World population - class-XII

Deserts like the Arizona, Gobi, and Ladakh are characterized by harsh climates and low population density. Ukraine is a fertile, temperate region with a significantly higher population density.

Western and Central Europe are historically and geographically characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization, leading to a densely populated status.

The countries that are densely populated in the world has more than 200 persons
on every sq km. These are the North -Eastern
part of U.S.A., North-Western part of Europe,
South, South-East and East Asia. The marginal lands in many parts of South and East Asia have been brought under cultivation, and many former pastoral ranges in Southwest and Central Asia are now irrigated, the broad ecological factors touched upon above have continued to give rise to geographic variations in population and economic activity.

Climate has a great impact on human beings. Human beings prefer to live in a place with normal temperature and rainfall. Excessive coldness or hotness in the climate affects the population of the area. Thus, Greenland being a place with excessive coldness is the least densely populated country in the world. 

Enclosures in England were seen as necessary to make long term investments on land and plan crop rotations to improve the soil. Enclosures also allowed the richer landowners to expand the land under their control and produce more for the market. 

Overpopulation is defined as a condition where the existing resources are insufficient to support the current population size, leading to a decline in the standard of living.

By 2011, China and India were the only two countries in the world with a population exceeding one billion.

India is the first country in the world to have adopted an official policy favouring family planning. Before it did so in 1951, a number of social reformers, thinkers and voluntary organisations had desired the government to adopt a policy of population control as a measure to protect the health of the mother.

According to historical demographic data for India, the life expectancy at birth in the year 2000 was approximately 64 years.

Even with the absence of market and exchange economy, only the introduction of agriculture enabled the steady growth of population. In this period, the development of agriculture and livestock ranching encouraged spread of population from Mediterranean and South-West Asia to  Central Asia, China, India and even in far east Asia.

Many of the world's population live in developing countries already strained by food insecurity, inadequate sanitation, water supplies and housing, and an inability to meet the basic needs of the current population. A large proportion of these populations are supported through subsistence agriculture. As populations grow, competition for fertile land and the use of limited resources increase. So, people of developing countries puts strain on the local environment.

 A developed country  is a term used  to describe an industrialized country with a highly developed economy. Developed countries consume far more natural resources than people in developing or underdeveloped countries.

With the increase in population, also the demands increases. People have the basic requirement for food and shelter. So, the demands for resources like land and water also increases which in turn creates pressure on the availability of natural resources.

Only 2.5% of water is freshwater and less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in river, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater(0.003) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.

 In the last few decades, there has been a
tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water.  Approximately 20% of the world population lacks safe
drinking water and nearly half the world population lacks adequate sanitation, this problem is acute in
many developing countries ,which discharge an estimated 95% of their untreated urban sewage directly into
surface water.  The
surface water bodies rivers, streams, ponds and lake, which are the most important sources of water for
human activities are unfortunately under sever environmental stress.

Mining activities often involve deep excavation and the pumping out of groundwater, which significantly lowers the local water table.

Developed countries consumption patterns and resource use are more which puts strain on global resources.The relationship between population growth and environmental degradation may appear to be rather straightforward. More people demand more resources and generate more waste. Clearly one of the challenges of a growing population is the mere presence of so many people sharing a limited number of resources strains the environment.

Population explosion in urban centers around the world is expected to rise demand for food.  In order to meet an increased demand in growing cities, the system by which food is produced, processed and delivered needs to be changed and there should be an increase in the food supply.

By 2025, 2 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. Water scarcity is both a natural and a man-made phenomenon. There is enough freshwater on the planet for seven billion people but it is distributed unevenly and too much of it is wasted, polluted and unsustainably managed. 

With the increase in population, the increasing need for space is also turning out to be an area of concern. With desperate need for land for agricultural, industrial and most importantly urban needs to contain cities and their growing population, a direct action that we have come to recognize as “Deforestation” occurs. Deforestation in simple term means the felling and clearing of forest cover or tree plantations in order to accommodate agricultural, industrial or urban use. It involves permanent end of forest cover to make that land available for residential, commercial or industrial purpose.

