Monera - class-VII

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms. They lack membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, golgi apparatus. They also lack true nucleus. Instead, they have nucleoid or incipient nucleus. Nucleoid is an undifferetiated, unorganised, fibrillar nucleus without any limiting membrane. They have ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Examples include bacteria like E. coli, blue green algae. 

Moneran are prokaryotic unicellular organisms. They lack membrane-bound organelles. They lack true nucleus. They have genetic material without nuclear envelope. The examples of Moneran include bacteria, blue green algae like Nostoc, Spirulina, Oscillatoria. Euglena is an eukaryotic organism

Prokaryotes are placed in a group Monera. These includes bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Eubacteria, etc. They are unicellular organisms. They have cell wall. They lack membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria. They also lack true nucleus. Instead, they have nucleoid, a genetic material without nuclear envelope.

• Bacteria having rod-shaped structure are called as Bacilli. Examples include Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium.
• Bacteria having spiral shape are called as Spirilla. Examples include Spirillum, Campylobacter.
• Bacteria having a comma-like single curve in their body are Vibrio. Examples include Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus.
• Bacteria that are round in shape are called as cocci. Examples include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus. 

Whittaker's classification includes five kingdom classification system. The five kingdoms include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera includes Eubacteria and Archeobacteria. They include non-nucleated unicellular organisms. They are prokaryotes. They have a cell wall. They have no membrane-bound organelles and true nucleus.

Prokaryotes are all single-celled organisms eg, Mycoplasmas, bacteria, cyanobacteria.
So, the correct option is C.(Mycoplasmas, bacteria, cyanobacteria)

The cell wall is a rigid layer that gives shape to the bacterial cell. It also protects the bacteria from the external environment.

Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae or BGA) sometimes reproduce exponentially to form blooms. Blooming cyanobacteria can secrete death factors in such concentrations that they poison and even kill animals and humans. It can also accumulate in other animals such as fish and shellfish and cause poisonings such as shellfish poisoning.

Most bacteria are heterotrophic, however, a special class of bacteria called cyanobacteria or BGA are autotrophic, that is they can produce there own food. So, the correct option is A. ( Mostly bacteria are heterotrophic, but some are autotrophic )

According to the "Five kingdom system of classification" proposed by R. H. Whittaker in 1969, all living organisms are classified under 5 kingdoms. The names and characteristics are explained below.

Bacillus thuringiensis, by the name 'bacillus', suggests that these are rod-shaped bacteria as bacillus is the term used for rod-shaped bacteria. So, the correct option is 'Rod-shaped'.

Nitrosomonas, Archaebacteria, Mycocoplasma and Nostoc are prokaryotes.

Kingdom Monera contains bacteria, which exhibit the most diverse metabolic strategies (autotrophic, heterotrophic, chemoautotrophic) and lack a defined nuclear membrane, making their boundaries less distinct compared to other kingdoms.

The kingdom Monera includes all prokaryotes, which may be gram positive or gram negative bacteria. They have a simple structure but are complex in behaviour. Intercellular transport by cyclosis is seen only in eukaryotes and hence is not found in monera. They have an extensive metabolic diversity and their mode of nutrition may be heterotrophic or autotrophic. 

Since the bacteria divides once in half hour. In one hour number of times it will divide = 2

The bacteria are the prokaryotic organisms which are generally heterotrophic. These bacteria feed on the dead and digested matter. There are certain species of bacterium which is inclusive of the cyanobacteria. These are the blue-green algae which can perform photosynthesis due to the presence of the chlorophyll pigments. The other bacterial species can perform chemosynthesis and can utilise the organic and inorganic compounds as the source of energy. 

• Monera is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. Until recently, all bacteria were grouped together in one kingdom (five-kingdom system). 
• The five-kingdom system is divided into animals, plants, fungi, protists, and monera. The Monera kingdom is made up of two phyla, or groups. They are archaebacteria and eubacteria.

