Biological Nomenclature and Scientific Names

Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic is a species of plant belonging to family Liliaceae. Garlic is native to Central Asia or Northeast Iran. It is a bulbous plant which grows in wild areas. It is used both as a food flavouring and as traditional medicine. It is widely used around the world for its pungent flavour as a seasoning or condiment. So, the correct answer is 'Allium sativum'.

Crotolaria juncea, commonly known as sunn hemp, Indian hemp is a tropical Asian plant belonging to legume family Fabaceae.. It is generally considered to as originated in Indian. It is now widely grown throughout the tropics and subtropics as a source of green manure, fodder and lignified fibre. It is also used as biofuel. It is an annual plant and it is an important summer cover crop in the United States. Hence, the scientific name of Sunn hemp is Crotalaria juncea. So, the correct answer is 'Crotalaria juncea'.

The uninominal system is the system for naming entities in which the name for each entity consists of only one word. It differs from the binomial system employed at species level where each individual organism has a name with two components i.e. species and genus.

Saccharum officinarum, commonly known as sugarcane is a large, strong, growing species of grass belonging to family Poaceae. It was originated in New Guinea and it is a perennial plant. It is cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide for the production of sugars and other products. It is used for the production of sugar, ethanol. the byproducts are used for feeding livestock. So, the correct answer is 'Saccharum officinarum'.

The system of giving one name to the individual is called uninomial system. This system was introduced with certain advantages for different purposes. The rules given by Linnaeus in the binomial system were considered quite complicated. To simplify the system and overcome these problems, Heywood suggested that two components of the name- generic name and specific epithet may be united together to form a single name.

The binomial system of naming a species was first devised by Swedish botanist and physician Carolus Linnaeus.

• Generic epithet: It shows the genus of the organism
• Specific epithet: It shows the species of the organism.

Carolus Linnaeus introduced the binomial nomenclature system in his seminal work, Systema Naturae, which laid the foundation for modern biological classification.

Binomial nomenclature, established by Linnaeus, dictates that every species name consists of exactly two parts or words. The first word represents the genus and the second represents the specific epithet.

Scientific names must follow Latinized rules and are not written in 'any' language. The other statements are generally accepted rules of binomial nomenclature, making A the incorrect statement requested.

The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum L. The word "potato" may refer either to the plant itself or the edible tuber. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Taxonomy (biology), a branch of science that encompasses the description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms.

In binomial nomenclature, the first name refers to the genus. The second part is a species name.

Binomial nomenclature is the formal naming system for living things that all scientists use. It gives every species a two-part scientific name. For example, a ladybug found in the United States goes by the fancy name of Harmonia axyridis. The first part of a scientific name, like Harmonia, is called the genus. A genus is typically the name for a small group of closely related organisms. The second part of a scientific name, axyridis in this example, is the specific epithet. It is used to identify a particular species as separate from others belonging to the same genus. Together, the genus plus the specific epithet is the full scientific name for an organism. 

Cardiology is the branch of medicine that deals with diseases and abnormalities of the heart. 

• Binomial Nomenclature is the system of providing organisms with appropriate and distinct names consisting of two words, first generic and second specific
• The generic word is also called genus and acts like a noun and its first letter is written in the capital form
• The specific epithet represents the species. It is like an adjective and its first letter is written in a small form
• So the correct option is 'genus and species'.

The scientific name comprises of the genetic name followed by the specific name.

Carolus Linnaeus proposed the binomial nomenclature. The purpose of binomial nomenclature was to provide universal identification to the living organism. The system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet is known as binomial nomenclature.

Linnaeus is considered father of taxonomy and was first to use the binomial nomenclature for organisms in his book “Species Plantarum, 1753” in which he gave a generic name to each species. The generic names was followed by trivial name that represented the specific epithet and hence, the system of binomial nomenclature; option B is the correct answer. Benthum and Hooker proposed the most elaborate natural classification of seed plants in their three volume book “Genera Plantarum, 1863-83”. This makes options A and C incorrect as their work was published much later than that of Linnaeus. Darwin is best known for his theory of natural selection to explain the process of evolution. Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

On the basis of hierarchy of characteristics, the last two units of classification are genus and species. The organism belonging to same genus and species are very much similar.

The 10th edition of 'Systema Naturae' was a book written by Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature. In it, Linnaeus introduced the binomial nomenclature for animals.
Thus, the answer is option (B) - 'Systema naturae'.

Brassica nigra is the botanical name of black mustard. 

