Subsidiary alliance system - class-VIII

In 1813 a Charter Act  was passed according to which one lakh rupees were to be set aside by the company for imparting education to the Indians.

No, With the each land revenue policy, the power of the Zamindar and wealth of British increased.

Yes, the farmers started growing cash crops under pressure from the British. The British had also annexed  large tracts of tribal lands.

During the British rule and their emphasis on the development of transport network, railways formed a prominent and eminent part receiving advances for development. The increase in the railway networks led to increasing in running of trains which ran on coal engines. This eventually led to an increase in demand for coal with the expansion of railways. Also, the rapid industrialisation and increase in railway links back in Britain also called in for huge demands and so coal exports to Britain also increased the overall market demand for coal.

The East India Company Act 1784 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to address the shortcoming of the Regulating Act of 1773.

Sati is a practice of burying alive the widows of Hindus. It was a social evil that prevailed in India society. Sati pratha was made illegal in 1829 by Bengal Sati Regulation of 1829 under Governor Generalship of William Bentinck.  It was mainly due to fierce campaign and lobbying of Raja Rammohan Roy and others that sati practice was formally banned.

Provisions of the Regulating Act:

1)    A  Court of Directors was created at London to oversee the affairs of EIC in India.  

2)    The Governor of Bengal/Fort William was elevated to the statue of Governor General of Bengal /Fort William  and governors of Madras and Bombay presidencies were brought under the control of Governor General of Bengal.

3)  The institution of Governor General-in-council was created with Governor General as head and with four other members to carry out Legislative & Executive functions.

Lord Dalhousie is credited with introducing the Indian Railways, the Public Works Department, and the Telegraph system. English as a medium of instruction was primarily associated with Lord William Bentinck and Macaulay's Minute of 1835.

Lord Ripon is regarded to have been the father of local self-government in India. He formulated the local self government and laid the foundations of representative institutions in India. His scheme of local self government developed the Municipal institutions which had been growing up in the country ever since.

William Bentick served as the Governor-General of India from 1828 to 1835. He abolished the Sati system in 1829 with the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. According to a regulation of December 1829, he declared the practice of Sati illegal and punishable by Criminal Courts as 'Culpable Homicide'. This decision was supported by an enlightened community of Indian society.

Lord Dalhousie served as the Governor General of India from 1848 to 1856. His eight year rules were full of improvement and reforms.  He passed Widow Remarriage Act in 1855 which legalized the marriage of Hindu Widows. However this reform became one of the reasons to annoy the people of India.

Before 1850, it was in practice that if any person became a convert, he was deprived of his ancestral property.  This system checked the speed of  conversions in India.But Dalhousie passed the Religious Disability Act in 1850 which enabled the Hindu convert to inherit his ancestral property.

The railway was introduced by Dalhousie who served as Governor General of India from 1848-1853. The first railway line was introduced by Dalhousie on 16th April 1853 from Mumbai to Thane. It was a 14 carriage train hauled by three locomotives: the Sahib, Sindh and Sultan.

Lord Dalhousie served as Governor General of India from 1848 to 1856. During this period Dalhousie was successful in annexing Punjab to the British administration. He annexed many states by 'Doctrine of Lapse'. During his governorship first railway line between Mumbai to Thane was opened in 1853 and in the same year Calcutta and Agra were connected by Telegraph.

Indian Postal System was developed under the governor-generalship of Lord Dalhousie. He served as the Governor General of India from 1848 to 1856. The postal stamps were used in 1854 for the first time.  

The first railway line in South India was opened between Madras (Royapuram) and Arakonam in 1856.

A separate Public Works Department was set up under the rule of Dalhousie. Irrigational works were undertaken on an extensive scale. The constructional work of Ganga canal was completed and was inaugurated on April 8, 1854. 

Enclouser in Enland were seen as necessary to make long-term investment on, land agriculture and to plan crop rotatation to improvement the soil.

