Introduction to Australia - Class VII

Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony. ... As part of Perth's role as the capital of Western Australia, the state's Parliament and Supreme Court are located within the city, as is Government House, the residence of the Governor of Western Australia.

The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (133,000 sq mi). The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia.

Sheep stations and sheep husbandry began in Australia when the British started raising sheep in 1788 at Sydney Cove. In Australia, the owner of a sheep station can be called a pastoralist, grazier; or formerly, a squatter, as in "Waltzing Matilda".

Isolated.

Kangaroos are marsupials endemic to the continent of Australia. They are not native to the other countries listed.

Although Australia is sometimes called an “island continent,” most geographers consider islands and continents to be separate things. According to Britannica, an island is a mass of land that is both “entirely surrounded by water” and also “smaller than a continent.”

1950,

In the historical development of the Australian pastoral industry, the role of shepherds was gradually replaced by boundary riders and stockmen as fencing became more common.

Among the given options Australia is the oldest continent. Human in-habitation began between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago. It is a country as well as a continent. The capital city of Australia is Canberra. It has six states. It is an island surrounded by Indian and Pacific oceans. 

Horizontal transhumance involves moving livestock across large, often flat, geographic areas. This makes it more vulnerable to disruptions from political borders, economic shifts, or climatic changes compared to vertical transhumance, which is typically confined to mountain slopes.

The CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) developed a non-mechanical method of shearing, often referred to as chemical shearing or biological wool harvesting, to improve efficiency.

Encounter Bay

Eucalyptus

• Fleece means woolly cover of sheep or goat. Australia is called the country of Golden Fleece. This is because it is the largest producer of wool.
  
• According 2011 statistics, total wool produced in Australia was 350 million kg. 
  

Cuba has historically been one of the world's largest producers of sugarcane, earning it the nickname 'Sugar Bowl of the World'.

Gold,

• Australia is an island continent surrounded by water on all sides.
  
• The major bodies of water that surround Australia include the Tasman Sea, Arafura Sea, Coral Sea, Timor Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, Great Australian Bight, Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean.
  

• Fleece means woolly cover of sheep or goat. Australia is called the country of Golden Fleece. This is because it is the largest producer of wool.
  
• According 2011 statistics, total wool produced in Australia was 350 million kg. 
  

• Aurora Australis is also known as southern lights or southern polar lights.
  
• This is seen in southern hemisphere and best place to see is Antarctica.
  
• Aurora Australis and Borealis are counterparts of each other formed in southern and northern hemispheres respectively.
  
• Aurora is formed when charged particles from sun penetrate during a solar flare into earth’s magnetic field and collide with molecules in our atmosphere. These collisions result in countless little bursts of light.
  
• When charged particles collide with oxygen, red and green aurora is produced while nitrogen produces pink and purple colours.
  

Australia is the number one producer of fine quality wool. Even in argentina and new zealand sheep raising and wool production are the important activities. 

The official length of the Australian coastline is widely cited in geographical records as approximately 34,218 km.

Hot and Dry.

Low rainfall.

The climate of South East Australia is cold because it is a highly highland

North-East side.

Mount Kosciuszko is the high point of the Great Dividing Range, a long mountain range that runs along the entire eastern part of Australia from Queensland to Victoria. Mount Kosciuszko itself is in New South Wales a few miles from its border with Victoria.

Australia experiences temperate weather for most of the year but the climate can vary due to the size of the continent. The northern states typically experience warm weather much of the time, with the southern states experiencing cooler winters. December to February is summer; March to May is autumn; June to August is winter, and September to November is spring.

The Tropic of Capricorn lies at 23.5 degrees south of the equator and runs through Australia, Chile, southern Brazil (Brazil is the only country that passes through both the equator and a tropic), and northern South Africa.

Sugarcane is a tropical as well as a
subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and
humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to
27°C and an annual rainfall between 75cm and 100cm.

Junne to September

Sugarcane is a tropical plant, therefore, requires a year warm weather to reach maturity. The areas having temperature of 20° to 26°C and an average rainfall of 150 cm are suitable for its cultivation. In many areas water is partly supplemented by the canals.

Autumn,

Refined sugar,

Sugarcane was introduced to Australia by European settlers during the early colonial period, specifically in the mid-19th century.

Setts,

Sugar cane grows for 12 to 16 months before being harvested between June and December each year. When harvested, the cane stands two to four metres high. Queensland's sugar cane is harvested by self-propelled harvesting machines.

Uluru is a sacred site for the Anangu people. While often associated with various legends, the specific cultural interpretation provided in option C reflects the poetic and spiritual significance attributed to the site.

pressmud is the residue of the filtration of sugarcane juice. The clarification process separates the juice into a clear juice that rises to the top and goes for manufacture, and a mud that collects at the bottom.

