Flower Taxonomy and Morphology

Dicotyledonous plants characterized by their butterfly-shaped flowers, composed of a top petal, the standard, followed by two opposing petals on the sides, the wings, followed by a bottom petal, the keel, in which the reproductive organs are situated is known as papilionaceae family. This family is also called as legumes.

Diclinous flowers are flowers which have stamens and pistils on separate flowers, it could be on the same plant or different. The plant could be monoecious or dioecious but the male and female reproductive parts are not present on the same flower. Carica, Morus, and Trichosanthes, all are diclinous. So, the correct answer is option D.

When both sexes are absent from a flower or are non-functional , the flower is said to be  neuter. Neuter flowers have undeveloped or nonfunctional sexual organs. They have pistils and stamens that are nonfunctional or absent. The flowers are androgynous and the plants reproduce  asexually. Ray florets of sunflower are neuter flowers, disc florets are bisexual, also in some more Asteraceae, e.g. Centaurea.

Centripetally arranged sessile flowers on a flattened convex axis are found in Helianthus. The genus is one of many in the Asteraceae that are known as sunflowers. It is distinguished technically by the fact that the ray  flowers, when present, are sterile, and by the presence on the disk flowers of a pappus that is of two awn-like scales that are cauducous. They bear one or several to many wide, terminal capitula (flower heads), with bright yellow ray florets at the outside and yellow or maroon disc florets inside. Several ornamental cultivars have red-colored ray florets. 

A cyclic flower which can be divided into two equal vertical halves by any vertical plane is said to be actinomorphic. Here, petals are in radial symmetry i.e. all the petals are identical in size and shape. The bilaterally symmetrical flowers which are symmetrical in only one plane and can be cut into two equal halves through single vertical pane only are said to be irregular or zygomorphic. Zygomorphic flowers have bilateral symmetry. A flower that can be cut into two equal halves by at least one plane is symmetric flower; it may be bilaterally or radially symmetrical.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

A dioecious or unisexual flower bears either male or female sex organs. The plant could be either male or female. When only stamens are present, it is called as staminate flower. When only carpels are present, it is called as pistillate flower. e.g., Papaya and Mulberry.
So, the correct answer is 'Both (C) and (E)

In unisexual flower, androecium (staminate flower) or gynoecium (pistillate flower) any one of them are present in the flower. Cocus nucifera (coconut) flower has either stamens or pistils. 

 Zea mays has diclinous flowers on the same plant. Diclinous flowers are flowers which have stamens and pistils on seperate flowers, it could be on the same plant or different. The plant could be monoecious or dioecious but the male and female reproductive parts are not present on the same flower. Female inflorescences in Zea mays, are tightly enveloped by several layers of ear leaves commonly called husks. Certain varieties of maize have been bred to produce many additional developed ears. The apex of the stem ends in the tassel, an inflorescence of male flowers. When the tassel is mature and conditions are suitably warm and dry, anthers on the tassel dehisce and release pollen. Maize pollen is anemophilous (dispersed by wind) and because of its large settling velocity, most pollen falls within a few meters of the tassel.

Commelina benghalensis, commonly known as the Benghal dayfloweris a perennial herb native to tropical Asia and Africa. These show cleistogamy. Cleistogamy or automatic self-pollination describes the trait of certain plants to propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Virtually all plants that produce cleistogamous flowers also produce hasmogamous ones. The principal advantage of cleistogamy is that it requires less plant resources to produce seeds because development of petals, nectar and large amounts of pollen are not required. This efficiency makes cleistogamy particularly useful for seed production on unfavorable sites or adverse conditions. The obvious disadvantage of cleistogamy is that self-fertilization occurs, which may suppress the creation of genetically superior plants.Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

In Tagetes the flowers are centripetally arranged. Tagetes species vary in size. Most species have pinnate  green leaves. Blooms naturally occur in
golden, orange, yellow, and white colors, often with maroon highlights. Floral heads are typically with both ray florets and disc florets.

A bisexual flower is a flower that contains all the four whorls such as petals, sepals, the male reproductive structure (stamen) and female reproductive structure (pistil). Hence it is also called as a complete or perfect flower.

• The zygomorphic flower is those which are only divided into two half from one plane. It includes pea, Gulmohar, cassia, and beans.
• Mustard, datura, and chili are the actinomorphic flowers as they are divided into two half from any plane.

• The flower which has both stamens and carpels are known to be perfect flowers. Almost all angiosperms. Ex- Lily, rose, Orchids etc
• Flower in which one of the reproductive parts is absent is known as a perfect flower.Ex-cucumber,corn,willow etc.
• A flower made of multiple flower or inflorescence is a composite flower. Ex-Sunflower.

