Industries in tamil nadu - class-X

Tamil Nadu stands fourth in cement production. It accounts for 10% of the country's cement production.

Leather industry depends on cattle wealth. It is concerned with the treatment of raw pelt of animals to make them suitable for the manufacture of various articles.

Sankari, Madukarai, Puliyur, Kunnam, Sendurai, Ariyalur, Dalmiapuram, Manamadurai, Thulukapatti, Allankulam, Sankarnagar and Thazhaiyuthu are major centres of cement industry in Tamil Nadu.

• Coimbatore houses more than 25,000 small, medium and large industries with the city's primary industries being engineering and textiles. Hence, the city is called 'Manchester of South India'.

Paper industry has flourished well in Tamil Nadu. It contributes 5.74% of the total distribution of paper industries in India. Following raw materials are used for paper industry in Tamil Nadu:-

• Bamboo- 60-70% of Bamboo is used in paper industries. It has long fibre, dense stands and quick regeneration.
  
• Grass- It is another important raw material used in paper industry. It was the only raw material before introduction of bamboo as a significant raw material. It constitutes 7-9% of total raw materials.
  
• Bagasse- When the sugarcane is crushed, a fibrous residue is left over after crushing. This sugar-by-product is known as Bagasse. The cellulose content is high in fiber of bagasse. Due to high cellulose content, it is used in paper industry.
  

If tanning is done with vegetative matter, it is known as vegetable tanning process. Vegetable tanned hide is flexible and is used for making furniture.

The process of making leather from the skins of animals is called 'tanning'. It is done with the use of tannin, an acidic chemical compound. Tanning makes the skin become flexible, less water soluble and more resistant to bacterial attack.

Chrome tanning is faster than vegetable tanning and it produces stretchable leather which is excellent material for making handbags and garments.

Tamil Nadu Cement Corporation Limited (TANCEM) is wholly owned by the Government of Tamil Nadu and manufacturers Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Super Star Cement exceeding the requirements prescribed under the Indian standards.

Tamil Nadu stands fourth in cement production. It accounts for 10% of the country's cement production.

Perambur Integral Coach Factory (ICF) is the largest in Asia to produce railway coaches in Tamil Nadu.

Neyveli, apart from production of thermal power, has a fertilizer unit and a ceramic unit attached to it.

The notable chemical industries of Tamil Nadu are SPIC (Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation Ltd) and Manali Petrochemicals Limited. SPIC is the largest producer of fertilizers in India and covers 12 states and caters to the customers through 4000 outlets. It produces around 2 million tons of fertilizers annually.

Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter (by value) in India. It has the leading BPO sector in the country next to Karnataka.

Sivakasi is a big industrial centre in Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu. It is world famous for its fireworks and safety match boxes. Sivakasi produces 90% of India's fireworks and it is also known for offset printing.

Sivakasi in Tamil Nadu is known as 'Little Japan'.

India's largest IT Park is in Chennai, jointly constructed and maintained by Ascendas India Ltd, a Singapore-based company engaged in providing business space solutions, with Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO).

Most of the chemical industries are clustered around Chennai (Manali), Cuddalore, Panangudi (Nagapattinam) and Thuthukudi.

Tamil Nadu earns 8% of its GDP from automobile industry. This industry contributes for about 21% of passenger cars, 33% of commercial vehicles produced in India. Chennai city is the base for 30% of India's automobile industry and 35% of its auto components. This industrial supremacy has resulted in Chennai being known as the "Detroit of Southern Asia."

Salem Steel Plant is a public sector company undertaken by the Government of India.

Tamil Nadu is ranked as Third industrial state next to Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Cotton, jute, silk and woolen textiles, sugarcane and vegetable oil industries are based on agricultural raw materials.  Agro-based industry depends upon agriculture sector for raw materials. This industry is the main market of agricultural commodities. In India, major agro-based industries are sugar industry, cotton textile industry, oil industry, jute industry, food processing industries, paper industry etc. 

Cotton textiles, sugar and food processing industries are based on agricultural raw materials. In India, major agro-based industries are sugar industry, cotton textile industry, oil industry, jute industry, food processing industries, paper industry etc. 

The industries in which minerals and metals are used as raw materials are called mineral- based industries.

Following are the examples of mineral based industries:-

1. Iron and steel industry- The main raw material required for iron and steel industry is iron ore. Iron and steel industry is the most important industry. All the industries are dependent on this for their raw materials.
   
2. Ceramics industry- Ceramics is a diverse industry. The main raw materials for this industry are clay minerals. It produces several categories of products such as sanitary ware, advanced ceramics and ceramic tiles, etc.
   
