Development and growth - class-XI

Per capita income is a measure of the amount of money earned per person in a certain area. It helps us address issues like the quality of life and the living conditions we can expect for specific areas.It can be calculated for a country by dividing the country's national income by its population.

Sustainable development basically refers the development in a strategic way where the needs of the present generation are met withot compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. 

The latest report of Moodys Investors Service has cut Indias GDP growth forecast to $7.3%$ in 2018 from the previous estimate of $7.5%$ due to higher oil prices and tighter financial conditions. However, Moodys maintained its 2019 growth forecast at $7.5%$. 

Sustainable development basically refers to the development in a strategic way where the needs of the present generation are met with compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own need. It basically aims at the issue of economic development with a broader perspective. 

The increase in consumption of goods and services by the people is measured in PCC. Example clothing, food, education, health etc. An increase in PCC shows  better standard of living,better quality of life of people and higher economic development of the country.

Sustainable development basically refers the development in a strategic way where the needs of the present generation are met without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own need. 

True

Sustainable development requires a holistic approach that includes the equitable use of resources, the preservation of biodiversity, and the adoption of environmentally friendly practices like organic farming.

Sustainable development basically refers the development in a strategic way where the needs of the present generation are met without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own need. Therefore, sustainable development aims at sustaining the present level of resources and providing the present generation with good quality life.

According to the article 48A in the directive principles of state policy, the government is made responsible to protect and improve the environment to establish a better standard of life for us. 

Economic development aims in sustainable development when there is an abundance of capital assets in present as well as future generations. Therefore, capital assets must rise over time for sustainable development. 

Sustainable
development basically refers the development in a strategic way where the needs
of the present generation are met without compromising the ability of the future
generations to meet their own needs. 

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a global fund created to support the efforts of developing countries to respond to the challenge of climate change.

Sustainable development basically refers to the development in a strategic way where the needs of the present generation are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need. Therefore, sustainable development aims at sustaining the present level of resources and providing the present generation with a good quality life. So it does not refer to sustaining the present level of poverty.

India is regarded as one of the most diversified countries in terms of flora and fauna. In most of the developing countries, India is regarded as one where the forest cover has been increased in the past 20 years. 

Sustainable development basically refers to the development in a strategic way where the needs of the present generation were met with compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own need. Therefore, sustainable development aims at sustaining the present level of resources and providing the present generation with a good quality life. Here the good quality of life refers to good standard living with all necessary and basic needs like safe drinking water, Hygienic environment, Clean air, etc.

CNG is a substitute of petrol which is an eco-friendly mode of fuel due to which air pollution can be lowered in few years. 

Sustainable development encompasses a wide range of strategies, including the use of clean technology, strict environmental regulations, and active protection of natural ecosystems.

Economic development refers to the development and growth of the economy in all terms which includes all aspects and has become a main and central theme of economic thought throughout the years. 

The developed economies deals with other under developed economies. Therefore, these developed countries demand development of all the poor countries so that these countries can achieve a higher prosperity. Moreover, these developed countries have understood that poverty anywhere in the world is a thread to prosperity everywhere.

 Therefore, the developed economies mainly focus on economic development to avoid cyclic fluctuation of their economy.

Economic development refers to the development and growth of the economy in all terms which includes all aspects and has become a main and central theme of economic thought throughout the years.

Organic farming refers to the farming where biocomposite known as death matter is used as manure and implements of biological pest control in agriculture to reduce soil and land pollution.

In the context of global economic development, developed nations benefit from the growth and stability of poorer nations, as these countries become markets for goods and partners in global trade.

The concept of sustainable development is rooted in the idea that natural resources are a common heritage and must be preserved for future generations.

Economic development refers to the development and growth of the economy in all terms which includes all aspects and has become a main and central theme of economic thought throughout the years. The developed economies deal with other underdeveloped economies. Therefore, these developed countries demand development of all the poor countries so that these countries can achieve higher prosperity. Moreover, these developed countries have understood that poverty anywhere in the world is a threat to prosperity everywhere. 

Underdeveloped countries pursue economic development to address multiple goals, including poverty reduction, increasing their influence on the global stage, and building internal economic strength.

Sustainable development is defined by the efficient and responsible use of resources to ensure that current needs are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Economic growth is a long-term process. Short-term fluctuations in income do not constitute economic growth; it requires a sustained increase over an extended period.

Per capita income is calculated as national income divided by population. If the population grows faster than the national income, the average income per person decreases, even if the total national income has risen.

Economic growth is specifically defined as the increase in a country's real per capita income over a long period of time.

Economic growth is measured by per capita income, which adjusts the total national income by dividing it by the population to account for changes in the number of people sharing that income.

Economic growth
refers to the process of using natural resources for the development of the
economy in order to increase the per capita income of the economy. The growth mainly measures the per capita income rather than the overall income of the economy. 

Simon Kuznets was one of the earliest writers on the development of the economies where economic development
refers to the development and growth of the economy in all terms which includes
all aspects and has become a main and central theme of economic thought
throughout the years. 

GDP and GNP are measures of total national output. Without accounting for population growth, an increase in these figures does not necessarily mean that the average citizen is better off, so they are not sufficient indicators of economic growth on their own.

The primary focus of economic growth is the increase in per capita income, which serves as a proxy for the average standard of living.

National Income refers to the income of the whole economy including all the sectors at a given point of time. It only estimates the income of all the sectors and does not say the exact figure as it is impossible to tell the exact income figure of an economy. Therefore, national income is only the imputed figure of the income of the economy. Economic growth of any nation is measured in national income aggregates of that nation.

Before the 1970s, economic development was largely viewed through a narrow lens of economic indicators like GDP growth. The 1970s marked a shift toward more multidimensional views including social and human development.