The plant cell possesses a cell wall which is composed of cellulose, pectin and lignin. The cell wall provides mechanical strength and protection to the internal cellular organelles. The bacterial cell also possesses a cell wall which is made up of peptidoglycan. Due to the presence of the cell wall, the bacteria were also considered similar to the plant cell. 

R. H. Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification in which the Monera group is considered as the most primitive group. The kingdom Monera includes organisms such as the archaebacteria, bacteria, cyanobacteria (BGA), and filamentous actinomycetes. These organisms are unicellular or multicellular prokaryotes. There are different forms of primitive organisms which show that the evolution occurred in these organisms much before compared to the organisms of the other group. 

Monera (Monos – single) includes prokaryotes.Typically, they are one-cell organisms (but one group is mycelial). The naked circular DNA is the genetic material in these organisms. There is no nuclear envelope. The only subcellular organs in the cytoplasm are ribosomes and simple chromatophores.There are no sap vacuoles. Instead, there may be gas vacuole. The predominant nutritional mode is absorbent, but certain groups are photosynthetic (holophytic) and chemosynthetic. The organisms, by beating easy flagella or gliding, are non-motile or move.

The kingdom monera is comprised of the prokaryotic organisms. The blue green algae is included under the kingdom monera. These are primitive form of prokaryotic organisms. They are unicellular or multicellular forming filamentous structures. They do not have well-developed cell organelles such as nuclear membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, etc. 

Monera is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. They contain prokaryotic organisms which are single-celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane.

The kingdom monera is comprised of the prokaryotic organisms. The kingdom is divided into groups, archaebacteria, cyanobacteria, and eubacteria. They are unicellular or multicellular forming filamentous structures. They can show autotrophic, chemotrophic as well as the heterotrophic mode of nutrition. They do not have well-developed cell organelles such as the nuclear membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, etc. 

Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms and are classified under the kingdom Monera.

The kingdom Monera includes organisms that are single-celled known as bacteria. The microorganisms in the kingdom Monera are considered as the most ancient living forms on earth. The kingdom is divided into two groups Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. All the organisms of this kingdom are prokaryotes. These cells do not have a nuclear membrane, the chromosome is single and circular, they also lack membrane-bound cellular organelles. This kingdom includes bacteria, cyanobacteria, mycoplasma, etc. They are unicellular organisms and do not have a specific mode of nutrition. They can be either aerobic or anaerobic. These organisms have a cell wall that is made up of peptidoglycans. The cell organelles are not membrane-bound. 

Monerans include a wide variety of bacteria. These can survive in extremely hot and salty concentrations, unlike other organisms. They can also divide very fast. They can produce millions of bacteria from one bacteria within minutes. So their rate of survival is very fast.

Monerans are organisms that can survive extreme conditions like heat and salt concentrations. As a result, they can survive even in hot water springs and volcanoes. They can also reproduce within minutes. So, they can also reproduce within minutes and produce hundreds of organisms like themselves. Mycota are fungi that survive in water bodies and mostly moist and shady locations. They too can survive if they receive moist and shady locations.

The correct answer is 'false'

• Domain is the broadest taxonomic category and includes one or more kingdoms.
• Three domains of life are namely Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Domain bacteria include kingdom bacteria, domain Archaea corresponds to kingdom Archaea and domain Eukarya includes kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
  So, the correct answer is 'I, II, and III'

Eubacteria, or "genuine" microbes, are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms that have a scope of qualities and are found in different conditions all through all parts of the world. A wide range of microscopic organisms falls under this title, with the exception of archaebacteria. Since eubacteria are so normal, it contains one of the three areas of life; the three spaces are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

The eight kingdom system of classification was given by Tom cavalier smith. His classification completely reversed the Whittaker's five kingdom classification. The eight kingdoms in Cavalier Smith’s classification are Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Archezoa, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

The correct answer is A.

