Cripps' mission and august offer - class-VIII

Cabinet Mission was composed of three Cabinet Ministers of England

Sir Pethick Lawrence, Secretary of State for India.

Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade,

Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty

During the Quit India Movement in 1942, several regions declared independence from British rule and formed parallel governments. Ballia, led by Chittu Pandey, was one of the most prominent.

Jaayaprakash Narayan escaped from the prison and organised underground activities during the Quit India Movement. He along with Ram Manohar Lohia and Aruna Asaf Ali, took charge of the ongoing stir when all the senior leaders had been arrested. However, he also could not remain outside the jail for long time and was soon arrested under Defence of India Rules, a preventive detention law that did not require trial. He was put in Hazari Bagh Central Jail. Jayaprakash along with his accomplices started making plan to escape from the Jail. Their chance came soon on a Diwali day in November 1942 when a large number of guards were on leave because of the festival. It was a daring escape which made Jayaprakash into a folk hero. Jayaprakash actively worked underground for Indian Freedom Movement in this period. Hence, Option A is correct.

Swadeshi Movement - 1905 to 1911
Home Rule Movement - 1916 to 1918
Anti-Rowlatt Act Movement - 1919
Khilafat Movement - 1919 to 1924

• INC Working committee had passed first resolution in Wardha(1939) supporting the fight against Fascism but with conditions.
  
• INC Working committee again passed resolution in demand of full independence in 1942 due to Cripps mission failure,.
•  This Wardha resolution is also called as Quit India resolution.

• Quit India Movement was started by Gandhiji on August 8,1942.
• The Primary cause to start Quit India Movement is failure of Cripps Mission
• On August 9, 1942 every major political leader was arrested by the British.
• Gandhiji gave the slogan "Do or Die" during the speech delivered by him on August 8, 1942.
  

• The resolution for Quit India Movement was passed by Gandhiji on August 8,1942.
• The Primary cause to start Quit India Movement is failure of Cripps Mission
• On August 9, 1942 every major political leader was arrested by the British.
• Gandhiji gave the slogan "Do or Die" during the speech delivered by him on August 8, 1942.

• Gandhiji gave the slogan "Do or Die" during the speech delivered by him on August 8, 1942.
• Quit India Movement was started by Gandhiji on August 8,1942.
• The Primary cause to start Quit India Movement is failure of Cripps Mission
• On August 9, 1942 every major political leader was arrested by the British.

Mahatma Gandhi gave the famous 'Do or Die' slogan during his speech at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay at the launch of the Quit India Movement in August 1942.

Aruna Asaf Ali is called Heroine of 1942 Quit India Movement. It was her chivalrous behaviour that gave her the title of 'Heroine of 1942' movement or 'Grand Old Lady' of Independence Movement. She began the Quit India Movement by hoisting the Indian Flag at the Gowalia Tank ground. 

Parallel governments were formed at many places:

The failure of the Cripps Mission, which arrived in India in 1942 to negotiate terms for Indian cooperation in WWII, led directly to the launch of the Quit India Movement.

Stafford Cripps with this aims and directives arrived in Delhi on 22nd March, 1942. He brought with him a new constitutional scheme approved by the British Cabinet. But no body from the Congress expected any good thing from him. The Congress however agreed to have dialogues with Cripps only with an aim to know the British mind.

Sir Stafford Cripps was the leader of House of Common and a member of British War Cabinet. He lead one Mission to India in 1942 under his name Cripps Mission.

Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were the official negotiators for the Congress with Cripps Mission.

Mahatma Gandhi described the Cripps' proposals as a "post-dated cheque on a failing bank".

The Cripps mission was an attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. The mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a senior left-wing politician and government minister in the War Cabinet of Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

When Lord Linlithgow declared dominion status as the goal of British policy. This was considered inadequate by the Congress. The British government tried to put the religious minorities and Princes against the Congress. The Congress, therefore, asked its ministries to resign and in October-November 1939 the Congress ministries resigned.

