Adaptation - class-XII

Plants growing in bright light are called as sun plants or heliophytes, while plants growing in partial shade or low light intensity are called as shade plants or sciophytes. 

In succulent xerophyte, plants have fleshy organs, where water and mucilage are stored. Depending upon the organ, where succulence occurs, the succulents show chylocauly, i.e., fleshy stem, e.g., Opuntia, Euphorbia, Asparagus; chylophylly ie fleshy leaves, e.g., Agave, Aloe or chylorhizy, i.e., fleshy roots, e.g., Asparagus.

Plants living in dry conditions are called as xerophytes. These plants show many morphological and structural adaptations to survive in dry conditions. In stem the mechanical tissue is well developed and also bark is well developed to retain water

Myrmecophily refers to the symbiotic association between ants and other organisms, including plants, where the plants provide shelter or food in exchange for protection.

Xerophytes are plants of dry habitats, where the environment favours higher rate of transpiration than the rate of absorption. 

Hydrophytes possess special air storage parenchyma tissue, called as aerenchyma. It makes different parts of hydrophytes, light, spongy and flexible. It makes oxygen produced during photosynthesis, available to roots and other non photosynthetic regions. It can also help in exchange of gases with the atmosphere through stomata present in emerged regions of plants. Xerophytes show structural adaptations to discourage water loss through transpiration and increase water absorption. Such adaptations include thick cuticle, sunken stomata, well developed vascular tissue etc.

Hydrophytes are water loving plants. The hydrophytes with floating leaves have large leaves, stomata and waxy coating on the upper surface. The waxy coating prevent wetting and clogging of stomata.

Prosopis species are typically trees found in arid or scrubland environments, making this the most accurate match among the choices provided.

Pneumatophores are specialized root structures that grow out from the water surface and facilitate the aeration necessary for root respiration in hydrophytic trees such as many mangrove species (e.g., Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia raecemosa), bald cypresses, and cotton (Tupelo) gum (Nyssa aquatica). So, the correct option is "B" (Pneumatophores).

Tropical desert areas are those where there is scarcity of water and extensive heat. Organisms in those areas adapt to survive in that ecological condition. Adaptations like thorns and succulents in flora helps the plants to survive without plenty of water. The leaves and stems undergo modification to conduct photosynthesis in less available water. Animals like frogs, rabbits, snakes, camels, etc. also go through modification in their characteristics to ensure their survival. Large surface of an any organism can lead to radiation of more body heat per unit of mass which can be fatal. Hence, such adaptations is not seen in organisms present in tropical desert.

Hydrophytes are plants adapted to living in aquatic environments; Pistia (water lettuce) is a classic example of a free-floating hydrophyte.

Heliophytes are plants that grow best in direct sunlight, derived from the Greek words 'helios' (sun) and 'phyton' (plant).

Photosynthesis, which is essential for green plants, requires light. In the deep sea, light cannot penetrate, making it impossible for green plants to survive.

Ozone (O3) is a strong oxidant that can cause damage to plant tissues, including burning of stomata, oxidative stress, and reduced survival rates.

Most plants and animals have evolved to thrive within a relatively neutral pH range, typically between 5 and 9, as extreme acidity or alkalinity interferes with biological processes.

In Opuntia (prickly pear), the stem is modified to a flattened green structure to perform the function of leaves. Leaf-like flattened modified stems are called phylloclades. 

Nitrates, phosphates, and sulphates are essential inorganic compounds that plants absorb from the soil to synthesize proteins and other vital molecules, thus acting as nutrients.

Many plants, especially certain trees and shrubs, emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere as part of their natural metabolic processes.

Atmospheric oxygen is primarily replenished through the process of photosynthesis, which is carried out by green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.

Xerophytes are plants adapted to dry environments. They often have a thick waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, and cuticular transpiration becomes a significant pathway for water loss in these conditions.

Dust and smog particles suspended in the air scatter and absorb sunlight, thereby reducing the intensity and quality of light that reaches the leaf surface for photosynthesis.

