Coal and Its Derivatives

When dead plants get buried into the bottom of the soil they are slowly converted into coal due to high pressure and high temperature. Heat and pressure produced chemical and physical changes in the plant layers which forced out oxygen and left rich carbon deposits. In time, material that had been plants became coal.

Coal is neither malleable nor ductile. It is brittle. It would crumble if it is  tried to draw it into a wire.

Since coal is a form of sedimentary rock, it's is hard and porous. It is black due to its prime composition of carbon, compressed at high temperature and pressure.

Coal tar is basically seen as very thick liquid used in making roads. Hence it is more viscous in nature than coal.

Coke is used in the manufacture of steel and extraction of many metals.

Naphthalene is industrially prepared from coal tar. 

Coal tar is used in producing industrially dyes, paints, photographic plates etc.

Coke is used in manufacturing of steel and extraction of many metal.

The fuel should release the great amount of energy when combusted under specific conditions. Coal gas has high calorific value.

Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Coal tar and coal gas contain more impurities than coke.

Coke is used in the preparation of water gas(A), coal gas(B) and graphite but it is not used in the preparation of diamond.

Coal gas contains calorific gases like hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide and many hydrocarbons and non-calorific gases like nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

Bituminous coal is the primary source of production of coke. It contains highest percentage of carbon.

Coal is the measurable exhaustible natural fuel. It is processed in the industry to get products like coke. Carbon is the measurable constituent of coke which is required in the production of coke.

Price of the coke depends upon the coal which is used for the production of coke. Because the concentration of sulphur and ash vary in cokes, this is the main content of the coke on which its price depends.

Coal is used as the main source of energy. Coal is burned for the production of heat and electricity.

Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. The carbon monoxide produced by its combustion reduces iron oxide in the production of steel.

The grayish-black residue left after the destructive distillation of coal is called as coke. Coke is obtained from coal by removing moisture and other volatile matter from it. 

Coke is used in the preparation of water gas ($CO+H _2$), producer gas ($CO+N _2$) and graphite by artificial methods.

$C+H _2O\rightarrow CO+H _2$

$C+air\rightarrow CO+N _2$.

Hence options A,B and C are correct.

Coal is a naturally available substance whereas Coke is prepared substance  with some  impurities and high Carbon content, usually made from Coal.While Coal is Solid mass in physical appearance, Coke is Porous ( it means that it has large surface area ).

So the density of coal is more than the coke as coke is porous which has large surface area.

Hence option A is correct.

Peat is  first stage of transformation. Which contains 60% carbon and impurities like sufficient volatile matter and lot of moisture. It burns like wood, gives less heat, emits more smoke and leaves a lot of ash.

Coal is the substance composed of mainly carbon. Hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen also present as impurities. Anthracite has the most carbon, while lignite is the lowest in carbon, but highest in hydrogen and oxygen.

Ratio of primary air to secondary air increases with increase in the rank of coal because the ratio of fixed carbon to volatile matter increases.

Most of the carbon structures in
the organic part of the coal are “alkylaromatics”, that is aromatic
cores with aliphatic appendages like benzene, naphthelene and anthracene.
coal is heated in several
different processes, all of which produce gases, liquids, asphaltic
solids, and crude carbon charcoal. These are processed furthur to give
several industrial products, invariably consisting of inseparable
mixtures of organic compounds.

Napthalene balls used to repel moth and other insects are also obtained from coal tar. These days Bitumen, a petroleum product is used in place of coal tar for metalling roads. The gases present in coal gas are combustible.

When substances of vegetable origin, e.g. coal, oil shale, peat or wood, are heated in the absence of air (dry distillation), they decompose into gas, liquid products and solid residue coke/charcoal.

Coal tar is the destructive distillation of bituminous coal. Coal tar is distilled into many fractions to yield a number of useful organic products like benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, anthracene, etc.

Generally coal mine and coal gas contain Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and other hydrocarbons.

Coke can be used both as a fuel and a reducing agent. The combustion of coke (carbon) is highly exothermic and releases a huge amount of energy. Hence, coke is a fuel. Carbon itself is easily oxidized to $CO$ and $CO _2$. $C$ can easily reduce several metal oxides to metal.

Syngas or synthesis gas is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of H, CO and very small carbon dioxide. The reaction between coke and steam is highly endothermic and when the coke bed is cooled to a normal temperature the steam is replaced by a blast of air.

Coal tars are complex and variable mixtures of phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heterocyclic compounds. Hence have unpleasant smell.

Coking is the process used industrially to produce coke. They produce many compounds which are very useful industrially.

Synthesis gas is made by passing steam over a red-hot carbon fuel such as coke, Water gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced from synthesis gas
$ H _2O + C\rightarrow  CO + H _2(\delta H = +131KJ/mol)$
Synthesis gas is a useful product, but requires careful handling due to its flammability and the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Synthesis gas is made by passing steam over a red-hot carbon fuel such as coke:
$H _2O + C \rightarrow  H _2  + CO ( \delta H =+131KJ/mol) $
Synthesis gas is a useful product, but requires careful handling due to its flammability and the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning

Coal tar is to make plastics, paints, dyes, naphthalene balls and explosives, Pharmaceutical Industry.