Philosophia Botanica was published by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1751 who greatly influenced the development of botanical taxonomy and systematics. It is the first textbook of descriptive systematic botany and botanical Latin. It also contains Linnaeus's first published description of his binomial nomenclature.

The binomial nomenclature of the Touch-me-not plant is Mimosa pudica. This plant is known as touch me not plant because the plant shows a type of nastic movement. Whenever the plant is touched, the leaflets get folded. The stimulus is passed from one branch to the entire branch of the plants. The leaves of the complete plant get folded in response to the touch.

• Binomial nomenclature system was proposed by Carl Linnaeus for the scientific naming of all the plants and animals. Linnaeus proposed the scientific name of plants in his book 'Species Plantarum'.
  
• In binomial nomenclature, each scientific name has two components-generic names (genus) and specific name (species) E.g., Mangifera indica Linn. Mangifera is the genus name and indica is the species name.
  

The current system of International code of botanical nomenclature (ICBN) was adapted to assign the scientific name to plants. It was adapted in 1978 after the twelfth International Botanical Congress held in 1975 to follow the rules for naming the plants. The fifth International Botanical Congress was also held in 1930, at Cambridge (England). So, the correct option is C.

An order is the assemblage of families.

Linnaeus started nomenclature of plants in Latin. At the time of Linnaeus’ work, Latin, the language of science, was taught everywhere and was uniquely suitable for this system of naming plants and animals. European scholars throughout the continent spoke Latin as a common language between various European nations. It is also the mother of all European languages.

• The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature(ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of animals.
• Rules for nomenclature according to ICZN are 1)It consists of two parts one is the genus epithet and the other is species epithet 2)The genus name is always written first 3)The genus name must be capitalized 4)The species epithet is never capitalized 5)The entire two-part name must be written in italics
• Hence Homo sapiens is the correct depiction of ICZN because according to ICZN rules it has two parts one is genus epithet(Homo) and species epithet(sapiens), Both the parts are in italics, Genus name starts with a capital letter and species name starts with small later.
• So, the correct answer is 'Homo sapiens'

Binomial Nomenclature is the method of naming a particular organism by a single standard name known all over the world. The first word represents the genus while the second component represents specific epithet. The first word of the generic name starts with a capital letter and specific epithet starts with a small letter.

• Carolus Linnaeus gave a scientific naming system in which an organism is given a universally accepted name consisting of 2 parts/words.
  
• The first part is the generic name and the second part is the (specific) species name.
  

• Binomial system of nomenclature for plants is effective from 6. 7. 1736.
  
• Each name consists of 2 parts, genus and specific epithet.
• The book Systema Naturae introduced the system of binomial nomenclature.

1. Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, laid the foundations for the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology.
   2. The theory of biogenesis was proposed by Louis Pasteur. He proposed that all life originated from pre-existing life. i.e., fishes laid eggs giving rise to more fishes.
   3. The first optical microscope was invented by Zacharias Janssen.
   4. William Harvey is associated with the discovery of blood circulation.
   So, the correct option is 'Binomial nomenclature'.
   

Brassica juncea, commonly known as mustard, Indian mustard, Chinese mustard, vegetable mustard is the species of flowering plant belonging to family Brassicaceae. The leaves, seeds, and stems of Brassica juncea are edible. The mustard condiment which is made from the seeds of Brassica juncea is called brown mustard and is spicier than yellow mustard. So, the correct answer is 'Brassica juncea'.

Cymbopogon martini, commonly known as palmarosa (palm rose) as it smells sweet and rose-like. It belongs to family Poaceae. It is also known as Indian geranium, ginger-grass, rosha and rosha-grass. The essential oil of this plant contains a chemical compound, geraniol which is used in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, effective insect repellant, antifungal. So, the correct answer is 'Cymbopogon martini'.

Brassica oleracea is a plant species which includes cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli etc. belonging to family Brassicaceae. The botanical name of Cauliflower is Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. Cauliflower is an annual plant that reproduces by seed. The edible part is the head (florets) which is used as a vegetable. So, the correct answer is 'Brassica oleracea var. botrytis'.

Raphanus raphanistrum sativa, commonly known as radish is an edible root vegetable belonging to family Brassicaceae. It was domesticated in Europe. Radishes are grown and consumed worldwide. It is mostly eaten as a raw salad vegetable. They are annual or biennial crops which are grown for their swollen tap roots. It is a fast-growing and cool season crop. So, the correct answer is 'Raphanus sativa'.

• Sorghum vulgare, commonly known as Jowar is a species of monocotyledonous plant belonging to family Poaceae. It is native to Australia. It is an important crop worldwide used as food, animal fodder.