Flowers in which both male and female parts are present are called as bisexual flower. Hibiscus and mustard are examples of bisexual flowers. 

Sterilitzia reginae is the botanical name of the bird of paradise flower. It is called so because of the resemblance of its flowers to birds-of-paradise. In South Africa, it is commonly known as a crane flower.

actinomorphic flower - star shaped or radial- that can be divided in to two identical parts by a plane passing through the center. and is represented by a plus sign contained within a circle.

Hypogynous flowers have the gynoecium situated at the highest position on the thalamus. Among the listed plants, mustard, brinjal, china rose, lupin, gram, bean, chilli, petunia, tomato, and withania are hypogynous, totaling ten.

Cloves are the dried flower buds of an evergreen tree native to eastern Indonesia. Cloves are a versatile spice that can be used in drinks and in both sweet and savoury dishes. 

Biennials are plants, that complete their life cycle in two growing seasons. They produce rosettes of leaves and sometimes the stems the first year, but do not flower until the second, after which they die.

An unisexual flower contains either only stamens or only carpels. Coconut, papaya, and maize all possess unisexual flowers, whereas Gulmohor possesses bisexual (complete) flowers.

In floral formulas, a zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) flower is represented by the percent symbol (%), while an actinomorphic (radically symmetrical) flower is represented by a circle with a plus sign or an asterisk symbol.

Classification of higher plants  is based on  floral characters, because floral characters are more stable and permanent.

An incomplete flower is defined as a flower that lacks one or more of the four standard floral whorls, which are calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.

In a hypogynous flower, the gynoecium occupies the highest position while the other floral parts are inserted below it, and the thalamus is typically conical or convex shaped.

A bisexual flower is a flower that contains all the four whorls such as petals, sepals, the male reproductive structure (stamen) and female reproductive structure (pistil). Hence it is also called as a complete or perfect flower. 

Unisexual flower is the one that possesses either stamens or carpels but not both.
Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B), 'Unisexual flowers possess both stamen and pistil'.

After fertilization, the ovary of the flower usually develops into the fruit. Fruits are generally associated with having a sweet taste; however, not all fruits are sweet. The term "fruit" is used for a ripened ovary. In most cases, flowers in which fertilization has taken place will develop into fruits, while unfertilized flowers will not. The fruit encloses the seeds and the developing embryo, thereby providing it with protection. Flowers are bisexual only sometimes. Only some flowers take part in sexual reproduction. Flowers are produced only by angiosperms. 

Flowers are zygomorphic in Gulmohar. Zygomorphic flowers are the flowers which can be divided in one particular plane into two equal halves. The other examples of zygomorphic flowers are pea, bean etc. 

The receptacle is flattened at the top and bears numerous sessile flowers in centripetal order in Capitulum. A capitulum or head, the characteristic inflorescence of the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Depending on the tribe, the inflorescence may consist of ray flowers, disk flowers or both ray and disk flowers. The ovary of each flower is situated below the attachment of the corolla and stamens, a condition referred to as epigynous or inferior. Sunflower bear one or several to many wide, terminal capitula (flower heads) with bright yellow ray florets at the outside and yellow or maroon disc florets inside. Several ornamental cultivars have red-colored ray florets capitulum can be used as an exact synonym for pseudanthium and flower head, however its use is generally but not always restricted to the Asteraceae family. At least one source defines it as a small flower head. Flower head is a special type of inflorescence in which anything from a small cluster to hundreds or sometimes thousands of flowers are grouped together to form a single flower-like structure. Pseudanthia take various forms. The individual flowers of a pseudanthium commonly are called as florets.
Therefore, the correct option is D.

A single naked female flower is surrounded by five scorpioid cyme of male flowers in Cyathium. The inconspicuous male flowers occur in clusters and are reduced to a single red stamen, while the female flower consists of a single ovary (pistil) on a stalk (pedicel). Cyathium inflorescence shows the presence of achlamydeous flowers. 
Achlamydeous flowers are flowers without a perianth. The cyathia are sometimes solitary but are usually in cymes, inflorescences of the second order, in pseudumbels, on dichotomously branched stalks or in so-called simple cymes which consist of one central and two lateral cyathia. The showy, red, modified leaves of these plants are not petals. In fact, they are not even part of the true flowers. They surround clusters of small, greenish, cup-shaped structures called as cyathia. Each cyathium is actually a flower cluster or inflorescence containing unisexual, apetalous male and female flowers. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

"Mono" means single so a monoecious plant is one that bears both male and female sex organs on same plant. The monoecious plant can produce bisexual flowers or unisexual flowers. A dioecious plant is one that bears both male and female sex organs on different plants. A dioecious plant will always produce unisexual flowers.