Overexploitation of resources is disturbing environment in many ways. Wasting water has far-reaching consequences, which include the destruction of aquatic environments, lack of agricultural productivity and scarcity of safe drinking water.  Wastage of water leads to water scarcity. Unplanned exploitation of environmental resources has caused a lot of havoc to man and his environment on one hand. Air pollution, pollution of water, dumping of waste etc are some of the results of an unplanned exploitation of environmental resources. Desertification at the global level is the reduction in biodiversity, as it contributes to the destruction of the habitats of animal and vegetal species and micro-organisms.

The global consumption of fossil fuels increased dramatically during the post-World War II industrial boom, with usage nearly doubling since 1950.

Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically occurring in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas.

Most of our energy is derived from non-renewable sources. 80% of the world's commercial energy comes from fossil fuels i.e oil, coal and natural gas. As non-renewable resources, their use is clearly unsustainable. While these resources will still exist in the ground for many years, both the financial and energy costs of bringing them to market will become increasingly prohibitive as their supplies dwindle.

Forests naturally absorb water from rainfall and slowly release the water into the rivers. After deforestation, rainfall flows too quickly to the rivers, stripping the topsoil and causing erosion and flooding to occur. When these floods break the river's banks, further problems arise as the path of the river changes and further soil erosion occurs along the river's new path. Deforestation also makes an area more arid, contributing to droughts.

80% of the world's natural forests is destroyed by human development activities. Forests destruction by human activity is mainly for the purpose of harvesting natural resources for industry production and urbanization. Human activity is to blame for deforestation, though natural disasters do play a role. Clearing forests for agriculture is the principal cause for habitat destruction.

Desertification is a major environmental issue that threatens approximately one-third of the Earth's land surface, particularly in dryland areas.

According to UN and environmental reports, desertification affects over 160 countries, with the figure often cited as 168 countries.

Remote sensing refers to the use of satellite-or aircraft-based sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth, including on the surface and in the atmosphere and oceans, based on propogated signals. Some of the remote sensing satellites (sensors) are LANDSAT, SPOT, IRS, AVHRR, CARTOSAT etc.

Kerala has consistently maintained the highest literacy rate among all Indian states according to successive census data.

Density methods are used to describe populations. Density describes how many individuals are in that given space. We might say that there are 100 people per square mile, or 20 plants per square inch. This gives us an idea of how tightly or loosely packed the organisms are in a given space.

Overpopulation puts immense pressure on resources, often leading to food shortages, poverty, and high unemployment rates due to the inability of the economy to provide jobs for the growing workforce.

The
number of people living in a particular area is known as population of that
area. The latest census of 2011 declared that population of India is second
largest in the world. The most populous country is China having 1.34 billion
people, whereas India has the population of 1.21 billion people, and it accounts for 16.7% of the world's population.

The population of India as per the 2011 census was 1,210,854,977. India added 181.5 million to its population since 2001, slightly lower than the population of Brazil. India, with 2.4% of the world's surface area, accounts for 17.5% of its population.

According to the State Census 2011, the most populated state in India is Uttar Pradesh with a population of 19.96 crores. The least populated state in the country is Sikkim with a population of 60, 7688.

Sikkim is the least populous state in India according to the 2011 Census.

China has the world's largest population (1.4
billion), followed by India (1.3 billion). The next most-populous
nations are – the United States, Indonesia, Brazil and Pakistan.

Number of people that lives in square kilometer of land is classified as population density. It is frequently applied to living organism, and most of the time to humans.

Asia is the most populous continent on earth. It leads the ranking of the global population by continent in mid 2013. The continenet of Africa has the second highest population.

 A census is an official enumeration of the population done periodically. The Indian census is the most comprehensive source of demographic, social and economic data.

The term 'sparse' means scattered, thus, sparsely populated means a small number of people living over an area. If the population density of a particular area remains less than 50 persons per sq. km than that area is said to be sparsely populated. 