Economic development is considered multidimensional because it involves improvements in health, education, infrastructure, and social equity, rather than just an increase in economic output.

The 'redistribution with growth' approach emerged as a modern critique of earlier models, emphasizing that growth must be accompanied by policies that ensure the benefits are shared across the population.

The traditional approach to economic development focuses primarily on quantitative metrics, specifically the growth of real per capita income. It contrasts with modern approaches that incorporate qualitative indicators like poverty and inequality.

Sustained economic growth requires long-term increases in efficiency, which are typically driven by technological advancements. Volatile or intermittent growth suggests instability rather than the consistent improvement provided by technological progress.

The modern view of development shifted away from the trickle-down theory, which was a hallmark of earlier, more traditional economic thinking. The modern view emphasizes direct interventions to reduce poverty and inequality rather than relying on income growth alone.

Historical evidence from many developing nations in the mid-20th century demonstrated that growth in GDP did not automatically improve the living conditions of the poorest populations, rendering the trickle-down strategy ineffective.

The traditional view of economic development was heavily focused on the growth of national income and per capita income, operating under the assumption that this growth would eventually benefit all segments of society.

The traditional approach defines economic development narrowly, focusing on measurable economic indicators such as GDP or per capita income growth, rather than broader social or environmental outcomes.

Economic growth is primarily quantitative, but when discussing development, it is often accompanied by qualitative improvements, such as increased efficiency in the use of inputs and better resource allocation.

Economic growth is a quantitative concept (increase in output), whereas economic development is a broader, multidimensional concept that includes qualitative changes in the standard of living and social structures.

Economic development
refers to the economic growth of the economy in all terms which includes
all aspects and has become a main and central theme of economic thought
throughout the years. 

Because the traditional approach focuses almost exclusively on income growth, it is considered a narrow definition compared to the modern approach, which includes social and human development factors.

Economic development involves structural changes in both the economic system (e.g., shift from agriculture to industry) and the social system (e.g., education, health, and institutional reforms).

False. 

The modern approach defines economic development as a process that improves the quality of life, which includes rising income alongside reductions in poverty, inequality, and unemployment.

The new or modern approach to economic development emphasizes that growth is insufficient on its own; it must be accompanied by improvements in social welfare, specifically the reduction of poverty, inequality, and unemployment.

False. 

The modern approach is considered a broad definition because it incorporates multiple dimensions of human well-being, including social, political, and economic factors, rather than just income growth.

Economic growth is measured using quantitative indicators like GDP or GNP. Qualitative indicators are used to measure economic development, not economic growth.

Economic development is a term primarily used to describe the process of transformation and improvement in developing countries, which face challenges like poverty and low industrialization.

Per capita income is an average that hides income distribution, ignores the composition of goods produced, and fails to account for social costs like pollution or health outcomes.

Economic growth is a term often used to describe the expansion of output in already developed countries, where the focus is on maintaining or increasing existing levels of prosperity.

Per capita income is a purely monetary metric. It fails to capture social, human, and institutional dimensions, such as literacy, life expectancy, and political freedom.

True. 

Per capita income is calculated by dividing the total national income (or output) by the total population, providing a measure of average income per person.

Real per capita income provides some information about economic capacity, but it is only a partial index because it ignores distribution, social welfare, and other non-monetary aspects of development.

Per capita income is an important criterion used to measure the development of countries. It is also known as average income. It is calculated to know what an average purpose is likely to earn. 

On the basis of per capita income, the countries are classified as rich and low-income countries. This is calculated in dollars for all countries so that the comparison can be made. 

In this context, India’s per capita income is 1670 dollars.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

While India faces many challenges, rapid population growth is widely cited in economic literature as a primary constraint that dilutes the benefits of economic growth and strains resources.

Drought prone Area Program was launched in 1973-74. This program is launched by the Central Government of India. This program is launched with the objective of tackling hardships faced by the people living in drought-prone areas.

United Planters' Association of Southern India is an Indian
body/company that signed an agreement with China Tea Marketing
Association to work jointly towards sustainable development of the tea
sector. This organization is the apex body of planters in South India.The Association’s operations cover economic research, market
intelligence, industrial relations, liaison, public relations,
scientific research and publication.

GDP growth is an indicator of economic growth. GDP growth can be defined as the net increase in the market value of all goods and services produced in an economy. GDP growth helps to analyze the economic growth and economic development of a nation.

Per capita income is obtained by dividing national income by total population of the country per capita income by total population of the country. Per capita income, also known as income per person, is the mean income of the people in a country. 

Despite big investments during the first three Plans, the Living standards of the poor could not be raised and poverty and inequity in distribution of state resources remained stark. Consequently, the period between 1966 and 1969 marked the shift from a 'growth approach' to a 'distribution from growth approach'. Looking at the failures and pitfalls the planners suspended the impending Fourth Plan, which was due in 1966, until 1969 for a revision of objectives and targets. This came to be called as the 'Plan Holiday' extending from 1 April 1966 to 31 March 1969.

Comparing per capita income across countries is difficult due to currency conversion issues, different methodologies for calculating national income, and varying purchasing power (price levels).

Indian economy is a mixed economy.  A mixed economy can be defined as a market system which entails features from both the capitalist economy as well as socialist economy. Decisions in a mixed economy are jointly taken by both the private as well as public sector.

In the field of climate finance, green climate fund has been set up to provide fund for a healthy climate for the people. For this purpose, the Durban Meet in December 2011 was set up. 

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, commonly known as the Earth Summit, was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992.

Capital formation (investment) brings additional income/production in the economy which enhances growth. Other of the given choices do not lead to 'necessay' growth.