Among the given options, Animalia, Fungi and Plantae clearly fall under the eukaryotic domain. Protista can be considered as a heterogeneous group of eukaryotes as they consist of a nucleus enveloped in a nuclear membrane. Eubacteria basically refers to the entire bacterial population which will consist of unicellular prokaryotes. 

Choanocytes or collar cells are the main cell types of kingdom Porifera. Coelenterata (Cnidaria) have nematocysts to catch the prey. Phylum Annelida contains ringworms or segmented worms. Monerans are unicellular prokaryotic organisms.

The correct answer is D. 

Bacteria having rod shaped structure are called as Bacilli. Examples include Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium. Bacteria that are round in shape are called as cocci. Examples include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteria having comma-like single curve in their body are Vibrio. Examples include Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus. Bacteria having spiral shape are called as Spirilla. Examples include Spirillum, Campylobacter.

Bacillus subtilis are also called as hay bacillus. They are gram-positive bacteria. They are commonly found in hay or upper layer of soil. Hence, they are called as hay bacteria. They are also found in the GI tract of ruminants and humans. They are obligate aerobes. 

Treponema pallidum is a motile spirochaete bacterium that causes sexually transmitted disease syphilis.  It is a helically coiled microorganism. It belongs to the group Spirillum. It is a gram-negative bacteria. 

Myxophyceae is the other name for blue green algae or Cyanobacteria. It is a prokaryotic unicellular organism. It lacks membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, golgi complex. It also lacks true nucleus. Incipient nucleus or nucleoid is present in it. Incipient nucleus is a genetic material without nuclear envelope.

Monera kingdom includes prokaryotic unicellular organisms. They lack membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, Golgi complex. They also lack a true nucleus. Instead, they have nucleoid, genetic material without a nuclear envelope. Examples include bacteria, Cyanophyceae (Blue-Green algae).

Osmotrophs are heterotrophs which absorb organic substance in solution form.

Bacteria and cyanobacteria both are prokaryotic organisms. They share many similarities. They both lack true cell organelles. They both posses nucleoid instead of a true nucleus. Peptidoglycan is the characteristic constituent of a cell wall in both bacteria and cyanobacteria. They both posses saprophytic mode of life. They both are similar in cell division as well. 

Monera is non-nucleated unicellular organisms. They are prokaryotes. They have a cell wall. They have no membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi complex. They lack a true nucleus. Instead, they have nucleoid, genetic material without a nuclear membrane. Examples include Bacteria, cyanophyceae (Blue-Green algae), Nitrogen-fixing organisms etc.

Kingdom Monera includes prokaryotic organisms only. They are unicellular organisms. They are made up of single cell bound by plasma membrane and lack membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, Golgi bodies. They lack a true nucleus as well. Instead, they possess genetic material without nuclear envelope called as the nucleoid. They also contain ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The example includes bacteria, Blue-green algae.

Kingdom Monera includes prokaryotic unicellular microorganisms. They lack membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, golgi complex. They also lack true nucleus. Instead, they have nucleoid, a genetic material without nuclear envelope. They have cell wall. Examples include bacteria, Cyanobacteria like Spirulina. 

Monera is non-nucleated unicellular organisms. They are prokaryotes. They have a cell wall. They have no membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi complex. They lack a true nucleus. Instead, they have nucleoid, genetic material without a nuclear membrane. Examples include Bacteria, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Mycoplasma, Blue-Green algae.

Myxophyceae is the other name for blue green algae or Cyanobacteria. It is a prokaryotic unicellular organism. It lacks membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, golgi complex. It also lacks true nucleus. Incipient nucleus or nucleoid is present in it. Incipient nucleus is a genetic material without nuclear envelope.

Whittaker's classification includes five kingdom classification system. The five kingdoms include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera includes Eubacteria and Archaea. They include non-nucleated unicellular organisms. They are prokaryotes. They have a cell wall. They have no membrane-bound organelles and true nucleus.