• Australia is the smallest continent. The total land mass contribution of Australia to the world is 5.9%.
  
• Australia is an island continent surrounded by water on all sides.
  
• The major bodies of water that surround Australia include the Tasman Sea, Arafura Sea, Coral Sea, Timor Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, Great Australian Bight, Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean. 
  

Most sugarcane is grown on coastal plains and river valleys along 2100 kilometres of the eastern coastline between Mossman in northern Queensland and Grafton in the northern part of NSW. ... Most cane is grown within 80 km of the coast, mainly in high rainfall areas, which are based on numerous river systems.

Canada, Japan, Malaysia are the buyers of sugarcane from Queensland. 

1. The three main exporters of wool and sheep meat are Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. The rearing is due to extensive grazing land available here.
   
2. Australian sheep industry is mainly based on wool, and meat is a bye product. It exports wool and meat to japan, South Korea, USSR and Middle East.
   
3. New Zealand is mainly involved in lamb production. Wool and meat are secondary industries here. It exports to UK.
   
4. Argentina is another wool and meat exporter. But the export and industry is declining due to country’s economic and political problems. Apart from this foot and mouth disease is prevalent here causing damage to the industry. It’s exports include European Economic Zone and Middle East.
   

In India Ethanol, a type of industrial alcohol, is produced directly from Molasses. The Government offers subsidized loans to sugar mills for setting up an ethanol producing unit, covering 40% of the project cost thus encouraging higher Ethanol production. Since sugarcane production in India is cyclical, ethanol production also varies, thus not assuring the optimum supply levels needed to meet the demand at a given time. Lower sugar molasses availability and consequent higher molasses prices affect cost of production of ethanol, thereby disrupting ethanol supply for the blending programme at pre-negotiated fixed level. Increased consumption of Ethanol for these uses is expected to harden the prices of Ethanol and growth of this by-product of sugar in a healthy and profitable manner.

Sugarcane and sugar beet plants produce table sugar or sucrose. Sugarcane is a tall, perennial tropical grass grown in Hawaii, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Sugar beets are a biennial root crop grown in a number of states including California, Montana and North Dakota. Several byproducts result from the processing of sugar crops into sugar. The major byproducts from sugarcane are molasses and bagasse. Beet pulp and molasses are the primary byproducts of sugar beet processing.

Ayers Rock is also known by its Aboriginal name 'Uluru'. It is a sacred part of Aboriginal creation mythology, or dreamtime - reality being a dream. Uluru is  is considered one of the great wonders of the world and one of Australia's most recognizable natural icons.

The Reef is highly vulnerable. In the past three decades, it has lost half its coral cover, because global warming has produced horrific coral bleaching. Coastal development also looms as a major threat.

The Great Barrier Reef is in the Coral Sea, on Australia's north-eastern coast. It stretches more than 2,300km along the state of Queensland's north- coastline, beginning at the tip of Cape York Peninsula in the north and extending down to Bundaberg in the south.

Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie - places famous for gold mines are located in Australia. Coolgardie Goldfield still continues its long association with the gold industry.

Wheat is one of Australia's major crops and one of the most important grain crops in world commerce. Wheat is a cereal grain used for human consumption and animal feed. Australia produces around 22 million tonnes annually with a gross value reported at over AU$6 billion.

Australia’s national bird, the Emu is the world’s second-largest living member of the ratite (ra-tight) family of flightless birds. Most Ratites are now extinct; only the emu, ostrich, cassowary, kiwi and rhea are alive today. The Emu was designated in 1960 by the Australian government to be their national bird.

The Australian desert, often referred to as the Outback, covers a significant portion of the continent, approximately 40% of its land area.

River Murray is Australia's longest river at $2508 km$. However, if the longest tributaries of the Darling River, the Culgoa, Balonne and Condamine, are taken into account its total length increases to $2740 km$, making it Australia's longest waterway.

Animal husbandry,

• Australia is the smallest continent. The total land mass contribution of Australia to the world is 5.9%.
  
• It is the oldest continent. Human inhabitation begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago.
  
• It is a country as well as a continent. The capital city of Australia is Canberra. It has six states.
  
• It is an island surrounded by Indian and Pacific oceans. 
  

Australia is known for its large-scale commercial farming practices, such as wheat and sheep farming, which are characteristic of its agricultural sector within the monsoon/temperate regions.

The usual wage for a shepherd in 1839 were 50 Australian Pounds per year.

Northern part of Australia receives rain throughout the year.

Australia's economy historically relied on importing manufactured goods, machinery, and petroleum products while exporting raw materials like minerals and agricultural products.