The Muslim League was jubilant over the resignation of the Congress ministries and offered its friendship to the British government. It celebrated the day when the Congress ministries resigned as a 'day of deliverance and thanks-giving.'

The war situation was discouraging in 1942. The Japanese Army had attacked Burma and was marching towards Assam.

The war situation was discouraging in 1942. The Japanese Army had attacked Burma nad was marching towards Assam.

The Muslim League was jubilant over the resignation of the Congress ministries and offered its friendship to the British government. It celebrated the day when the Congress ministries resigned as a 'day of deliverance and thanks-giving.'

The Congress had formed ministries in the United Provinces, Central Provinces, Orissa, Bihar, Madras and Bombay, Later Assam and the North-West Frontier also came under the Congress rule. When the Congress asked its ministries to resign, the ministries in Punjab, Bengal and Sind did not resign to win the government's goodwill.

In Second World War when the British government of India immediately joined the war without consulting the National Congress or the elected members of the Central Legislature. The Congress leaders asked how it was possible for an enslaved nation to aid others in their fight for freedom. They, therefore demanded that India must be declared free or at least have effective power before it could actively participate in the War. Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy, could not give any such assurance. He declared Dominion Status as the goal of British Policy in India.

Gandhi wrote in Harijan on 1 June 1940, expressing that the Indian struggle for independence was not intended to cause the ruin of the British Empire, but rather to achieve self-determination.

The Congress Working Commitee met at Wardha in July, 1942. It adopted a
resolution, known as the Quit India Resolution. The resolution stated:
'British rule in India must end immediately'.

In 1942, the failure of the Cripps' Mission left no further meeting ground between the British Government and the Congress. Mahatma Gandhi felt that the British presence in India was an invitation to Japan to invade India and that their withdrawal would remove the bait. He, therefore, asked the British "to leave India in God's hand". The Congress Working Committee met at Wardha in July 1942. It adopted a resolution, known as the Quit India Resolution. The resolution stated: 'British rule in India must end immediately'.

When the change of government took place in Britain, the fall of France and the danger of Nazi occupation of Britain temporarily softened the hard stance of Congress. On June 1, 1940, Mahatma Gandhi declared, "We do not seek our independence out of British ruin".

A change of government took place in Britain in May 1940. Winston Churchill became Prime Minister and Leo Amery took over as Secretary of State for India.

A change of government took place in Britain in May 1940. Winston
Churchill became Prime Minister and Leo Amery took over as Secretary of
State for India.

In 1940, the Muslim league passed a resolution demanding the partition of the country and creation of a state called Pakistan. The name Pakistan was derived from the letter of the provinces and communities that the new country would comprise Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan.

The international compulsions forced the British government and the
British Indian government to seek some settlement or understanding with
the Congress. So on August 8, 1940, Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy of
India made a new offer known as August Offer.

A change of government took place in Britain in May 1940. Winston Churchill became Prime Minister and Amery took over as Secretary of State for India.

The All-India Congress Commitee met at Bombay on August 8, 1942 and passed the Quit India Resolution adopted at Wardha in July 1942. The Congress proposed to start a non-violent mass struggle under Gandhiji's leadership if this demand of immediate and complete independence was not conceded by the British.

The government resorted to severe measures to crush the 1942 Movement, Gandhiji was detained at the Agha Khan Palace in Pune; the other leaders were sent to jail in Ahmednagar Fort. In the end, the government succeeded in crushing the movement.

With the Japanese army rapidly advancing towards India, it became necessary for the British to break the political deadlock in India. Churchill announced in March 1942, that Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the War cabinet, would go to India for consultation with all the parties. The Cripps' Mission proposed the Constitutional reforms that India would be given a dominion status when the war would end.

All Congress ministries resigned in October 1939.  When World War II started in 1939 , the British were fighting against the Axis Powers. The Viceroy of India annouced India's involvement without consulting its representative political leaders. Congress asked for transfer of power in repayment of their cooperation in war , which the British government denied. As a result , Congress ministries resigned. Thus came to an end the nightmarish rule which had terrorized Muslim community beyond imagination. Quaid - i - Azam asked the Muslims to observe it as a 'Day of Deliverance' with peace and without any harmful intent towards any other nation.

