this way, they are discriminated from the mainstream.

Mahavira was of the opinion that man creates  his own destiny through his deeds. According to him, a person is born in a higher or in a lower Varna in consequence of the sins or the virtues acquired by him in the previous birth.

Becoming an ascetic at the age of 30, Vardhaman Mahavira practised the most rigorous asceticism for the next twelve years. In the thirteenth year, at the age of 42. he attained "Kaivalya" i.e. the supreme knowledge and final deliverance from the bonds of pleasure and pain. Hence, he was called "Kevalin". He sat under a sal tree on the bank of river Riju Palik or Riju Kaa in Jambhika near Vaishali for the attainment of Kaivalya.  

Jainism was divided into two sects: Shvetambaras or those who put on white dress, and Digambaras or those who keep themselves naked.

Jainism is based on 5 ideals : Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Aparigraha and Brahmacharya. It is believed that only the fifth doctrine was added by Mahavira: other four were taken over by him from previous teachers. Jainism gives utmost importance to Ahimsa or non-injury to living beings.

Vardhamana Mahavira was believed to be born in 540 B.C. near Vaishali, in north Bihar. His father Siddartha was the head of the Jnatrika clan and his mother Trishala was the sister of the Lichchhavi chief Chetaka, whose daughter Chellana was wedded to king Bimbisara of Magadha. Thus Mahavira's family was connected with the royal family of Magadha.

In order to spread the teachings of Jainism, Mahavira organised an order of his followers which admitted both men and women. Lord Mahavir was the twenty-fourth and last Tirthankara. According to Jain philosophy, all Tirthankaras were human beings but they attained a state of perfection or enlightenment through meditation and self-realization. 

After the attainment of Kaivalya, Vardhaman Mahavira was called Jina which means conqueror of senses, and hence his followers were called Jainas. 

In order to sort out ideological differences and to compile the main teachings of Jainism, a council was convened in Pataliputra, modern Patna. But the Jainas from southern India under the leadership of Bhadrabahu boycotted the council and refused to accept its teachings. From then onwards, the southerners began to be called Digambaras, and the Magadhans Shvetambaras.

Mahavira, the 24th and the last Tirthankara of Jainism, opposed all forms of religious rituals and sacrifices. He was also against the Varna system. In his opinion, through pure and meritorious life members of the lower castes can attain Moksha. Jainism was, in general, against dividing people on the basis of caste or Varna.

Emperor Chandragupta Maurya (322-298 B.C.) became a Jaina, gave up his throne and spent the last years of his life in Karnataka as a Jaina ascetic and contributed to the growth of Jainism in South India.

Jainism grew during the second urbanization phase when the trade was increasing and Vaishyas were also rising both economically and socially and wanted to challenge Brahmana supremacy. Early Jainas thus discarded Sanskrit which was the language of the elite and used Ardhamagadhi (an eastern dialect of Prakrit) and Prakrit to reach out to the common masses.

Kharavela was a king of Kalinga in present-day Odisha. He ruled somewhere around first or second century BCE. Kharavela is the best known king of the Mahameghavahana dynasty of Kalinga. Most of the information about him is known from Hathigumpha inscription in Udayagiri hills near Bhubaneshwar. The inscription suggests that Kharavela gave patronage to various religious orders, including Jainism.

A great famine took place in Magadha 200 years after the death of Mahavira. According to Jain tradition, the famine lasted for twelve years. In order to protect themselves, many a Jaina went to the south under the leadership of Bhadrabahu. Remaining Jaina stayed back in Magadha under the leadership of Sthalabahu.

The earliest Jaina works are in Ardhamagadhi, an eastern dialect of Prakrit.

Bhadrabahu was the last acharya of undivided Jain Sangha. After his death Jain sangha was divided into two sects named Shvetambaras and Digambaras. Acharya Bhadrabahu predicted twelve-year long famine in Magadha. As it was impossible to follow the rules of Jainism strictly, Bhadrabahu moved to Karnataka with his disciples. Sthulabhadra who was also one of the disciples of Bhadrabahu stayed in Magadha and founded a new sect of Jainism by making rules easy to live. After that Jainism was divided into two sects.

Gommateshwara Statue, monolithic statue located at Shravanbelagola in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is also known as the statue of Bahubali. Bahubali  was the son of first Jain teerthankar Rishabhanatha.

Vardhmana Mahavira was one of the propagators of Jainism. He was born in a place called Kundagrama near the ancient city of Vaishali located in present day Bihar.

In 468 BC, Mahavira passed away at the age of 72 in Pavapuri in Bihar. He was the last of the 24 Tirthankaras. Thus, he became a Jina, the victorious over attachment and aversion.

Five vows of Jainism: 1. Non–Violence, 2. Not to Steal, 3. Not to Accumulate, 4. Not to tell A lie, 5. Celibacy.

Rishabhadeva was the propounder of the Jainism. He was the first Tirthankara of Jains.