Saxon Dynasty, also called Liudolfing Dynasty, ruling house of German kings (Holy Roman emperors) from 919 to 1024.  He concluded the Privilegium Ottonianum, a treaty that regulated relations between emperor and pope, and initiated a Holy Roman Empire of the German nation.

Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829. A Regulation for declaring the practice of Sati or of Burning or Burying alive the Widows of Hindus, illegal, and punishable by the Criminal Courts.

The General Services Enlistment Act was issued in 1856 by Lord Canning.

First railway line in India was set up by Lord Dalhousie in 1853, between Bombay to Thane.

Lord Dalhousie, who was the governor-general of India from 1848 to 1856, started the Public Works Department in 1848, and irrigation projects were among the earliest to be launched by this department.

The East India company failed to pay its dues to Government to maintain its monopoly. On the other hand the officials of east India Company were getting richer by their private trade and by receiving gifts. Having observed these things, Lord North decided to overhaul the management of the East India Company with the Regulating Act.

A  Court of Directors was created at London to oversee the affairs of East India Company in India. Under Regulating Act. 

Governors of Madras and Bombay presidencies were brought under the control of Governor General of Bengal. Under the Regulating Act.

The Regulating Act of 1773 was first act of British Parliament to exercise indirect control over the affairs of East India Company's rule in India.

By 1773, the East India Company was in deep financial trouble. the East India Company owed money to both the Bank of England and the Government.

Governor General-in-Council was created with Governor General as head and with four members of the Council to control Legislative and Executive functions.

By a supplementary act passed in 1786 lord Cornwallis was appointed as the second Governor-General of Bengal, and he then became the effective ruler of British India under the authority of the Board of Control and the Court of Directors.

The institution of Governor general-in-Council was created with Governor General as head and with four other members to carry out Legislative & Executive functions.

A Board of Control was created at London with six members, two of whom were members of the British Cabinet and the remaining from the Privy Council. The Board also had a president, who soon effectively became the minister for the affairs of the East India Company.

The East India Company Act 1784 brought the affairs of east India Company in India under the control of the British Government.

The Governor of Madras and Bombay were clearly subordinated to the Governor General. the Governor-General was given greater powers in matters of was, revenue and diplomacy.

Provisions of the 1784 Act: 
1.   It brought the affairs of EIC in India under the control of the British Government.
2.   A Board of Control was created at London with six members, two of whom were members of the British Cabinet and the remaining from the Privy Council. The Board also had a president, who soon effectively became the minister for the affairs of the East India Company.
3. This Act provided for a joint government of British India by both the Company and the Crown with the government holding the ultimate authority.[The Board was given powers to superintend,direct and control the government of the Company's possessions in effect controlling the acts and operations relating to the civil, military and revenues of the Company.]
4. The membership in Governor General-in- council [governing council of the Company] was reduced to three members [1+ 3], and the governor-general, a crown appointee, was authorised to veto the majority decisions.

Sir Ellijay Impey was appointed as chief Justice of Supreme Court of Calcutta in 1771.

Regulating Act prohibited the servants of company from engaging in any private trade or accepting presents/gifts or bribes from the natives.

Governing Council were established at Madras and Bombay presidencies under East India Company  Act of 1784.

The East India Company Act 1793 also known as the charter Act of 1793, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which renewed the charter issued to the British East India Company, and continued the Company's rule in India.

Under Charter Act of 1793, Senior officials were forbidden from leaving India without permission.Royal approval was mandated for the appointment of the Governor-General, the governors, and the Commander-in-Chief.

Provisions:
1. The Company's trade monopoly was continued for a further 20 years. 
2. Salaries for the staff and paid members of the Board of Control were also now charged to the Company. 
3. The Governor-General was granted extensive powers over the subordinate presidencies.The Governor-General's power of over-ruling his council was affirmed, and extended over the Governors of the subordinate presidencies.
4. Senior officials were forbidden from leaving India without permission.Royal approval was mandated for the appointment of the Governor-General, the governors, and the Commander-in-Chief.