Britain had an all party government headed by Winston Churchill. Winston Churchill was an inspirational statesman , writer, orator and leader who led Britain to victory in the Second World War. He served as Conservative Prime Minister twice - from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955. Churchill , who also adopted the self - created position of Minister for Defence , was active both in administrative and diplomatic functions in prosecuting the British was effort. Some of his most memorable speeches were given in this period, and are credited with stimulating British morale during periods of great hardship.

The Government of India act was  passed by British Parliament in August  1935. With 321 sections and 10 schedules, this was the longest act passed by British Parliament so far and was later split into two parts viz. Government of India Act 1935 and Government of Burma Act 1935. The Government of India Act 1935 derived material from four key sources viz. Report of the Simon Commission , discussions at the Third Round Table Conference , the White paper of 1933 and the reports of the Joint select committees. The act ended the system of dyarchy introduced by GOI Act 1919 and provided for establishment of a Federation of India to be made up of provinces of British India and some or all of the Princely states.

• In 1937 Congress win eight out of eleven provinces of British India. Congress decided to contest the elections to the assembles in the provinces under the new Act of 1935. In the elections, Congress obtained an overwhelming majority in most of the provinces. Congress ministeries were formed in July 1937 in several provinces, including the United Provinces , Madras , the Central Provinces , Bombay , Bihar , Orissa and after sometime in the North - West Frontier Provinces. It also formed coalition ministries in Sind and Assam. Only Bengal and Punjab had non - congress ministries.
  

Cripps came to India in March 1942. Cripps Mission was sent by the British Government in March 1942 to India with key objective to secure Indian cooperation and support for British War Efforts. Headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, this mission sought to negotiate an agreement with Indian Leaders.

On March 11, 1942, the British Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill made an announcement in the House of Commons that a member of the War Cabinet, Sir Stafford Cripps, would go to India " to satisfy himself upon the spot by personal consultation that the declaration upon which we agreed, and which we believe represents a just and final solution, will achieve its purposes, Sir Stafford Cripps was a socialist.

The Cripps plan did not include the creation of Pakistan. The proposal of the Cripps mission was " India would be a dominion associated with the United kingdom". It promised that immediately after the war is stopped, steps would be taken up to set up an elected body charged with the task of making the constitution for India and provision would be made so that the Indian states could participate in the framing of the constitution.

The Quit India Movement is also known as the August Revolution. The August Revolution was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British Rule of India.

The leader of the Satara Parallel government was "Kratisimha" Nana Patil, who later joined the Communist party and was elected to the Lok Sabha on the CPI ticket from Satara in 1957 and again from Beed in 1967. British rule was effectively overthrown in large parts of Satara district of Western Maharashtra during those three years. The Parallel government movement was a guerrilla type of struggle , and it operated in over 150 villages with solid peasant support. There were raids on taluka treasuries and armouries. The Prati Sarkar took over many of the functions of the government. The parallel government established many public utilities like a market system , supply and distribution of food - grains and a judicial system to settle disputes and penalise dacoits and robbers, pawnbrokers and money lenders.

The Quit India movement was started in August 1942 during the Second World War against the British rule. Gandhi called for 'Do or Die' during this movement. Shortly after the launch of the movement, many leaders of the Indian National Congress were arrested by the British Government. Disorderly and non-violent demonstrations took place throughout the country in the following days.

The
Indian people fought against the British government to get
Independence. All these given movements are a part of the Indian struggle for independence. This is a historical action. As a result of these movements , India became an
independent nation on 15th August 1947. So, we can say that
Independence was a consequence of an action i.e , the Indian people's
struggle for independence.

Mahatma Gandhi raised 'Do or Die' slogan in Quit India Movement. He called for determined, but passive resistance in his speech on 8 August 1942. Quit India movement was a movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1942 during World War II, demanding an end to British Rule of India.

