Earth's Realms - Atmosphere and Biosphere

The layer of atmosphere near the surface of the earth or the lower-most one is called the troposphere. The average thickness of this layer is about 14 km. Most of the weather forming phenomena occur in this layer. The significance of this layer is very crucial for the earth. It is the most important layer of the atmosphere. 

Precipitation of liquid water particles, either in the form of drops of more than 0.5 mm diameter or in the form of smaller widely scattered drops are called rain. Rain is precipitation of water in liquid state. The drops of rain are generally larger than of drizzle. 

Air pressure always decreases with the increasing altitude. The decrease is caused by the compressional effect of the air above and its density. The decrease of temperature with increasing altitude in the atmosphere is called the vertical temperature gradient.

The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, which make up about 99 per cent of clean, dry air. Nitrogen 78 per cent, oxygen 21 per cent and other gases like carbondioxide, argon and others comprise 1 per cent by volume. 

True,

True,

The troposphere contains the majority of the atmosphere's mass, including water vapor, dust, and dense gases like nitrogen and oxygen.

Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant gas.

Atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the planet. The major gases present in atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and other gases in minute quantity. The percentage of oxygen present in atmosphere is 21.

The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, extending from the surface up to about 10-15 km.

Vertical movement of air is referred to as an air current, while horizontal movement is called wind.

In the given options, ionosphere and ozonosphere are included in atmosphere.  Ionosphere consists of ions due to ultra violet radiations causing photo ionization and hence forming ionosphere. Ozonosphere is also called as stratosphere which consists of ozone gases that prevents UV rays from entering the earth’s surface. On the other hand lithosphere is not a layer of atmosphere but it is a hard surface consisting of rocks on earths surface.

Layer
of atmosphere which absorbs UV light radiations is known as ozonosphere. It is
a region of Earth's stratosphere. This region contains high concentrations of ozone
in comparison to other parts of the atmosphere. Ozonosphere is mainly found in
the lower portion of the stratosphere. This layer protects earth from harmful UV
light radiations.

The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), argon (about 0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and other gases in trace amounts.

The exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere, where the atmosphere thins out into space.

Atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the planet. The major gases present in atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and other gases in minute quantity. Among all the gases present in atmosphere, nitrogen constitutes highest amount. Percentage of nitrogen present in atmosphere is 78.

Ozone
is an inorganic molecule which is formed by three atoms of oxygen. It is an
allotrope of oxygen. Ozone protects us from harmful sun rays. It is present in ozonosphere
region of stratosphere. Ozone layer absorbs dangerous UV radiation from sun rays. It protects
us from skin cancer and other health damage. However, ozone layer is depleting
due to harmful gases like CFCs, i.e. Chlorofluorocarbons.

Ozone
is present in  the Stratosphere. This region is known as ozonosphere.
This region contains high concentrations of ozone in comparison to other parts
of the atmosphere. It absorbs UV light radiations coming from sun and protect the earth.
Ozone is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere.

Convectional currents, caused by intense heating at the equator, cause air to rise and expand, leading to a greater height of the troposphere at the equator.

Layer
where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space is called exosphere.
Exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It extends from
about 600 km until it thins out to merge with interplanetary space. Due to
this, exosphere is about 10,000 km or 6,200 miles thick or about as wide as the
Earth. The top boundary of Earth's exosphere extends about halfway to the Moon.

Troposphere,

The heterosphere is the upper portion of the Earth's atmosphere, in which gases are fractionated according to their molecular weight. It lies above the homosphere, where chemical constituents are well mixed. On average the heterosphere begins at an altitude of about 80 km.

The biosphere is the narrow band of land, water and air where all kinds of life on earth live. This layer ranges from heights of up to ten kilometers above sea
level. It is the fourth component of the earth. Biosphere is a life-supporting
global ecosystem, where each living things depends on each other and the
environment. The biosphere extends over the Earth's surface in a thin layer
from a few kilometres into the atmosphere, in very cold environments, to the
deep-sea vents of the ocean depths and in very hot and cold environments as well.

According to NASA, the gases in Earth's atmosphere include: Nitrogen — 78 percent. Oxygen — 21 percent. Argon — 0.93 percent.

Greenhouse gases,

Troposphere
is considered as the most important layer of atmosphere. It is the lower most
layer of the Atmosphere. Its average height is 13 km. The thickness varies from
8 km to 18 km, with maximum at equator and minimum poles. All the atmospheric
phenomena such as rains, wind, clouds, etc. take place in this layer. Troposphere
contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere and it composed of
composed of nitrogen (78%) and life giving gas oxygen (21%) with small
concentrations of other trace gases. Hence, Troposphere is very important for
the existence of life on earth as it causes the cloud formation, raining and
maintaining the heat balance of the earth.