• The Burmese
  war had depleted the treasury of the company. Due to the reduced income and
  increase in the expenditure, the company was facing a deficit of about one
  crore. So Bentick’s first duty was to economize. His economies measures were
  extensive and severe.
• Bentick
  appointed two committees, one Military and one civil to enquire into the
  increased expenditure of the company. According to the recommendations of the
  Committee, Bentick reduced the high salary of the civil Servants.

Bentick enhanced the income of the company by appointing Indians in administrative posts. The Indians were paid less salaries in comparison to their European Counterparts.

In suppression of Thugs, along with William Bentinck, one more name is cherished. This able officer was William Henry Sleeman. Initially he was a soldier and later became the administrator. In 1835, the 'Thuggee and Dacoity Dept' was created by William Bentinck and William Henry Sleeman was made its superintendent.

Lord William Bentinck was British governor-general of Bengal from 1828–33 and of India from 1833–35.He brought about many social and educational reforms like abolishing Sati ,suppression of female infanticide and human sacrifices, suppressed practices such as thuggee. He along with Macaulay introduced English education in India.

Sati pratha was made illegal in 1829 by Bengal Sati Regulation of 1829 under Governor Generalship of William Bentinck. Sati is a practice of burying alive the widows of Hindus. Under the provisions of the Act, anyone who forced a woman to perform sati would be given capital punishment.

Lord William Bentinck was the Governor-General from 1828 to 1835 in India. He introduced many administrative, judicial, judicial, social reforms in India. One of them was abolition of Persian as the court language because it was not easy for the litigants to fight in this language. So Bentinck ordered the use of vernacular language in place of Persian.

The Provincial Courts of appeal and circuit had been largely responsible for the huge arrears of cases. The judicial procedure followed in these courts often resulted in delays and uncertainties. Bentick abolished these courts.

Raja Rammohan Roy even filed a petition for a law banning sati practice. He appealed to William Bentinck, the Governor of Bengal, to ban sati practice in British India and his persuasion bore fruit when sati was banned by law in Bengal Presidency in 1829.

Lord William Bentinck passed a regulation in 1829 to abolish combined hearing of civil court and criminal court. So, the four circuit courts established earlier at Dhaka, Calcutta, Patna and Murshidabad were abolished and he established Separate Sadar Diwani and Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Allahabad for upper provinces.

Sati pratha was made illegal in 1829 by Bengal Sati Regulation of 1829 under Governor Generalship of William Bentinck. Sati is a practice of burying alive the widows of Hindus. It was mainly due to fierce campaign and lobbying of Raja Rammohan Roy and others that sati practice was formally banned.

Lord William Bentinck is known for administrative reforms, including the separation of judicial and revenue functions, but the combination of Collector and Magistrate functions was a hallmark of his administrative restructuring.

Lord Macaulay in his "Minute Upon Indian Education" argued that publication of books in Sanskrit and Arabic should be withdrawn, and support for religious institutions like madrassas should be reduced. Instead, the funds should be used to introduce western education. Lord William Bentinck's English Education Act of 1835 endorsed this minute.

To promote the use of the English language, Lord William Bentinck established Elphinstone College in Bombay in 1856.

Thomas Babington Macaulay, who is generally regarded as the architect of the system of education in India during the British rule, was a great essayist, historian, linguist, orator, politician, statesman and thinker. English was introduced by Lord Willaim Bentinck as a medium of higher education in India on the advice of Thomas Babington Macaulay who was also his council member. 

The first railway line in India was laid between Bombay and Thane in 1853. The 14-carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives: Sahib, Sindh and Sultan. The line was built in 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge, which became the standard for railways in the country.

Railways were the single largest sector for British capital investment in India during the colonial period, serving both strategic and economic interests.

John Macpherson, who served as acting Governor-General, is often credited with formalizing the designation of the district head as the Collector.

The act of 1853 was last of the Charter Acts and that made Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India. It extended the Company’s rule and allowed it to retain the possession of Indian territories on trust for the British Crown. It provided for the addition of six new members called legislative councillors to the council of Governor General which came to be known as the Indian (Central) Legislative Council.

