Fundamental duties and directive principles - class-X

Option B is the correct answer. Article 50 of Constitution of India is a directive principle of state policy. It gives a direction to the State to keep Judiciary independent of the Executive, particularly in judicial appointments.

Option A is the correct answer. In Golaknath Case, the Supreme Court restored the primacy of the Fundamental Rights over the Directive Principles of State Policy. Golaknath case was a 1967 Indian Supreme Court case, in which the Court ruled that Parliament could not curtail any of the Fundamental Rights in the Constitution.

Article 31-B was inserted by the First Constitutional(Amendment) Act 1951. Article 31-B of the Constitution of lndia ensured that any law in the Ninth Schedule could not be challenged in courts and Government can rationalize its programme of social engineering by reforming land and agrarian laws. 

Bonded labour is a practice where a labourer has to work for the money lender for the repayment of the loan or debt. It is a kind of pledge to provide service at the will, whims and desire of the money lender.

Article 19 of the Constitution of India entails the provision of the right to freedom and in further clauses lays down six freedoms granted by the Constitution which includes right to freedom of speech and expression, right to assembly, right to move freely and reside anywhere in the country, right to freedom of profession and occupation etc.

The Directive Principles are the guidelines to be followed by the government in the governance of the country. These principles give directions and instructions to legislators and government authorities to keep them in mind while making or implementing policies. They are called Directive Principles because the government has to keep these in mind while making laws.

"To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform" is one of the fundamental duties of the people of the Republic of India, according to the Constitution of India.

One of the duties of Indian citizens is to safeguard public property and to abjure violence. Amassing property is not a fundamental duty of an Indian citizen. 

The indian Constitution originally did not include fundamental duties. 10 fundamental duties were added by the 42nd Amendment act of 1976 and 1 more was added by the 86th CAA. These are moral obligations on the citizens of the country and are non-justiciable. As of now, there are 11 fundamental duties included in Part IV(A) of the Indian Constitution.

Planning in India derives its objectives and social premises from the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution. The Planning Commission was set up by a Resolution of the Government of India in March 1950 in pursuance of declared objectives of the Government to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient exploitation of the resources of the country. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Chairman of the Planning Commission. At present, Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi is the Chairman of the Planning Commission.

The Fundamental Duties or National Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year. It shall be the duty of every citizen of India :

1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture and  to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures.
7. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
8. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
9. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.

The Directive Principles are the guidelines to be followed by the government in the governance of the country. Part IV of the Constitution has the Directive Principles of State Policy under Articles 36 to 51. They are called Directive Principles because the government has to keep these in mind while making laws. Articles 39 to 51 contain Directive Principles. 

Option C is incorrect. It is not enforced through law.

Directive principles are the ideals which if followed establishes a welfare state.   These set of principles are included in the part-IV of Indian constitution. These are the values like paying equal wages to men and women, avoiding liquor, free compulsory education for children, equitable distribution of wealth etc.

The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the
42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh
Committee that was constituted by the Government of India earlier that
year to study the question of amending the Constitution. The
recommendations were passed in 1976 and came into effect on 3rd January,
1977. Originally ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased
to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002.

The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year. Originally ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years.

India borrowed the Directive Principles of State Policy from Irish Constitution of 1937 which itself had borrowed it from Spanish Constitution. Further, the Government of India Act had some instruments of Instructions which became the immediate source of Directive Principles of State Policy.

Directive Principles of State Policies are not enforceable in a court of law. They were made non-justifiable keeping in view that the state may not have resources to implement them.

The current Constitution of France was adopted on 4 October 1958. It is typically called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, and replaced that of the Fourth Republic dating from 1946. Features of the constitution adopted from the constitution of France are:

1. The ideals of Republic in the Preamble
2. The ideals of liberty in the Preamble
3. The ideals of equality in the Preamble
4. The ideals of fraternity in the Preamble

The Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens have been included in the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment. The 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as the Constitution Act, 1976, was enacted during the Emergency by the Indian national Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi.

The Directive Principles of State Policy are the guidelines or principles given to the federal institutes governing the state of India, to be kept in citation while framing laws and policies. These provisions, contained in Part IV of the Constitution of India, are not enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down therein are considered irrefutable in the governance of the country, making it the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws to establish a just society in the country.

The Gandhian principles are incorporated in the Constitution based on the socio-economic programme enunciated by Mahatma Gandhi during the long-drawn freedom struggle. Important principles are the following:

1. Article 40: Organization of village Panchayats;
2. Article 43: Promotion of cottage industries;
3. Article 46: Promotion and protection of interests of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker sections of the society and to protect them from social injustice and exploitation;
4. Article 47: Prohibition of consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health;
5. Article 48: Prohibition of slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle and to improve their breeds.

Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable in nature i.e. they can’t be taken to court of law if they are not followed. They lack legal sanction & direct enforcement. These duties are in the nature of a code of conduct. Since they are nonjusticiable, there is no legal sanction behind them. 

The fundamental duty of the citizen, according to the Indian Constitution, is to value and preserve the rich heritage of our culture. It is very important to do so because India has a great history of rulers and is bestowed with different art and architecture, which shows past glory of the country. There is a great need to protect such glory.

Fundamental Duties were not originally present in the Indian Constitution. 10 of them were added by 42nd CAA and 1 more was added by the 86th CAA. they are moral obligations placed on the citizens but are non-justiciable in nature. They are listed under Part IV, Article 51(A) of the Indian Constitution.

Originally, the Constitution had Fundamental Rights (Part III) Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV). 10 fundamental duties were added by the 42nd Amendment act of 1976 and 1 more was added by the 86th CAA. These are moral obligations on the citizens of the country and are non-justiciable. As of now, there are 11 fundamental duties included in Part IV(A) of the Indian Constitution.

To serve and safeguard the country is a fundamental duty. Equal pay for equal work, common civil code for country and establishment of Gram Panchayats are Directive Principles of State Policy.

Many features of the Indian Constituion are borrowed from various countries of the world. Directive Principles of State Policy are borrowed from the Irish Constitution. They are general guidelines for framing of laws. they are non-justiciable and non-enforceable in nature.

The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy was borrowed from the Irish Constitution. The makers of the Constitution of India were influenced by the Irish nationalist movement, particularly the Irish Home Rule Movement. Hence, the Directive Principles of the Indian constitution have been greatly influenced by the Directive Principles of Social Policy. Hence, Option A is correct.

42nd Amendment Act added 10 fundamental duties to the Indian Constitution. 11th Fundamental duty was added by 86th Amendment to the Constitution. To preserve our rich heritage, integrity of the country and follow noble ideas of our national struggle are some of the fundamental duties.

Fundamental Duties are moral obligations on the citizens of the country and are non-justiciable. As of now, there are 11 fundamental duties included in Part IV(A) of the Indian Constitution. Some of them are as below:

Fundamental Duties are moral obligations on the citizens of the country. They are non-enforceable in nature but should be fulfilled at own's will. As of now, there are 11 fundamental duties in Part IV(A) of the Indian Constitution. They help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. They obligate all citizens to respect the national symbols of India, including the Constitution, to cherish its heritage, preserve its composite culture, promote the spirit of common brotherhood, protect the environment and public property, develop scientific temper, abjure violence, and strive towards excellence in all spheres of life.

There are 11 fundamental duties included in Part IV(A) of the Indian Constitution. One of them is to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.  Though Fundamental rights are non-enforceable in nature, these are moral obligations on the citizens which should be fulfilled at own's will.

These are moral obligations on the citizens of the country and are non-justiciable. As of now, there are 11 fundamental duties included in Part IV(A) of the Indian Constitution. The aim behind inclusion of fundamental duties was to bring behavioural changes in Indian citizens.  These duties demand the ethical behaviour of the citizen upholding high moral standards which make an ideal society.

The Directive Principles of State Policy are provided in Part IV of the Constitution. These are the principles or recommendation which are fundamental in the governance of the state. Constitution does not provide any classification but based upon nature they can be classified into socialistic for providing socio-economic Justice, Gandhian - representing programmes formulated by Gandhiji, International - setting goals and objectives internationally to be attained, miscellaneous- such as liberal and intellectual.

Fundamental Duties are moral obligations on the citizens of the country. They are non-enforceable in nature but should be fulfilled at own's will. As of now, there are 11 fundamental duties in Part IV(A) of the Indian Constitution. They help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India.

Option C is the correct. This is because 3rd and 4th statements do not outline the differences between the features of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. Both the fundamental rights and directive principles were included in the original Constitution. The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution, including fundamental rights, can be amended. However, the Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the constitution. 

Option C is the correct answer. The enforcement of Directive Principles depends most on resources available to the Government. The Directive Principles are covered from Article 36 to Article 51 of the Indian Constitution. The provisions contained in this Directive Principles cannot be enforced by any court, but these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. 

The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. They do not mention clauses related to prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor. So, Option B is correct as statement 1 is not included in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. These were incorporated in the constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act.

Option D is correct as only third statement is true regarding Fundamental Duties. The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. These were incorporated in the Indian constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act. These are statutory duties and are not enforceable by courts. 

Option A is the correct answer as all the statements are true regarding Fundamental Duties. The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. These were incorporated in the constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act. Fundamental duties are not enforceable by courts. 