Bacteria are highly adaptable due to their rapid reproduction and ability to regulate gene expression (operon models) in response to environmental changes, which allows them to survive in diverse conditions.

The kingdom of Monera is divided into two groups, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria. The organisms in eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that do not have well-developed cell organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, etc. 

Monera includes - Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. 

These bacteria in rainfall don't seem to cause any harm to humans though. 

• Monera is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization such as bacteria. They are single-celled organisms with an absence of membrane-bound organelles. The nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as other organelles, are absent. 
• Hence, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

Kingdom Monera is able to reproduce through the process of binary fission. It means that a cell replicates its DNA and then divides into two identical cells.

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms of Bacteria and Archaea. All prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles.

Cyanobacteria are classified under Kingdom Monera as they are prokaryotes. They are generally photosynthetic in nature and contains pigments, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, etc. Nostoc and Oscillataria are examples of this category.

The five kingdom classification system is comprised of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The kingdom Monera is divided into the Archaebacteria and the Eubacteria. The Archaebacteria group includes all the archae which are primitive prokaryotes. The Eubacteria group includes the nitrogen-fixing bacterium. So, these organisms are placed in the group of monera.

Endospore of bacteria is mainly covered with three extra layers: 

The kingdom monera is comprised of two groups as archaebacteria and eubacteria. There is diverse range of organisms which are placed under this kingdom. There are prokaryotic bacteria which possess the heterotrophic mode of nutrition in which the digested food material is directly engulfed by the cell. The cyanobacteria are autotrophic and can prepare their food through photosynthesis. There are some chemotrophs which use the organic and inorganic compounds as the source of energy. 

The kingdom monera is comprised of the prokaryotic organisms. The kingdom is divided into two groups, archaebacteria and eubacteria. They are unicellular or multicellular forming filamentous structures. They do not have well-developed cell organelles such as the nuclear membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, etc. Bacteria is a prokaryote while Amoeba and Chlamydomonas are eukaryotes. 

Whittaker has divided the living world into different kingdoms. According to him, all living organisms are classified into 5 different kingdoms. Out of these 5, all microscopic minute bacteria are included in the kingdom monera. They constitute unicellular prokaryotic organisms.

The correct answer is 'all of the above'

Plasmid DNA can be analysed using agarose gel electrophoresis. When sample of DNA is loaded, onto the agarose gel and electric field is applied, it results in separation of DNA molecules according to their size and shape. On agarose gel, small molecules of DNA are able to pass easily in the electric field. DNA possesses strong negative charge which helps in its movement towards positive electrode in the electrophoresis apparatus. Along with size and shape of DNA molecule, electrophoresis buffer type also determines the rate of migration of DNA molecule.

Ray fungi are also called as Actinomycetes. They form a mycelium consisting of narrow hyphae. They show characteristics of both fungi and bacteria. They form the normal part of the mouth flora in the human. They produce many antibiotics like streptomycin, actinomycin and chloromycin. 

The gram-negative cell wall is characterized by presence of outer membrane, a thinner peptidoglycan layer and extensive periplasmic space surrounding the peptidoglycan. The uppermost layer of the outer membrane has lipopolysaccharide while the innermost layer is a typical lipid layer. Gram positive cells are characterized by presence of single thick layer of cell wall which is made up of peptidogycan, teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid. They lack outer membrane and porin and have narrow periplasmic space. Correct answer is C.

• Monera is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization such as a bacteria.
• Moneran has heterogenicity in the mode of nutrition.
• They are single-celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane 
• The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernest Haeckel in 1866.
• Autotrophs are the organism which prepares their own food. plants are autotrophs but belongs to Plantae.
  

Monerans are prokaryotes, meaning they lack a membrane-bound nucleus (they have a nucleoid with circular DNA). They are not exclusively bacteria (they include archaea), but the options provided are often grouped in general biology contexts.

In the five-kingdom classification system proposed by R.H. Whittaker, all prokaryotic organisms are grouped into the kingdom Monera.