Rafflesia arnoldii makes the largest single flower in the Angiospermae. It is a parasitic plant. The flower weighs around 15 pounds and can grow up to the height of 3 ft.

A bisexual flower is a flower that contains all the four whorls such as petals, sepals, the male reproductive structure (stamen) and female reproductive structure (pistil). Hence it is also called as a complete or perfect flower. Thus the correct answer is 'Four whorls'.

Sunflower (Hellanthus annus ) is a inflorescence (capitulum) .It is a plant of family compositae (Asteraceae).  

Some plants never open to ensure complete selfpollination. This condition is called cleistogamy e.g., Commelina bengalensis , Oxalis, Viola, etc. The cleistogamous flower are bisexual small, inconspicuous, colourless and do not secrete nectar.

Anthesis is the specific biological term used to describe the period during which a flower is fully open and functional.

Apocarpous : Gynoecium consisting of two to many free carpels Each carple forms its own pistils, e.g.,  Ranunculus. 

Endemism refers to species restricted to a particular geographic region. Studying endemism helps plant taxonomists understand the historical development, origin, and evolution of floras in specific areas.

Serotaxonomy uses immunological properties of proteins to classify plants. All three statements regarding antigen components, protein types, and comparability are foundational to this approach.

Adhatoda vasica (vasaka), Aloe barbadensis (aloe vera), and Digitalis purpurea (foxglove) are all well-known medicinal plants whose active pharmaceutical ingredients are primarily extracted from their leaves.

Numerical taxonomy, which uses mathematical and statistical methods to evaluate observable characteristics and classify organisms, represents a modern computational approach compared to classical systems.

Castor plants are monoecious, meaning they have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. This spatial separation (unisexuality) is a mechanism to prevent autogamy (self-pollination).

In angiosperms flowers can be unisexual having either stamen or pistil; or bisexual having both stamen and pistil in same flower. In both the types of flowers, Pistil bears ovary. Fruit is ripened or matured ovary. After fertilisation ovary undergoes major changes and its wall also thickens to produce a fruit.

Hydrophilous (water-pollinated) flowers typically have pollen grains that are protected by a mucilaginous covering to prevent wetting, not dry pollen grains. Therefore, statement A is incorrect.

In pea and bean, five types of petals are present. The largest petal (standard) overlaps the two lateral petals (wings), which in turn overlap two smallest anterior petals, which are known as keel. 

Zygomorphic flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical so that they are able to be bisected into similar halves in only one plane, forming mirror images, e.g., Gladiolus flower.

Unisexual flowers have either the male reproductive part (stamens) or female reproductive part (pistil) but never both.
As the flowers contain either the stamen or pistil, the fertilization can take place when the pollen from another flower or plant comes near the pistil. As there will be fusion of male and female gametes from different individuals of the same species, it results in cross-fertilization.
When the ovary (female reproductive part) ripens, it forms the fruit. So, when a plant contains only stamen, female reproductive part, it cannot produce a fruit.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B).

Tetradynamous is a condition of androecium where six stamens are present of which four stamens are longer and are inserted in inner whorl and remaining two are smaller and are inserted in outer whorl. 
Cruciform corolla is a type of corolla containing four free petals arranged in the form of a cross. 
Solanum tuberosum flower contains five fused petals forming a infundibulum form corolla.
Abelmoschus esculentus and Ochroma lagopus belongs to family Malvaceae. Both contain five free petals. 
Brassica campestris flower possess four free petals forming a cruciform corolla (arranged in the form of a cross). 
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

There are two clusters each with 3-9 flowers on a node in the axis of opposite leaf and each cluster has a condensed dichasial cyme ending in monochasial cyme and flowers have lever mechanism, it represents Verticillaster. A cymose inflorescence arranged in pairs at the nodes, in the manner of a false whorl, is called a verticillaster. A reduced raceme or cyme that grows in the axis of a bract is called a fascicle. A verticillaster is a fascicle with the structure of a dichasium; it is common among the Laminaceae. Many verticillasters with reduced bracts can form a spicate (spike-like) inflorescence that is commonly called a spike.

Solanaceae is called the 'brinjal family'. It includes about 90 genera and 2000 species.
The gynoecium is bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular or tetralocular due to pseudoseptum many ovules on axile placentation. Ovary is superior, obliquely placed.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Solanaceae.