Act of 1853 was last of the Charter Acts and that made Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India. It extended the Company’s rule and allowed it to retain the possession of Indian territories on trust for the British Crown. It introduced an open competition system of selection and recruitment of civil servants.

While Cornwallis is often called the father of the Indian Civil Service, Lord William Bentinck is frequently associated with the expansion and structural changes in the civil service system during his tenure.

Following the 1853 railway dispatch by Dalhousie, massive amounts of British capital flowed into the construction of the Indian railway network.

On December 4, 1829, The Bengal Sati Regulation was passed by the then Governor-General Lord William Bentinck. This act banned the Sati practice in all jurisdictions of British India.

Lord Dalhousie came to India in 1848 to serve as Governor General of India. He annexed many states like Satara, Sambhalgarh, Nagpur and Jhansi under 'Doctrine of Lapse'. He introduced railways in India and the first railway line from Mumbai to Thane was opened in 1853. In the same year, Calcutta and Agra were connected by Telegraph.

The construction of Grand Trunk road  was initiated by Babur but it was completed by Sher Shah Suri. It is the oldest and most famous highway in Indian Sub continent. Under the Governor Generalship of Lord Dalhousie the Grand Trunk Road was taken up and it was refurnished. 

Lord Dalhousie, the youngest governor-general of India served India from 1848-1856. He introduced a number of reforms which paved the way for modernisation of India and also earned the title "Maker of Modern India". He introduced Railways in India in 1853. In 1852, he introduced the Electric Telegraph system. The credit of establishing the Postal Department also goes to Lord Dalhousie. In 1854, a new Post Office Act was passed.

Dalhousie introduced uniform postage system in India. In 1854, a new Post Office Act was passed. Under this system a Director General was appointed to supervise the works of Post Office in all the Presidencies.; a uniform rate of half anna per letter was introduced and first time Postage Stamps were introduced.

The first railway line in India was opened on 16th April 1853 from Mumbai to Thane.  In the eastern sector, the first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station destined for Hooghly on 5th August 1854 and later on it was extended to Pundooah and Raniganj.

Dalhousie introduced a new system of internal communication in India. He was the "Father of Indian Railways." Dalhousie's famous Railway minutes Minute of 1853 convinced the home authorities of the need of the Railways and laid down the main lines of development.  The first train in India was run from Mumbai to Thane in 1853. It covered a distance of 26 miles.

Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 by William Bentinck. Under the system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprised one or more villages which was collectively responsible for the payment of revenues. The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes. It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India.

Asiatic Society at Calcutta was founded by  Sir William Jones, a British lawyer and Orientalist, to encourage Oriental studies on 15 January 1784. It was the vehicle for his ideas about the importance of Hindu culture and learning and about the vital role of Sanskrit in the Aryan languages.

India's first railway line, which ran between Bombay's Bori Bunder station and Thane, was started on 16 April 1853 by Lord Dalhousie, who was then governor-general of India.

Vellore sepoy mutiny was the first instance of a large-scale and violent mutiny by Indian sepoys against the East India Company which was in 10 July 1806. It was basically caused by resentment at new British regulations that ordered changes in headgear and shaving style and the prohibition of ornaments and caste marks for the Indian troops. The Governor of Madras presidency at the time was William Bentinck.

Lord William Bentinck introduced the use of local languages in the law courts, replacing Persian as the official language of the judiciary.

English as a medium of instruction was established by the English Education Act of 1835 under Lord William Bentinck, not Lord Dalhousie.

Lord Amherst was succeeded by William Bentinck as the Governor General of India. Lord Amherst was Governor-General of India between 1823 and 1828.Lord William Bentinck was Governor-General from 1828 to 1835 in India and he introduced many judicial, financial, educational, social and administrative reforms.

Lord Dalhousie is famously known as the 'Maker of Modern India' for introducing the railway, telegraph, and postal systems.