During WW II, the Viceroy of India announced India’s involvement without consulting its representative political leaders. Congress asked for transfer of power in repayment of their cooperation in war, which the British government denied. This led to the resignation of Congress ministries in October 1939.

Deliverance Day was Muslim League's observance of December 22, 1939 as a mark of relief on the resignation of all provincial Congress Ministries of British India. They resigned in mass protesting the Viceroy’s decision to make India a party to the Second World War without duly consulting Indians. The Congress criticised this move of the League and Mahatma Gandhi appealed to Jinnah to desist from observing this day.

Deliverance Day was Muslim League's observance of December 22, 1939 as a mark of relief on the resignation of all provincial Congress Ministries of British India. They resigned in mass protesting the Viceroy’s decision to make India a party to the Second World War without duly consulting Indians. The Congress criticised this move of the League and Mahatma Gandhi appealed to Jinnah to desist from observing this day.

In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with constitutional proposals to seek Indian support for the war. The Mission declared that entire India was to be a Dominion and after the war its constitution was to be framed by an elected body which was to be accepted by the British Government. The Indian Provinces were given the right of secession from the Centre after 10 years. One of the reasons for ita failure was the provision that until the new constitution came into force, India’s defence would be controlled by the British and the powers of the Governor-General would remain unaltered.

In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with constitutional proposals to seek Indian support for the war. The Mission declared that entire India was to be a Dominion and after the war its constitution was to be framed by an elected body which was to be accepted by the British Government. The Indian Provinces were given the right of secession from the Centre after 10 years.

Aruna Asaf Ali was an Indian freedom fighter who is best known for hoisting Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement. She earned the title “Heroine of the 1942 movement”. She represented the linkage of the women’s rights movement with the freedom struggle.

The British government responded to the passing of Quit India resolution by arresting the major leaders of the Congress Working Committee. It was left to a young Aruna Asaf Ali to lead the movement. She was an Indian freedom fighter who is best known for hoisting Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement. She earned the title “Heroine of the 1942 movement”. She represented the linkage of the women’s rights movement with the freedom struggle.

On 8 August 1942 at the All-India Congress Committee session in Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi launched the 'Quit India' movement. The movement was accompanied by a mass protest on non-violent lines, in which Gandhi called for “an orderly British withdrawal from India”. It was in this movement that he gave the nation the slogan of ‘Do or Die’.

Mahatma Gandhi delivered the 'Do or Die' speech at the All India Congress Committee session in Bombay on 8 August 1942, which ratified the Quit India resolution.

The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Kranti, was officially launched by the Indian National Congress on 8 August 1942.

The second World War went on from 1939 to 1945. It was fought between the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France, Great Britain (England), the United States, the Soviet Union, It caused 50 to 85 million fatalities and thus was the deadliest conflict in the human history. It resulted in the victory of the Allied forces.

Following the launch of the Quit India Movement on 8 August 1942, the British authorities arrested the top leadership of the Congress, including Gandhi, Nehru, and Patel, in the early hours of 9 August.

Bhai Kotwal organized the Azad Dasta (3), General Awari led the Red Army (4), Usha Mehta operated the Azad Radio (1), and Midnapore saw the formation of a parallel government (2).

The Congress Working Committee met at Wardha and passed the historic Quit India resolution on July 14, 1942. This resolution was later ratified by the All India Congress Committee in Bombay on August 8, 1942.

Gandhi's speech on August 8, 1942, emphasized non-violence and the struggle against imperialism. Option D is the correct answer because Gandhi actually stated that the freedom of India was a goal that would purify the means, but he famously insisted that the means must be non-violent and pure to achieve such a noble end, making the statement in D a misrepresentation of his core philosophy.

In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with constitutional proposals to seek Indian support for the war. The Mission declared that entire India was to be a Dominion and after the war its constitution was to be framed by an elected body which was to be accepted by the British Government. Gandhi said that Cripps' offer of Dominion Status after the war was a "post-dated cheque drawn on a failing bank".

The Quit India Movement, launched in August 1942, is also widely known as the August Kranti or the India August Movement.