The density of the population is expressed as the number of persons per unit area. It helps in getting a better understanding of the spatial distribution of the population concerning land. The density of population can be divided into:

The density of the population is expressed as the number of persons per unit area. It helps in getting a better understanding of the spatial distribution of the population concerning land. To calculate the population density, you will divide the population by the size of the area. Thus, Population Density = Number of People/Land Area. The unit of land area should be square miles or square kilometers.

 A high population density implies that the population is high relative to the size of the country. Some countries have large populations living in a small area. In Bangladesh, people are packed more closely together. Countries like this have a high population density or a dense population. The area of a high density of population are:

A moderate population density is somewhere in the middle. If the population density of a particular area remains between 5--100 persons per sq. km then that area is said to be moderately populated. France has 107.8 people per square kilometer, so it has a moderate population density.

The density of the population is expressed as the number
of persons per unit area. It helps in getting a
better understanding of the spatial distribution
of the population concerning land. The density of the population in India (2011) is 382 persons per
sq km. 

In historical and anthropological contexts, the term 'Aryans' is often associated with the Nordic racial group.

Mongoloids,

The correct statement is that the tertiary sector contributes the maximum to the GDP, because is contributes $55.7$% in $2011-12$.

Asia is the most populous continent and has the highest population density due to the concentration of people in regions like East, South, and Southeast Asia.

The year 1921 is known as the 'Year of the Great Divide' in Indian demographic history because it was the last census year in which the population showed a decline before starting a consistent upward trend.

The people are important to develop the economy and society. The people make and use resources and are themselves resources  with varying quality of any country. India's has 18% of the Earth's  population. India ranks 2nd in the list of countries by population. 

The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A (IRS-1A) was launched on March 17, 1988. IRS-1A is the first of a series of semi-operational/ operational remote sensing satellites developed by Indian space. It was launched at Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Russia.

ISR1A was the first  Indian remote sensing mission undertaken by the Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO). It was launched from Baikanour.

Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was a 58 cm diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennae to broadcast radio pulses.

A group
of organisms of a species that interbreed and live in the same place at a same
time is known as population. They are capable of interbreeding or reproduction.
Population is the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn. The
information obtained from the sample allows statisticians to develop hypotheses
about the larger population.

India has the largest tribal population in the world, with a diverse range of indigenous groups recognized as Scheduled Tribes.

According to the 2011 Census of India, the population was approximately 121 crore.

lndo-Aryan group of languages spoken by the largest number of people in India. There are about 219 known Indo-Aryan languages. The largest in terms of speakers are Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu, about 329 million), Bengali (242 million), Punjabi (about 100 million) and other languages, with a 2005 estimate placing the total number of native speakers at nearly 900 million.

North-Eastern USA is a highly populated region, not a moderately populated one.

India is one of the most populous country of the world. India has the second largest population in the world. According to 2016 census India has 132.42 crore population. It has 17.74 % of the total population of the world.

(A) People need to be told and made to understand the consequences of having too many children. Government and non-government institutions can carry awareness campaigns informing people how they will be unable to provide good nutrition, education or medical facilities to their children if they have too many. 

(B) Incentives have proved to be an efficient policy measure in combating most development issues including population. Providing a health, educational or even financial incentive can be a highly effective population control measure. 

The following that gives the correct match of states and concentration of religious groups are Maharashtra- Zaroastrians, Maharashtra and Arunachal Pradesh - Buddhists and Rajasthan and Gujarat - Jains.

The growth rate of population indicates the rate at which the
population is growing. In estimating the growth rate the increase
in population is compared with the base population. It can be
measured annually or over a decade. During 1911-21 the population of India record a negative growth rate. 

If GNP is $15$% higher than last year's and the rate of inflation is $7$% production in the economy has grown by $15$% $- 7$% $= 8$%.

In $2009-10$ exactly $25.3$% of working population is engaged in the service sector but including construction sector it is $35$%.

Population explosion increases the demand for resources, which leads to the depletion or reduction of available natural resources.

Rapid population growth puts significant pressure on infrastructure, food, water, and energy, leading to a shortage of these resources.