CactI are among the most drought-resistant plants on the planet, due to their absence of leaves, shallow root systems, ability to store water in their stem, spines for shade and waxy skin to seal in moisture. Xerophytes can have smaller leaves or fewer branches than other plants. An example of leaf surface reduction are the spines of a cactus. Spines also protect the plants from animals and collect moisture too.

Myrmecophily is the term applied to positive interspecies associations between ants and a variety of other organisms such as plants, other arthropods, and fungi. Myrmecophily refers to mutualistic associations with ants, though in its more general use the term may also refer to commensal or even parasitic interactions. The term myrmecophile is used mainly for animals that associate with ants.

Halophytes grow in physiologically dry soil. The soil is having water but the soil solution has a high concentration of salts. Thus, the water is not easily available to plants, because water flows from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential. 

Capparis decidua (family Capparidaceae) is commonly known as kair. It is 
distributed throughout the arid regions of India and other countries. Kair is a caducous plant, so in the foliage condition mainly stem and fruits are common. It is also known as Capparis aphylla.
Since the plant is xerophytic, it is generally found in dessert area and is highly draught resistant plant, which can survive for long. Tribal people prepare pickle from the fruits of kair. 

Hydrophytes are water loving plants and grow in aquatic environments. In these plants mechanical tissue is absent. Xylem is poorly developed or absent. Hydrophytes possess special air storage parenchyma, called as aerenchyma. It makes plant parts light, spongy and flexible.

Xerophytes are the plants that has adapted to survive in an environment with little liquid water, such as a desert or an ice- or snow-covered region in the Alps and Arctic regions. Succulents plants stores water. They have mucilage to retain water. Stomata are sunken and usually open only during nights. 

Typical plants that are found on the forest floor include a variety of ferns, mangrove trees, and vines. The canopy of trees spread their leaves to attract as much sunlight. Though the forest floor is the principal sites of decomposition, there is a stiff competition for sunlight and nutrients. The plants that occupy the forest floor are ones that require low light as they are adapted to grow under conditions of low light availability and have large dark  green leaves to absorb as much sunlight.

Xerophytes are plants of dry habitats, which are faced with the problem of more water loss through transpiration than is water available from soil, e.g., Acacia, Casuarina etc.
In these plants leaves or leaflets are often small, vertical, thick and leathery. Cuticle is thick and waxy. Stomata are sunken and restricted to lower surface of leaf.

• The root cap protects the growing tip of roots from soil and hard rock surface. 
• As hydrophytes are generally aquatic plants, no such protection is needed for their roots. 
• As a result of which root cap is absent in hydrophytes.
• In given options all are aquatic plants but utricularia, hydrilla and Limnophylla are rooted submerged plants there root are present in soil.
• Eichhornia is free floating aquatic plant and there root arr floating in water so they don't have the need of root cap they have root pockets.
• Option B is correct here.

Hydrophytes are water loving plants. Stomata are absent in submerged hydrophytic plants. But floating hydrophytes have stomata on upper surface. e.g., lotus. Exchange of gases occurs through general surface in submerged hydrophytes. Emergent hydrophytes possess special air storage parenchyma called aerenchyma. It makes their different parts light, spongy and flexible. It can also help in exchange of gases with the atmosphere through stomata present in emergent regions. Roots of hydrophytes are poorly developed or completely absent in Wolffia. 

Xerophytes are the plants of dry habitats, where the environment favours higher rate of transpiration than the rate of absorption. Xerophytes have various adaptations to check water loss and increase water absorption.

In hydrophytes, generally xylem is poorly developed. Tracheids are developed but vessels are completely absent. Hydrophytes possess special air storage parenchyma called aerenchyma. Cuticle is poorly developed.

Hydrophytes possess special air storage parenchyma tissue, called as aerenchyma. It makes different parts of hydrophytes, light, spongy and flexible. It makes oxygen produced during photosynthesis, available to roots and other non photosynthetic regions. It can also help in exchange of gases with the atmosphere through stomata present in emerged regions of plants. 

Exchange of gases occurs through general surface in submerged hydrophytes. 