The path that Mahavira advocated was one of the strict asceticism, renunciation and moral cultivation. He instructed his followers to implement three jewels: 1. Right faith, 2. Right knowledge, 3. Right conduct. 

Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. The Jains believe that the basic aim of life is to attain salvation (Salvation means freedom from the cycle of birth and death). According to Jain religion, Salvation can be achieved by following three jewels and five vows. 

Jainism was divided into two sects named as Shvetambara and Digambaras during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya. 

Vardhamana Mahavira was born at Kundalavana near Vaishali. After attaining "Kaivalya", he was called "Jina" and his followers were known as Jains. The religious leaders of Jainism are known as Tirthankara. Mahavira was considered as 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. Rishabhdev was the first Tirthankara of Jainism.

Kharvela was a descendant of Meghavarmana. The latter was the founder of the royal house of Chedi. Kharvela was a Jain and despite his fervor for Jainism, he was addicted to military conquests. Kalinga rose to power under his rule. Information regarding his life, rule, religion, and conquests can be gained from Hathigumpha Inscription.

Chandragupta Mauryan was the very first emperor in India who converted into Jainism during the last years of his life. He did this because he believed that his power and thrones would not give him peace. He became a disciple of Jain monk Acharya Bhadrabahu, In his last days of his life, he did Santhara and fasted unto death at Shravan Belagolain, Karnataka. During his rule, Jainism was divided into two branches- Shwetambara and Digamabara.

Anuvratas are the "little vows" in Jain religion which are to be followed by the followers of this religion. Along with this, there are "Mahavrats " which are to be followed by the saints of this religion. There are five anuvratas which are :

From the beginning of his rule, Kharvela became a patron of Jainism and did whatever he could do to promote Jainism. As he was a follower of Jainism by birth, he maintained the glory of Jainism during his conquest also. His Hathigumpha description described his devotion towards Jainism. This inscription also contained several sacred symbols of Jainism.

Chandragupta Mauryan adopted Jainism and he performed Jain ritual Santhara in the last days of his life. During his reign, Jainism was divided into two sects- Shvetambara and Digambara. Bindusara was the follower of Ajivaka Sect. 

Vardhamana Mahavira was born at Kundagrama near Vaishali in Bihar. His father, Siddharth was the head of "Jantrika clan" of Kshatriyas. His mother, Trishala belonged to Lichchhavi tribe. After getting true knowledge, he came to be known as the master of "Kevalajana". He was 24th Tirthankara of Jain religion. He died at Pawapuri in Bihar. 

Acharya Bhadrabahu was the last acharya of United Jainism. During the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, Bhadrabahu predicted 12 years of famine in Magada. As it was impossible to follow the rules of Jainism strictly during the famine, he with his disciples moved to Karnataka. Then Sthulabhadra who was also the disciple of Bhadrabahu decided to stay in Magadha and follow Jainism by making its rule simple and easier. This next sect was known as Shvetamabara. Thus Jainism was divided into two sects: Sevtambara and Digambara.  

Angas are also known as "Agamas". The canonical text of Jainism is known as Agamas. Agamas contain those lectures which were given by Tirthankara after getting Kevalayajana. Out of these twelve Angas 12th Anga have been destroyed completely. Earlier versions of Jain Agamas were written in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit language but later on, different languages were used for writing agamas.

The traditions of Lord Pasharvanath, Mahavira Swami and even from before that were compiled as "Purvas." The word 'Purva' itself means 'before'. There are 14 Purvas. These 14 Purvas are described in the 12th anga of Jinvani which is called as 'Drishtivaad anga'. Many of these 'Purvas' were dedicated to the description of secret magical knowledge and supernatural powers.

The term "Jain" is derived from the Sanskrit word "Jina" means conqueror of senses. It shows the victory of a person from the cycle of birth and death.

• Digambar saints did not wear clothes as they consider clothes as a luxurious material.
  
• Shvetambaras wear white clothes.
  

The last or 24th Tirthankara of Jainism was Mahavira. He succeeded 23th Tirthankara Parshavanath.

Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. There are basically five vows in Jainism. The first four vows- Satya, Ahimsa, Asteya (non-stealing) and Aparigraha (non-possession) were added by the 23rd Tirthankara Pasharvanath whereas the fifth vow continence, chastity or patience was laid down by Mahavira.

Chandragupta Mauryan was the first ruler who followed Jainism in the late years of his life. He had to face famine during his reign. He moved to south with his spiritual guru Bhadrabhau. He performed Santhara (fast unto death) in Shravanbelgola in Karnataka. At the Chandragiri hill near Shravanbelgola in Karnataka, some stone inscription favors the fact.