Cyathium - Here, the inflorescence is highly reduced. It has a cup shaped receptacle formed by the fusion of five bracts. On the surface of this cup, generally a yellow colored nectar secreting gland is present. A single female flower arises from the center of the cup. It is highly reduced and is borne on a long stalk. The multiple male flowers are highly reduced and are produced in a scorpioid manner from the axil of each bract e.g. Euphorbia pulcherrima. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Kenaf or Hibiscus cannabinus, is a plant in the Malvaceae family. Hibiscus cannabinus is in the genus Hibiscus and is probably native to southern Asia, though its exact natural origin is unknown. The name also applies to the fiber obtained from this plant. Kenaf is one of the allied fibers of jute and shows similar characteristics. Alcea rosea is an ornamental plant in the Malvaceae family. Malvestrum tricuspidatum and Malvaviscus arboreus belongs to family Malvaceae but they are not fiber yielding plants. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

The stalk of the flower is called pedicel. The flowers that have pedicel are called pedicellate. Pedicel attaches the flower to the inflorescence.

A. Pedicellate is the term used for those flowers that have pedicel.

B. Petiolate is the term used for those leaves that have stalk called petiole.

C. The term sessile indicates an absence of any stalk. Both the flowers and the leaves can be sessile.

D. The subsessile condition arises when there is very short stalk.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Pedicellate'

There are four whorls in a flower namely, calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. When a flower has all these four whorls, it is called complete. When any of these are missing, flower is called incomplete.

There are different terms used to describe flowers on the basis of presence and absence of the floral parts or the whorls. A flower that has both the sexual organs, that is both male reproductive parts (androecium) and female reproductive parts (gynoecium) is called a perfect flower.

The filaments are united in several groups. Example: Bombax - polyadelphous.

Wolffia microscopica makes the smallest flowers in the Angiospermae. The flower has a single pistil and stamen. The fruit is also smallest, called utricle. Wolffia microscopica belongs to the family Lemnaceae.

Pistillate flower refers to that imperfect or unisexual flower which does not have the male reproductive organ called the stamen. The stamens are collectively called the androecium. So, a pistillate flower will only show the gynoecium (the female reproductive whorl) and not the androecium. Similarly, a staminate flower will only show the androecium (male reproductive whorl) and not the gynoecium. Hence, the correct answer is 'Androecium'

Florets are the small-sized sessile flowers that collectively form a composite flower in case of the family Asteraceae. Such a flower is called head or capitulum. They are sessile because of the absence of a pedicel.

The individual flowers in an inflorescence are attached by means of pedicel. Such flowers are called pedicellate. When the pedicel is absent, the flowers are called sessile.

The flowers can be defined on the basis of presence and absence of the sepals and petals. When both the sepals and petals are present, the flower is called dichlamydeous.

Adhesion in a flower occurs when the dissimilar floral parts unite with each other. For example, stamens can unite with petals to form epipetalous flowers, stamens can unite with perianth lobes to form epiphyllous flowers, stigma, style and stamens can unite to form gynostegium etc.

Flower with both the sex organs is called an intersexual, bisexual, hermaphrodite or perfect flower.

The flowers of Bougainvillea appear bright pink due to their bracts. This is called homochlamydeous condition when the calyx and corolla cannot be differentiated. These coloured bracts are called petaloid bracts.

A flower is characterised by the calyx and corolla as the non-essential whorls because these are not directly involved in the formation of gametes and fertilization. When these are absent, the flower is called achlamydeous. For example, flowers of willow.

An intersexual flower is also called as the perfect, bisexual or hermaphrodite flower. It has presence of both the male reproductive whorl called the androecium and the female reproductive whorl called the gynoecium. The units of androecium are called the stamens. The units of gynoecium are called the carpels. These are called essential whorls as they form the male gametes and female gametes. Hence, the correct answer is 'Both the essential floral whorls'

Trimerous flowers have flower parts, such as petals, sepals, and stamens, in sets of three. Pentamerous divided into five parts; specifically, having each floral whorl consist of five (or a multiple of five) members. A dicot is a type of flowering plant characterized by its two cotyledons, tetramerous or pentamerous flowers, and net-like leaf veins.  In monocots, flowers are trimerous (number of flower parts in a whorl in threes).

In plants like Beta vulgaris, the gynodioecious condition is seen in which some plants have bisexual or hermaphroditic or perfect flowers. These flowers have both the male sex organs (androecium) and female sex organs (gynoecium). Then there are some plants that have only the pistillate or female flowers. A population of plants belonging to a species in which there is a co-existence of bisexual and pistillate flowers is called gynodioecious.

A trioecious condition is defined as the presence of the male flowers (staminate flowers), the female flowers (pistillate flowers) and the hermaphroditic flowers in three different plants. For example, Mango.