There are various defense mechanism seen in plants. These are thorns, spines, prickles, glandular hair, stinging hair, alkaloids, tannins, raphides, etc. Tobacco has glandular hair for its defense. Glandular hair with sticky substances protect it from outer agencies. Lemon has thorns to protect itself from its enemies. Yucca has pointed spines at the leaf ends to protect itself from enemies.

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known as milkweeds because of the latex they produce. Thus,
the correct answer is 'Tobacco.'

Salvadora indica is a halophyte or salt-tolerant shrub, not typically classified as a sand binder. Calotropis procera, Saccharum munja, and Saccharum spontaneum are well-known sand-binding plants used for soil stabilization in arid and semi-arid regions.

Sonneratia acida is a mangrove species, which are plants specifically adapted to highly saline, waterlogged coastal environments. The other options are terrestrial plants not adapted to such conditions.

Sociophytes (shade-loving), Heliophytes (sun-loving), and Psammophytes (sand-loving) are all correctly matched with their respective habitat preferences.

Phytomelanin is a dark, carbon-rich pigment layer found in the pericarp of certain plants (like Asteraceae seeds), which serves as a temporary protective adaptation against environmental stress or predation. The other options are permanent biochemical components.

Many hydrophytes have production of different forms of leaves in the same plant i.e., heterophylly. In submerged aquatics with free-floating aerial leaves, the submerged leaves are generally linear, ribbon-shaped or finely dissected while the aerial leaves are complete and rounded or lobed.

The hydrosere succession typically moves from submerged plants (Volvox, Hydrilla) to floating plants (Pistia), then to reed-swamp stages (Scirpus), and finally to terrestrial stages (Lantana, Oak).

Sciophytes are plants that are adapted to grow in low-light or shaded conditions. Heliophytes prefer full sun, while Oxylophytes grow in acidic soil.

Resource partitioning is the phenomenon of evolutionary changes seen in species in response to the selection pressure generated by interspecific competition. Due to this, no two organisms within the same species can coexist in the same niche if they have same resources. They have different foraging manner whether feeding type is different or same. Example of resource partitioning involves two tigers present in their own territories or niches and defending it from other tigers. 

To counter the herbivore attack, plants produce specialized morphological structures or secondary metabolites and proteins that have toxic, repellent effects on the herbivores. Plants confront the herbivores both directly by affecting host plant preference or survival and reproductive success (direct defense), and indirectly through other species such as natural enemies of the insect pests (indirect defense). Direct defenses are mediated by plant characteristics that affect the herbivores biology such as mechanical protection on the surface of the plants (e.g., hairs, trichomes, thorns, spines, and thicker leaves) or production of toxic chemicals such as terpenoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, phenols, and quinones) that either kill or retard the development of the herbivores.

The submerged leaves are often highly dissected or divided. This has the advantage of creating a very large surface area for absorption and photosynthesis. It also minimises water resistance and hence, potential damage to the leaves since moving water (currents and waves) can be damaging to the leaves of the plant.

Xerophytes are plants, that have small amount of water or moisture, so they have adaptations that allow them to survive in these harsh conditions. These plants are like cactus and other succulents are typically found in deserts. 

Intercropping chilli with green gram (a legume) provides a microclimate benefit. The chilli plants benefit from the shade provided by the taller or denser green gram plants, which helps them survive in intense heat.

Prosopis is a genus of trees commonly found in scrub or arid forest types. The other options misidentify the habit or the typical forest biome for those species.

About 99 percent of animals and nearly all plants do not have a mechanism to maintain a constant internal body environment.Their body temperature changes with the surrounding temperature.They are called conformers.

A number of animals have evolved aerial locomotion either by powered flight or by gliding. Animal that fly is a volant. Volant animals constitute a very interesting and highly specialized group of vertebrates. They have undergone extensive adaptive radiations and have beautifully modified their body to lead a perfect aerial life.

The adaptations for flight are called aerial adaptations. Many of a bird's bones are hollow which makes birds' bodies lightweight. Flying birds have large chest muscles that move the wings. Birds have feathers that help them fly. Fossorial adaptations are for those animals, which primarily live underground.