Troposphere,

The layer present between stratosphere and thermosphere is mesosphere. Height of mesosphere layer is 80-85 kms. It is the layer present between stratosphere and thermosphere. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as the altitude increases. The upper boundary of the mesosphere is the mesopause, which is the coldest naturally occurring place on Earth.

The thermosphere begins at about 80 km (50 mi) above sea level. At these high altitudes, the residual atmospheric gases sort into strata according to molecular mass (see turbosphere).

Among the given options only A is true because troposphere is thinner at the poles. The height of the troposphere varies from place to place and from season to season. The height of the troposphere at the pole is about 8 Km while at the equator it is about 16 Km.

The atmospheric layer that supports life is called troposphere. It is the lowest layer of earth’s atmosphere. The troposphere starts at Earth's surface and goes up to a height of 7 Km to 16 km. Almost all weather phenomenon occur in this layer.  

Commercial jet aircraft fly in the lower stratosphere to avoid the turbulence which is common in the troposphere below. The stratosphere is very dry; air there contains little water vapor. Because of this, few clouds are found in this layer; almost all clouds occur in the lower, more humid troposphere.

• The stratosphere and mesosphere together are sometimes referred to as middle atmosphere.
  
• The layer present between stratosphere and thermosphere is mesosphere. Height of mesosphere layer is 80-85 kms. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as the altitude increases. The upper boundary of the mesosphere is the mesopause, which is the coldest naturally occurring place on Earth.
• Ozonosphere is also called as stratosphere which consists of ozone gases that prevents UV rays from entering the earth’s surface.
  

The layer of earth above mesosphere is thermosphere. It consists of ions due to ultra violet radiations causing photo ionization and hence forms ionosphere.  The temperature in this zone increases with increase in altitude.

Ionosphere lies beyond the ozonosphere at height of about 60 km above the earth's surface. In this layer temperature again starts rising with altitude. Here density of air is very low and the gases present is very small.  At this level ionization of atmosphere begins to occur by the impact of cosmic rays. Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth from this layer.  

Troposphere is the lower most layer of the earth. It extends from earth’s surface and goes up to a height of 12 km. But its height varies from place to place and from season to season. Almost all weather phenomenon occur in this layer. Air is warmest at the bottom of the troposphere near ground level. But there is a decrease of temperature with increasing height.

The layer of the atmosphere near the surface of the earth or the lowermost one is called troposphere. The average thickness of this layer is about 14 km. Most of the weather forming phenomena occure in this layer.

Argon is the third most abundant gas in our atmosphere, making up about one percent in terms of moles of gas.

Stratosphere

The Ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35 kilometers (9.3 to 21.7 mi) above Earth. The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 percent of the Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light.

The tropopause is the boundary region between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Measuring the temperature change with height through the troposphere and the stratosphere identifies the location of the tropopause. In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.

Atmospheric changes over a long period define climate, while short-term changes define weather.

The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, where almost all weather phenomena, including rain and wind, occur.

The atmospheric layers in order from the surface upward are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere (or thermosphere).

Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1013.25 millibars, which corresponds to a force of about 1033 grams per square centimeter. 1013 g wt is the standard accepted value in many physics textbooks for this calculation.

The stratosphere is characterized by stable, stratified air and a lack of convective weather patterns, making it ideal for smooth flight. While temperature is stable, the primary reason for its suitability is the absence of turbulent weather.

The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere ionized by solar radiation; it is not defined by the locus of points where gravity is constant.

• The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's five oceans, followed by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.
  
•  It covers an area of about 155 million square kilometers (about 60 million square miles).
  
• The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the world ocean basins.
  
• It covers around a third of the Earth's total area, more than all the land in the world.
  

• The diameter of the earth at the equator is 12756 km, thus the option A is the correct answer. 

The biosphere includes all living organisms (plants, animals, humans) and the environments they inhabit. Mountains are geological features and are part of the lithosphere, not the biosphere.

When air temperature increases, the capacity of air to hold moisture (water vapor) actually increases, not decreases. This is a fundamental principle of meteorology.

The lithosphere is the rigid outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

The atmosphere is the envelope of gases surrounding the Earth, held by gravity.

Due to gravity, air is most dense near the surface. More than 50% of the Earth's atmospheric mass is concentrated within the first 5-6 kilometers (roughly 3.6 miles) of altitude.

The ionosphere contains ionized particles that reflect radio waves, which is essential for long-distance wireless communication.

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The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase, which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the solar wind.

The homosphere, where the composition of the atmosphere is relatively uniform, extends up to about 80-100 km from the surface of the Earth.

A biome is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in. They can be found over a range of continents. Biomes are distinct biological communities that have formed in response to a shared physical climate.