3. Cement Industry- Limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum are used as raw materials in this industry.
   

All government-owned industries come under the public sector. A state-owned enterprise in India is called a Public Sector Undertaking. The company stock needs to be majority-owned by the government to be a PSU.

• TVS Group is an Indian diversified industrial conglomerate with its principal headquarters located in Madurai and presence across the globe. 
  
• Almost all holdings of the group are private.

Chennai is second to Mumbai for its vibrant and innovative film industry.

The Industrial Revolution shifted production to factories, which required massive amounts of raw materials like coal, iron, and cotton to sustain mass production.

Paper and pulp industry, honey and sandalwood products are the examples of Forest-based industries. India is one of fast growing forest-based industrial hub in the world.

Large scale industry employs large number of persons and consumes vast quantity of power. Huge capital investment is needed. Iron and steel industry, textile industry, manufacture of heavy machinery, locomotives and railway rolling stock, automobiles, shipbuilding are some examples of large scale industry.

The
goods that are purchased for consumption by the average consumer are known as consumer
goods. These goods reach straight to the
consumers. Consumer goods are the end result of production and manufacturing. That’s
why they are also called final goods. Clothing, food and jewellery are all
examples of consumer goods. 

Fabric produced from cotton is an intermediate good while clothing made from the fabric is a consumer good. Some goods especially raw materials are called as intermediate goods. For instance machinery fixed in factory is capital goods but the cotton used as raw material is intermediate goods. Thus, the consumption goods are also referred as consumer’s good while capital goods and intermediate goods are termed as producers goods.

Collective supply of raw material or collective ownership of industrial unit occurs in C0-operative sector.

Large scale industry employs large number of persons and consumes vast quantity of power. Huge capital investment is needed. Iron and steel industry, textile industry, manufacture of heavy machinery, locomotives and railway rolling stock, automobiles, shipbuilding are some examples of large scale industry. 

Tamil Nadu Sugar industry is responsible for about 10% of the total sugar production in India. Majority of sugar units in Tamil Nadu lies with the cooperative sector, with some private players' also gathering momentum.

The term 'joint sector' is applied to an undertaking only when both its ownership and control are effectively shared between public sector agencies and a private group. The basic idea underlying the concept is combination of joint ownership, joint control and professional management.

Tamil Nadu Newsprint Paper Limited is a state-owned public sector industry. It was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu to produce newsprint and writing paper using bagasse, a sugarcane residue.

• Industries like textiles, leather tanneries, paper, chemicals, coal washeries, etc., are all water intensive and also generate large volumes of effluent.
  
• Many of these industries are adopting water-recycling systems due to environmental regulations and scarcity of water. 

Basic
goods are the goods which itself may not have utility but other good derived
from it have that utility. Cotton is a best example of basic good because
apparels made from it have utility. In other words, raw materials used for
further production of new items in agriculture, manufacture or construction are
called basic goods. They are produced on a large scale for export and local
consumption.

Tamil Nadu occupies fourth position in the country in Mulberry Silk production and second position in Bivoltine Silk production . The annual silk production in Tamil Nadu is around 2000 Metric Tons. Tamil Nadu is well known for its traditional silk sarees and dhoties woven on handlooms

Cement,
ceramic and petro-chemical industries are located very near to the source of
the raw materials. Raw material is a very important factor for any type of
industry. It is economical to locate these industries near to their source of
raw materials. It helps in decreasing cost of production and delivery cost of
goods to consumers. Transport cost also decreases if these industries are
located near to their source of raw materials.

Kancheepuram silk is unique in its quality and is known for its traditional value all over the world.

Tamil Nadu's share in sugar production is about 10% of the total sugar production in India. Majority of sugar units in Tamil Nadu lies with the cooperative sector.

Erode
district is a district in the state of Tamil Nadu. It is one of the most industrialized
districts of Tamil Nadu. Hand-looms, weaving and carpet manufacturing are the main industries of
Erode district. Erode district specializes in garments and bedspreads.

Tamil Nadu has several textile hubs, and Madurai, Mettur, and Ramanathapuram are all known for various aspects of textile and synthetic cloth manufacturing.

Thiruppur alone contributes 70% of export of knitwear of Tamil Nadu. At present, all-India market share of Tirupur in knitwear exports is 44.29 per cent and this would go up once the industry starts exporting synthetic-based garments, which have a market throughout the year globally. 

Karur is known as the textile capital of Tamil Nadu. Karur is famous for its home textiles. On the international textile map, Karur has become synonymous with handloom products. The weaving industry came to Karur from Kerala and has earned a reputation for its high quality handloom products today. Handloom exports from Karur began on a modest scale with just 15 exporters in 1975.