Coal gas, gaseous mixture—mainly hydrogen ($H _2$), methane ($CH _4$), and carbon monoxide  ($CO$) — formed by the destructive distillation (i.e., heating in the absence of air) of bituminous coal and used as a fuel. Sometimes steam is added to react with the hot coke, thus increasing the yield of gas. Coal tar and coke are obtained as by-products.

Water gas. Water gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced from synthesis gas. Synthesis gas is a useful product, but requires careful handling due to its flammability and the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.

A solid fuel formed by heating coal in the absence of air is coke. Coke is black colored, tough porous substance. It is pure carbon. It has applications in steel manufacture and in the metallurgy.

Coke is a better fuel because coke  produces more heat on burning as compared to coal. Coke has higher calorific value than coal. When equal masses of coke and coal are bunt, coke produces more heat. Also when coke is burnt, smoke is not obtained whereas coal produces smoke on coal.

Coke is used in the preparation of producer gas which is a mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen. Producer gas is produced by passing air over red-hot coke. Coke is also used to manufacture water gas.

Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. Town gas is a more general term referring to manufactured gaseous fuels produced for sale to consumers and municipalities.

Natural coke is also called as carbonite coke. It is formed by metamorphism from bituminous coal when intrusive igneous rock cuts across vein of coal.

Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of extremely high viscosity. Coal tar is among the by-products when coal is carbonized to make coke or gasified to make coal gas.

Coal tar is also known as liquor carbonis detergents (LCD), and liquor picis carbonis  (LPC), can be used in medicated shampoo, soap and ointment, as a treatment for dandruff and psoriasis, as well as used to kill and repel head lice.

Fixed carbon is the fuel portion of the coke. The higher the fixed carbon, the higher is the thermal value of coke.

Calcinated petcoke (CPC) has highest carbon purity and is used to manufacture aluminium, graphite electrodes, steel, titanium dioxide and other carbon consuming industries.

Foundry coke is a type of hard coke which is used for the production of cast iron and ductile products. It is an excellent source of heat and therefore it is used in industrial boilers and furnaces.

Coal tar belongs to a class of drugs known as keratoplastics. It works by causing the skin to shed dead cells from its top layer and slow down the growth of skin cells. This effect decreases scaling and dryness. Coal tar can also decrease itchiness from these skin conditions.

Various phenolic coal tar derivatives have analgesic (pain-killer) properties. These include acetanilide, phenacetin, and paracetamol (acetaminophen). Paracetamol is the only coal-tar derived analgesic still in use today, but industrial phenol is now usually synthesized from crude oil rather than coal tar.

Coke and coal tar are produced as by-product in production of coal gas.

Coal tar, a principal liquid product resulting from the carbonization of coal, i.e., the heating of coal in the absence of air, at higher temperatures.

Tar bases are the alkaline constituents of distillate oils, remaining after tar acids have been removed. One of the base that is recovered is pyridine, a colourless nitrogenous liquid that has a pungent odour and produces derivatives that are of pharmaceutical value. 

Coal gas can be made by two processes: carbonization or gasification. Carbonization refers to the devolatilization of an organic feedstock to yield gas and char. Gasification is the process of subjecting a feedstock to chemical reactions that produce gas.

Tar bases are the alkaline constituents of distillate oils, remaining after tar acids have been removed. One of the base that is recovered is pyridine, a colourless nitrogenous liquid that has a pungent odour and produces derivatives that are of pharmaceutical value. Pitch is the material remaining after the removal of pyridine and other distillates. It is useful in the aluminium industry for the manufacture of electrodes.

Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. Town gas is a more general term referring to manufactured gaseous fuels produced for sale to consumers and municipalities.
Coal gas contains a variety of calorific gases including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and volatile hydrocarbons together with small quantities of non-calorific gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

Cokes are generally available in four different forms. That is honeycomb, needle, sponge and shot coke.

The coke which contain less quantity of ash, sulfur and high quantity of carbon is called as pure coke.

Carbonisation is the procedure in which carbon dioxide is added to the coke to make it smokeless.

Combustion reaction of coke is a exothermic reaction in which heat is removed from the reaction mixture.

Naphthalene which is used to repel moths and other insects is obtained from coal tar.
Coal tar is a thick black liquid. It is obtained from the distillation of bituminous coal. It contains benzene, naphthalene, phenols, aniline, and many other organic chemicals.

Coal is a fossil fuel that forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite.The most significant uses of coal are in electricity generation, steel production, cement manufacturing and as a liquid fuel.

A non-renewable resource is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption. Most fossil fuels, such as oil, natural gas and coal are considered nonrenewable resources in that their use is not sustainable because their formation takes billions of years.

When heated in air, coal burns and produces mainly carbon dioxide gas.

False.
Calorific value of coal is higher than that of wood.

The black thick liquid with unpleasant smell is known as coal tar.

Coal tar is obtained by cooling the gas that is formed during the destructive distillation of coal to approximately ambient temperature. It is a black, viscous liquid composed primarily of a complex mixture of condensed-ring aromatic hydrocarbons.

Coal tar which is main source of organic compounds is obtained as by product during the destructive distillation of coal.

Coal tar is a thick black liquid which is the  by-product of the production of coal gas and coke by the ddestructive distillation of coal which  contains benzene, naphthalene. Coal tar is used for medical and industrial purposes. However, coal is also known as cutar.

Hence option C is correct.

100 watts = 0.1 KW

The main constituent of pitch during destructive distillation of coal tar is carbon in various other forms.

Hence option C is correct.