• Oryza sativa, commonly known as rice or Asian rice is a species of monocotyledonous plant belonging to family Poaceae.  Rice is an important part of the diet in many countries, especially in Asia. Rice straw is used as a feed, building materials etc.

• So, the correct answer is 'Sorghum vulgare and Oryza sativa'.

Musa paradisiaca is the scientific name of banana.

Musa superba is the scientific name of rock banana which is a flowering plant.

Musa textilis is the scientific name of a plant of banana species.

Hibiscus mutabilis is the scientific name of a species of roses. 

So, the correct answer is 'Hibiscus mutabilis'.

Pennisetum typhoides, commonly known as pearl millet is the most widely grown type of millet belonging to the family Poaceae. It has been grown in Africa and Southeast Asia. It is the major source of food to the local villagers in that region. Pearl millet is commonly used to make the flatbread. It is well adapted to growing areas characterized by drought, soil fertility and high temperature. So, the correct answer is 'Pennisetum typhoides'.

Cicer arietinum, commonly known as gram, Bengal gram, chickpea is an annual legume belonging to the family Fabaceae. Chickpea seeds are high in protein. It is one of the earliest cultivated legumes. Gram is used as animal feed and also for human consumption. Hence, the botanical name of the gram is Cicer arietinum. So, the correct answer is 'Cicer arietinum'.

Cicer arietinum, commonly known as bengal gram or chick pea or gram is an annual legume belonging to the family Fabaceae. They are rich in protein. It is one of the earliest cultivated legumes. It is also used in salads, stews and soups. It is also used as animal feed as it is a rich source of protein. So, the correct answer is 'Bengal gram'.

• Eleusine coracana, commonly known as ragi or finger millet is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to family Poaceae.
• It is widely grown as a cereal crop in arid and semi-arid areas in Africa and Asia. 
• It is a short-day plant and native to Ethiopian and Ugandan highlands. It has the ability to withstand cultivation at higher altitudes, high drought tolerance and long storage time of grains.
  
  So, the correct answer is 'Eleusine coracana'.

Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as grains for human food and fodder. Sorghum is a millet, commonly known as jowar is the genus of flowering plants belonging to grass family Poaceae. Most of the Sorghum species are native to Australia. It is an important crop worldwide and is used as a food, animal fodder, production of biofuels and alcoholic beverages.

Vigna radiata, commonly known as mung bean, green gram, moong or maash is a species of legume family. It is mainly cultivated in India, pakistan, bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka etc. The mung bean is an annual vine with yellow flowers and brown pods. They are commonly used in cuisines across Asia. So, the correct answer is 'Vigna radiata'.

Capsicum annuum, commonly known as red pepper is the species of flowering plant belonging to family Solanaceae. It is native to North America and South America. It is a large shrubby perennial herb. It is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chillis with numerous varieties cultivated all around the world and is a source of chilli and paprika powders. So, the correct answer is 'Capsicum annuum'.

• Ficus benghalensis or banyan tree is the national tree of India. Banyan trees are found all over tropical and sub-tropical parts of India. They represent the largest trees in the world by canopy coverage. 
• So, the correct answer is 'Ficus benghalensis'

• The local name of thousands and thousands of plants and animals varies from place to place.
  
• Hence, there is a need to standardize the naming of a living organism such that a particular organism is known by the same name all over the world.
• And so Binomial Nomenclature was given.
• The first name denotes the name of the genus and second denotes the Species name.

• The local name of thousands and thousands of plants and animals varies from place to place.
  
• Hence, there is a need to standardize the naming of a living organism such that a particular organism is known by the same name all over the world.
• And so Binomial Nomenclature was given.
• The first name denotes the name of the genus and second denotes the Species name.

• Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, genus and specific epithet. 
  
• The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work Species Plantarum in 1753.
  

• Cell wall is the outermost covering/membrane of organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Their cell wall is made up of cellulose which is a form of sugar.

Plantae is a kingdom, cryptogams is a subkingdom of planate. They include all non-flowering plants. Pteridophyta is a division of subkingdom cryptogams.

Bentham and Hooker's system of classification is the natural system of clarification. It is based on AP de Candolle's system. AP de Candolle gave a new system of classification of plants based on characteristics of vascular tissues much before Bentham and Hooker's system. 

Tautonym is the taxonomic designation used for certain animals assigned with same generic name and specific name. E.g. Rattus rattus (rat), Catla catla (catla), etc. Family Leguminosae is divided into three sub-families, i.e., Papilionacea ($=$Fabaceae), Mimosaceae and Caesalpiniaceae.