Tamil Nadu contributes nearly 25% of India's share in the export of cotton, yarns and fabric. Tamil Nadu is the largest textile hub of India. About half of India's total spinning mill capacity is in Tamil Nadu. The western part of Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Tirupur, Erode, Dindigul and Karur has the majority of spinning mills manufacturing cotton, polyester, blended yarn, open end yarn and silk yarn, etc.

Chennai, Vellore, Ambur, Ranipet, Vaniyambadi, Dindigul and Thiruchirapalli are the main centres of leather industry in Tamil Nadu.

The ranking of Tamil Nadu in paper production in the country is first. Tamil Nadu has 24 small sized mills accounting for 5.74 per cent of the total installed capacity of the country. These mills use locally grown bamboo. Cheranmahadevi, Pallipalayam, Udumalpet, Chennai, Salem, Amaravathinagar, Papanasam, Madurai, etc. are the major producers.

Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited, located in Kagithapuram, Karur District. Tamil Nadu is a leading fine paper manufacturer in India.

Tamil Nadu produces about 12% of the paper in India. Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited was promoted by the Government of Tamil Nadu in the year 1979 to produce Newsprint and Printing & Writing Paper using bagasse as the primary raw material. The current demand is estimated at 13.88 million tons with domestic production of 12.15 million tons, export of 0.60 million tons and import of 2.33 million tons. India is the fastest growing market for paper in the world with an overall growth rate of about 6% per year.

Tamil Nadu has a significant and well-developed food and beverage processing industry, supported by its strong agricultural base.

When
the sugarcane is crushed, a fibrous residue is left over after crushing. This
sugar-by-product is known as Bagasse. The cellulose content is high in fiber of
bagasse. Due to high cellulose content, it is used in cellulose industries like
the pulp, paper, particle boards, cattle-feed etc. Bagasse is used as an
important by-product.

Chennai city is the base for 30% of India's automobile industry and 35% of its auto components. This industrial supremacy has resulted in Chennai being known as the "Detroit of Southern Asia."

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited located at Thiruchirapalli is one among the six large units of India. It produces boilers generators and turbines used in the production of hydro-electricity.

A majority of sugar mills in Tamil Nadu are functioning under the co-operative sector. The sugar industry is one of the largest agro-based industries next to textiles. There are 47 sugar mills in Tamil Nadu comprising of 16 under co-operative sector and 28 under private sector.

Tamil Nadu earns 8% of its GDP from automobile industry.

Thanjavur and Kumbakonam are specialised in the production of bronze statues and musical instruments.

Cottage industries are typically small-scale, home-based operations that require very little capital investment compared to larger industrial sectors.

TNPL (Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited) is a public sector undertaking promoted by the Government of Tamil Nadu.

Kancheepuram silk is world-renowned for its high quality, durability, and traditional zari work, making it a globally recognized brand.

The Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu to produce newsprint and writing paper using bagasse, a sugarcane residue. The Government of Tamil Nadu listed the paper mill in April 1979 as one of the most environmentally compliant paper mills in the world under the provisions of the Companies Act of 1956. The factory is situated at Kagithapuram in the Karur District of Tamil Nadu. 

Tanning is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather. A tannery is the place where the skins are processed. Tanning hide into leather involves a process which permanently alters the protein structure of skin, making it more durable and less susceptible to decomposition, and also possibly coloring it.

Sivakasi is a big industrial centre in Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu. It is world famous for its fireworks and safety match boxes. Sivakasi produces 90% of India's fireworks and it is also known for offset printing.

Tamil Nadu's tourism industry is the second largest in India, with an annual growth rate of 16%. Presence of ancient monuments, pilgrim centres, hill stations, a variety of natural landscapes, long coastline, along with rich culture and heritage makes Tamil Nadu the best destination for tour lovers.

Trichur cotton textile center isn’t in Tamil Nadu. It is in Kerala in Nattika in Trichur district. Trichur are engaged in the manufacture of hosiery products. Trichur is famous for the powerloom industry and the Textile Mills. 

Tamil Nadu has 70% of tanning factories in the country. The state accounts for 70 per cent of leather tanning capacity in India and 38 per cent of leather footwear and components. The exports from Tamil Nadu are valued at about US $ 762 million, which accounts for 42 per cent of Indian leather exports. Hundreds of leather and tannery industries are located around Vellore, Dindigul and Erode its nearby towns such as Ranipet, Ambur, Perundurai and Vaniyambadi. The Vellore district is the top exporter of finished leather goods in the country.