In 1976, the Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about Fundamental Duties. The need and necessity of having Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution were felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975-1977). The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on Fundamental Duties in the Constitution. The Congress Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976. This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA comprising Fundamental Duties to the Constitution.

Option A is the correct answer. The purpose of Directive Principles of State Policy is to lay down positive instructions which would guide State Policy at all levels. The Directive Principles  are covered from Article 36 to Article 51 in the Constitution. The provisions contained in this Directive Principles cannot be enforced by any court, but these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. 

The Fundamental Duties were included in the Constitution with the idea of curbing subversive and unconstitutional activities. Originally, there were no fundamental duties in the Constitution. They were added by 42nd and 86th Constitutional Amendment acts. As of now, there are 11 Fundamental duties. Citizens are morally obligated by the Constitution to perform these duties. They are not legally enforceable like fundamental rights.

Option A is the correct answer. Article 45 of the Constitution envisages free and compulsory education for children up to the age of 6 years. The Constitution of India in a Directive Principle contained in article 45, has 'made a provision for free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of fourteen years within ten years of promulgation of the Constitution.

Option B is the correct answer. Part IV of the Constitution deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy. The purpose of Directive Principles of State Policy is to lay down positive instructions which would guide State Policy at all levels. The Directive Principles  are covered from Article 36 to Article 51 in the Constitution. The provisions contained in this Directive Principles cannot be enforced by any court, but these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. 

The Constitution of India does not provide any classification of Directive Principles of State Policy, they can be classified on the basis of nature and content. Gandhian Principles represent the programmes and schemes launched by Gandhiji during National Movements. Swadeshi Movement and Boycott Movement are some famous Programmes. Uniform Civil Code for the Country represent the ideology of liberalism and intellectuals to bring all persons under the same umbrella of the law.

The Constitution of India does not provide any classification of Directive Principles of State Policy, they can be classified on the basis of nature and content. Gandhian Principles represent the programmes and schemes launched by Gandhiji during National Movements. Swadeshi Movement and Boycott Movement are some famous Programmes. Promotion of cottage industries in rural areas is given under Article 43 of the Constitution.

Article 51 of the Constitution which is a Directive Principle of State Policy directs the state to promote international peace and security and maintain just and honorable relations between nations. It further directs the state to respect International law and treaty obligations and settle disputes peacefully.

The Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment  Act of 1976 and one more duty was added by 86th Constitutional Amendment,2002. The original Constitution did not provide for Fundamental Duties. Part IV-A of the Constitution provides for these duties. These duties serve as a reminder to the citizens while enjoying their rights that they have some duties to perform towards the country, society, and fellow citizens. The Concept of Fundamental Duties was taken from the Soviet Constitution(USSR) which is now called Russia.

The Directive Principles of State Policy are listed in Part IV of the Constitution, they are fundamental in the governance of the Nation. Equal pay for equal work for men and women(article 39) and securing for all citizens a Uniform Civil Code(article 44) are Directive Principles.

The following can be deduced from the Supreme Court judgements:-

The Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 and one more duty was added in 2002 by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act. These serve as a reminder for the citizens as the duty they owe towards nation, society, and Constitution while enjoying their Rights. It is given in Part IV-A, Article 51A.

Directive Principles of State Policies are not enforceable in a court of law. India borrowed the DPSP from Irish Constitution of 1937 which itself had borrowed it from Spanish Constitution. Further, the Government of India Act had some “instruments of Instructions” which became the immediate source of DPSP.

The indian Constitution originally did not include fundamental duties. 10 fundamental duties were added by the 42nd Amendment act of 1976 and 1 more was added by the 86th CAA. The 86th CAA added a fundamnetal duty which state that every citizen “who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years”. These are moral obligations on the citizens of the country and are non-justiciable.

Directive Principles of State Policy are borrowed from the Irish Constitution. They are general guidelines for the state to be undertaken for the welfare of people. They are non-justiciable and non-enforceable in nature.

The indian Constitution originally did not include fundamental duties. 10 fundamental duties were added by the 42nd Amendment act of 1976 and 1 more was added by the 86th CAA. These are moral obligations on the citizens of the country and are non-justiciable. As of now, there are 11 fundamental duties included in Part IV(A) of the Indian Constitution.

Our Constitution prescribes certain fundamental duties which are basic moral obligations on the citizens. One of the fundamental duty listed is to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. Though non-enforceable, it is the responsibility of every citizen to conserve the environment so as to fulfill this moral duty.

Our Constitution prescribes certain fundamental duties which are basic moral obligations on the citizens. One of the fundamental duty listed is to safeguard public property and to abjure violence. Though non-enforceable, it is the responsibility of every citizen to preserve public places so as to fulfill this moral duty.