Bhadrabhau spread Jainism in South India, especially in Karnataka. He lived in the court of Chandragupta Mauryan. Chandragupta Mauryan went to Shravanbelgola in Karnataka in the last year of his life along with his spiritual guru Bhadrabhau. He belonged to Digambara sect of Jainism. Bhadrabhau was the leader of undivided Sangha but later on Jainism divided into two sects - Digambara and Shwetambara.

In Jainism 'Jina' means one who has controlled ones senses. Ratna or Ratantraya are the tripple gems of Jainism. These are the right faith, right knowledge and right conduct. The term Nirvana is used to free from the cycle of rebirth and death. The term Kaivalya is referred to 'Perfect Knowledge' or Spiritual liberation. 

Jains do worship Tirthankara images, and they do deny the existence of a creator God (Supreme Being). However, the worship of images is a devotional practice, not a direct logical consequence of denying a creator God.

Vardhman Mahavira also was known as Mahavira Swami was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. His father's name was Siddhartha and mother's name was Trisala who was a Lichhchavi princess. He married princess Yashoda at a very young age. They had a daughter named Priyadarshana. 

Vardhaman or Mahavira attained enlightenment under a big Shal tree near Rijuvalika river. The nearest village was Jrimbhik. He attained enlightenment at the age of 42.  

The first Jain Council was held at Pataliputra under the chairmanship of Sthulabahu in the beginning of the third century BC. It resulted in the compilation of 12 Angas replacing the lost 14 Purvas.

The concept of Anuvrata was advocated by Jainism. The five cardinal principles of Jainism, if followed by a monk, is called Mahavrata and if observed by a lay follower, then it is called Anuvrata.

Mahavira died at the age of 72 in 468 B.C. at Pava (Pavapuri near Patna). He thus became a Siddha, i.e. fully liberated and forever free of the embodiment. The year of his death, 468 B.C., marks the beginning of Vira-Nirvana era

Mahavira Jain left his home at the age of 30 and wandered for 12 years before finally attaining Kaivalya (Enlightenment) at Jimbhikagrama, on the banks of Rijupalika river.

Tirthankara (or Jina) in Jainism is one who has attained infinite knowledge and liberation from the cycle of rebirth (moksha). He possesses avadhijana (super human cognition or psychic power through which he can perceive distant objects and foresee future events). Rishabhanatha was the first Tirthankara and Vardhaman Mahavira the last.

Jainism recognised the existence of the gods but placed them lower than the jina. Jainas rejected the authority of the Vedas, vedic rituals and Brahmana supremacy. However, they did not condemn Varna system and according to Mahavira, a person's varna was dependent upon the sins or virtues of previous birth.

Mahavira died at the age of 72 in 468 B.C. at Pava (Pavapuri near Patna). He thus became a Siddha, i.e. fully liberated and forever free of the embodiment. There is controversy regarding the date of the birth and moksha date of Vardhamana Mahavira. Some scholar has suggested the birth date to be 540 B.C and moksha date to be 468 B.C respectively. 

A great famine occurred about 200 years after the death of Mahavira and a group of monks under the leadership of Bhadrabahu went to the south to protect themselves while another group under the leadership of Sthulabahu stayed back in Magadha. When the group led by Bhadrabahu came back, they developed differences with the group led by Sthulabahu which culminated in schism in Jainism into Shvetambaras and Digambaras.

Vardhaman Mahavira left his home in pursuit of spiritual awakening and adopted ascetic life at the age of 30. He wandered for about 12 years and practiced severe austerities and eventually attained kevalajnana (enlightenment) at the age of 42 outside the town of Jrimbhikagrama on the banks of Rijupalika river.

Jainism, just like Buddhism, focused a lot on Ahimsa. Even tiny organisms were considered to have the conscience and were not to be hurt.

A great famine occurred about 200 years after the death of Mahavira and a group of monks under the leadership of Bhadrabahu went to the south to protect themselves while another group under the leadership of Sthulabahu stayed back in Magadha. When the group led by Bhadrabahu came back, they developed differences with the group led by Sthulabahu which culminated in schism in Jainism into Shvetambaras and Digambaras.

Basadis were basically monasteries or temples which sprang up in Karnataka post 5th century CE (AD) under the patronage of different kingdoms like Kadambas, Chalukyas, Gangas, Rashtrakutas etc. A lot of basadis are found in North Karnataka. Pillars, stone iconography and larger than life statues are some of the major attractions of basadis.

There were many different causes for the decline of Jainism in India, some of which have been listed below:

While it is true that many early followers were Kshatriyas and Mahavira was a Kshatriya, the adoption of Jainism by Kshatriyas was not solely caused by Mahavira's caste; it was a broader socio-religious movement.

The teachings of Jain Tirthankaras are compiled in 12 Angas. The sacred books of Jainas are collectively known as Siddhanta or Agamas. 

Kaivalya is a state of solitude, isolation, aloneness and detachment. It means freeing yourself from bondage, attachments, worldly desires and getting independence from the cycle of birth and death. A person who achives this state is called a kevalin.

There were various causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism: