Computer in accounting - class-XI

Multiprocessor systems are considered reliable because if one processor fails, the others can continue to perform tasks, providing fault tolerance.

A dirty bit (or modified bit) in a page table indicates that a page has been modified. This helps the OS know it must write the page back to disk before replacing it, avoiding unnecessary writes if the page hasn't changed.

Time sharing systems allow multiple users to access a computer simultaneously by rapidly switching the CPU between tasks, giving each user the illusion of dedicated access.

Digital Computer is capable of solving problems by processing information in discrete form, while others are types of computer.

Analog computers work with continuous physical quantities (like voltage or pressure) and do not convert input into digital form for processing.

A modem (modulator-demodulator) is the device that converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals for transmission over telephone lines and vice versa.

A hybrid computer Resembles both a digital and analogue computer.

Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical and numerical operations, while the analog component often serves as a solver of differential equations and other mathematically complex equations.

It contains the parts of an analoge computer and these from a digital computer. Hybrid Computer A hybrid is a combination of digital and analog computers. ... ... Difference between Analog computers digital computers & Hybrid computers Digital Computers operate on inputs and outputs which are in the form of ON-OFF signal.

Digital computer process data which is binary, i.e. in the form of 0 and 1. Analog computers operate on mathematical variables in the form of physical quantities that are continuously varying. For example temperature, pressure, voltages, etc. The basis of the working of the analog computers is modeling.

Digital computers operate by processing discrete data, which involves counting or manipulating binary digits (0s and 1s).

Hybrid computers combine the features of both analog (measuring) and digital (counting) computers to process data.

Digital computers represent data using discrete signals, typically in binary form (on/off states).

Mainframe computers are large, powerful systems designed to handle high-volume data processing and support multiple users simultaneously. Supercomputers are large but focus on computational speed rather than user support.

The vast majority of modern computers are digital, representing data as discrete binary values. Analog computers are largely obsolete, and hybrid computers are relatively rare.

Nanocomputer is the name given to the molecular-scale computer.

Nanocomputing describes computing that uses extremely small, or nanoscale, devices (one nanometer [nm] is one billionth of a meter). In 2001, state-of-the-art electronic devices could be as small as about 100 nm, which is about the same size as a virus. The integrated circuits (IC) industry, however, looks to the future to determine the smallest electronic devices possible within the limits of computing technology.

 Molecular scale electronics, also called single-molecule electronics, is a branch of nanotechnology that uses single molecules, or nanoscale collections of single molecules, as electronic components. Because single molecules constitute the smallest stable structures imaginable, this miniaturization is the ultimate goal for shrinking electrical circuits.

A modern digital computer has Extremely high speed,Large memory and Almost unlimited array.

A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. Performance of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). As of 2017, there are supercomputers which can perform up to nearly a hundred quadrillion FLOPS. As of November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems. Additional research is being conducted in China, the United States, the European Union, Taiwan and Japan to build even faster, more powerful and more technologically superior exascale supercomputers.

Big memory is a term used to describe server workloads which need to run on machines with a large amount of RAM (random-access memory) memory. Some example workloads are databases, in-memory caches, and graph analytics. Or, more generally, data science and big data.Some database systems are designed to run mostly in memory, rarely if ever retrieving data from disk or flash memory.

Sting Ray Torpedo is the first guided weapon in the world which used a programmable digital computer.

The Sting Ray torpedo is a current British acoustic homing light-weight torpedo (LWT) manufactured by GEC-Marconi, who were later bought out by BAE Systems. It entered service in 1983.

A torpedo tube is a cylinder shaped device for launching torpedoes. There are two main types of torpedo tube: underwater tubes fitted to submarines and some surface ships, and deck-mounted units (also referred to as torpedo launchers) installed aboard surface vessels.

Colossus was a set of computers developed by British codebreakers in the years 1943–1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to perform Boolean and counting operations. Colossus is thus regarded as the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer, although it was programmed by switches and plugs and not by a stored program.

The first electronic digital computer contained Electronic valves.

In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or colloquially a tube (North America) or valve (British usage), is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.

In computer science, a digital electronic computer is a computer machine which is both an electronic computer and a digital computer. Examples of a digital electronic computers include the IBM PC, the Apple Macintosh as well as modern smartphones.

Vacuum tube. Alternatively referred to as an electron tube or valve and first developed by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904. The vacuum tube is a glass tube that has its gas removed, creating a vacuum. Vacuum tubes contain electrodes for controlling electron flow and were used in early computers as a switch or an amplifier

It represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits is true for the digital computer.

As we have seen in this Binary Numbers section of tutorials, there are many different binary codes used in digital and electronic circuits, each with its own specific use.

As we naturally live in a decimal (base-10) world we need some way of converting these decimal numbers into a binary (base-2) environment that computers and digital electronic devices understand, and binary coded decimal code allows us to do that.

We have seen previously that an n-bit binary code is a group of “n” bits that assume up to 2n distinct combinations of 1’s and 0’s. The advantage of the Binary Coded Decimal system is that each decimal digit is represented by a group of 4 binary digits or bits in much the same way as Hexadecimal. So for the 10 decimal digits (0-to-9) we need a 4-bit binary code.

A computer with CPU speed around 100 million instructions per second & with the word length of around 64 bits is known as Super computer.

A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. Performance of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). As of 2017, there are supercomputers which can perform up to nearly a hundred quadrillion FLOPS. As of November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems. Additional research is being conducted in China, the United States, the European Union, Taiwan and Japan to build even faster, more powerful and more technologically superior exascale supercomputers.

The country unveiled the world's fastest supercomputer, the Sunway TaihuLight (above). This year, according to state news agency Xinhua, the government has set its sights on completing the world's first prototype exascale computer; a machine capable of making a billion billion calculations per second.

EDVAC is a kind of digital computer. it is abbreviated as Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. It was a binary serial computer with automatic  addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It's average addition time was 864 microseconds

All electronic computers are digital computers statement is false.

All kinds of computers, whether they are digital or analog, and electronic or non-electronic, can be Turing complete if they have sufficient memory. ... A digital computer can perform its operations in the decimal system, in binary, in ternary or in other numeral systems.

Digital computer. Digital computer, any of a class of devices capable of solving problems by processing information in discrete form. It operates on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are expressed in binary code—i.e., using only the two digits 0 and 1.

Computer is an electronic device or combination of electronic devices. ... A computer can, not only store and process data but also retrieve data i.e. take out data from its memory or storage as and when desired.

Analog computer works on the supply of Continuous electrical pulses.

An analog computers, works by measuring voltages and currents rather than by the process of counting. An analog computers works on supply of continuous electrical signals and display outputs continuously. Side rule is an example analog device in which numbered as expressed as distances.

A computer that operates with numbers represented by directly measurable quantities (such as voltages or rotations) — compare digital computer, hybrid computer. This contrasts with an analog signal, which represents continuous values; at any given time it represents a real number within a continuous range of values.

A digital computer did not score over an analog computer in terms of Accuracy.

The definition of a digital computer is the most commonly used type of computer and is used to process information with quantities using digits, usually using the binary number system. An example of a digital computer is a MacBook.

Digital computers are programmable machines that use electronic technology to generate, store and process data. This computer fills the space between the mainframe and microcomputer This may also be called a mid-range computer.

The basic difference between analog and digital computers is the type of data they process. ... Digital computer process data which is binary, i.e. in the form of 0 and 1. Analog computers operate on mathematical variables in the form of physical quantities that are continuously varying.

Digital devices are Digital Clock.

All data that a computer processes must be encoded digitally, as a series of zeroes and ones. The opposite of digital is analog. A typical analog device is a clock in which the hands move continuously around the face. ... Most analog events, however, can be simulated digitally.

Digital clocks typically use the 50 or 60 hertz oscillation of AC power or a 32,768 hertz crystal oscillator as in a quartz clock to keep time. Some timepieces, such as many digital watches, can be switched between 12-hour and 24-hour modes.

The earliest patent for a digital alarm clock was registered by D.E Protzmann and others on October 23, 1956, in the United States. Protzmann and his associates also patented another digital clock in 1970, which was said to use a minimal amount of moving parts.

The device used to carry digital data an analog lines is called as Modulator.

An analog-to-digital converter, or ADC as it is more commonly called, is a device that converts analog signals into digital signals. ... One example is a modem which turns signals from digital to analog before transmitting those signals over communication lines such as telephone lines that carry only analog signals.

A modulator is a device that performs modulation. A demodulator (sometimes detector or demod) is a device that performs demodulation, the inverse of modulation. A modem (from modulator–demodulator) can perform both operations.

This process of imposing an input signal onto a carrier wave is called modulation. ... This is called amplitude modulation or AM. Frequency of an input signal can also be changed. If this input signal is added to the pure carrier wave, it will thereby change the frequency of the carrier wave.

A high quality CAD system uses the Digital plotter for printing drawing and graphs.

A digital plotter is a computer output device which draws curves and other computer graphics data on ordinary 8-1/2 × 11 inch (21.6 × 27.9 cm) paper. See Fig. 2-24.

Data from the computer is translated into signals which cause tiny incremental movements of the plotter's pen. The pen on the plotter (a felt-tip ink pen) is moved by a combination of X and Y carriage motions. The pen can move in eight different directions. These eight directions are used to simulate all the movements necessary to create curves. Since the incremental movement of the plotter is small (0.005 inch or 127μm) proper selection of directional moves combine into what the eye perceives as a smooth curve or line.

The plotter is a computer printer for printing vector graphics. In the past, plotters were used in applications such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced with wide-format conventional printers. A plotter gives a hard copy of the output. It draws pictures on a paper using a pen.

Computer scientists are exploring the possibility of culturing bacteria to create living chips which have digital electronic properties. these chips called Biochips.

A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput and speed. Typically, a biochip's surface area is no larger than a fingernail. Like a computer chip that can perform millions of mathematical operations in one second, a biochip can perform thousands of biological reactions, such as decoding genes, in a few seconds.

A biochip is a miniaturized laboratory capable of performing thousands of simultaneous biochemical reactions. It is a collection of micro-test sites or microarrays which are arranged on the surface of a solid substrate and it is meant to perform multiple tests at the same time to achieve greater speed and throughput.

A biochip is much like a computer chip but instead of performing a multitude of mathematical operations per second, it performs biological reactions such as decoding genes and finding contaminations in a few seconds.

A modern digital computer has Extremely high speed, Large memory and Almost unlimited accuracy.

In computer science, a digital electronic computer is a computer machine which is both an electronic computer and a digital computer. Examples of a digital electronic computers include the IBM PC, the Apple Macintosh as well as modern smartphones.

The ALU performs the arithmetic and logic algorithms selected to process the incoming data at extremely high speeds—in many cases in nanoseconds (billionths of a second). The main memory, control unit, and ALU together make up the central processing unit (CPU) of most digital computer systems, while the input-output devices and auxiliary storage units constitute peripheral equipment.

Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central processing unit via a memory bus. ... Hence, non-volatile primary storage containing a small startup program (BIOS) is used to bootstrap the computer, that is, to read a larger program from non-volatile secondary storage to RAM and start to execute it.

IBM 7000 digital computer Has modular constructions.

Examples of modular systems are cars, computers, process systems, solar panels and wind turbines, elevators and modular buildings. ... Modular design is an attempt to combine the advantages of standardization (high volume normally equals low manufacturing costs) with those of customization.

A modular PC is a computer that has individually-housed components, which are interconnected but separately removable for service or upgrading. ... The Xi3 Piston is an extremely compact and power-efficient gaming computer.

The IBM 700/7000 series is a series of large-scale (mainframe) computer systems that were made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s. The series includes several different, incompatible processor architectures. The 700s use vacuum tube logic and were made obsolete by the introduction of the transistorized 7000s. The 7000s, in turn, were eventually replaced by System/360, which was announced in 1964.

IBM 7000 digital computer Has modular construction.

The IBM 700/7000 series is a series of large-scale (mainframe) computer systems that were made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s. The series includes several different, incompatible processor architectures. The 700s use vacuum tube logic and were made obsolete by the introduction of the transistorized 7000s. The 7000s, in turn, were eventually replaced by System/360, which was announced in 1964. However the 360/65, the first 360 powerful enough to replace 7000s, did not become available until November 1965. Early problems with OS/360 and the high cost of converting software kept many 7000s in service for years afterward.

The earliest device that qualifies as a digital computer is Abacus

The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. Before the 20th century, most calculations were done by humans. Early mechanical tools to help humans with digital calculations, such as the abacus, were called "calculating machines", called by proprietary names, or referred to as calculators. The machine operator was called the computer.

1,00,00,00,000 operations per second can perform by a modern fast mainframe digital computer.

Under ideal circumstances, a high-end desktop x86 processor can execute over 100 billion instructions per second. In real world usage scenarios, however, the CPU is often stuck waiting for other components to answer back, mostly RAM and disk.

Clock Speeds are usually determined in MHz, 1 MHz representing 1 million cycles per second, or in GHz, 1 GHz representing 1 thousand million cycles per second. The higher the CPU speed, the better a computer will perform, in a general sense.

In digital computer, all the expressions are coded into Binary digits.

Binary in Digital Computers and Electronic Devices. Numbers can be encoded in binary format and stored using switches. ... In a computer, switches are implemented using transistors. The smallest memory configuration is the bit, which can be implemented with one switch.

Binary is a mathematical number system: a way of counting. We have all learned to count using ten digits: 0-9. One probable reason is that we have ten fingers to represent numbers. The computer has switches to represent data and switches have only two states: ON and OFF.

Then binary numbers are commonly used in digital and computer circuits and are represented by either a logic “0” or a logic “1”. Binary numbering systems are best suited to the digital signal coding of binary, as it uses only two digits, one and zero, to form different figures.

In analog computer Input is never converted to digital form.

An analog computer or analogue computer is a type of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. ... Analog computers can have a very wide range of complexity.

An analog computers, works by measuring voltages and currents rather than by the process of counting. An analog computers works on supply of continuous electrical signals and display outputs continuously. Side rule is an example analog device in which numbered as expressed as distances.

A machine associated with card-based data processing is Collator

Sorting refers to the process of putting a set of data in a specified order, while collating refers to the process of comparing two strings to determine which is “greater”, or if they are equal. ... Sorting, in turn, is needed to allow other kinds of processing to occur.

In analog computer Input is never converted to digital form.

A device that processes infinitely varying signals, such as voltage or frequencies. A thermometer is a simple analog computer. ... Although special-purpose, complex analog computers are built, almost all computers are digital. Digital methods provide programming flexibility.

An analog computer is a computer which is used to process analog data. Analog computers store data in a continuous form of physical quantities and perform calculations with the help of measures. It is quite different from the digital computer, which makes use of symbolic numbers to represent results.

A good requirement specification should be Unambiguous

Testable (Verifiable) Testers should be able to verify whether the requirement is implemented correctly. The test should either pass or fail. To be testable, requirements should be clear, precise, and unambiguous.

The genetic code is unambiguous: each codon specifies one amino acid only. The code is degenerate. One amino acid may be specified by more than one codon. For instance serine is encoded by six codons, glycine by four and lysine by two.

Synonyms of unambiguous. clear-cut, definite, definitive, explicit, express, specific, unequivocal, univocal. Words Related to unambiguous. avowed, declared, specified, stated. categorical (also categoric), complete, comprehensive, exhaustive, full.

Thesoftware requirements specification lays out functional and non-functional requirements, and it may include a set of use cases that describe user interactions that the software must provide. SRS stands for "Software Requirements Specification."

An example of digital communication is DDT.

DDT was the first modern pesticide and is arguably the most well known organic pesticide. Overall, it is known that DDT concentrates in biological systems (particularly in body fat), that it is a toxin, and that it bioaccumulates up the food chain, reaching its greatest concentrations in higher animals such as humans.

DDT was a commonly-used pesticide for insect control in the United States until it was canceled in 1972 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). DDT was initially used by the military in WW II to control malaria, typhus, body lice, and bubonic plague (1).

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was outlawed in Britain in 1986 and banned as a pesticide worldwide under the Stockholm Convention in 2001 after it was discovered to be dangerous to wildlife and the environment.

A voice grade telephone line transmits sound waves as continuous electrical signals, which is the definition of analog communication. Laser beams and microwaves are typically used for digital data transmission in modern contexts.

Analog signals can be Carried by combining them with a carrier frequency.

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a networking technique in which multiple data signals are combined for simultaneous transmission via a shared communication medium. FDM uses a carrier signal at a discrete frequency for each data stream and then combines many modulated signals.

This set of Computer Networks Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Multiplexing”. Explanation: FDM and WDM are used in analog signals. Explanation: Each slot is dedicated to one of the source. Explanation: Transmission rate= frame rate * number os bits in a slot.

An analog signal is a continuous signal that contains time-varying quantities. Unlike a digital signal, which has a discrete value at each sampling point, an analog signal has constant fluctuations.

Human voice is an example of Analog signal.

An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time-varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal.

Digital signals must have a finite set of possible values. ... That's the big difference between analog and digital waves. Analog waves are smooth and continuous, digital waves are stepping, square, and discrete.

So, in other words, if you're using a 56Kbps modem to access your Internet service provider (ISP), you have an analog connection from your home to the local exchange. But the ISP has a digital subscriber line (DSL) or a digital termination facility from its location to its exchange.

A signal is any kind of detectable quantity used to communicate information. An analog signal is a signal that can be continuously, or infinitely, varied to represent any small amount of change. Pneumatic, or air pressure, signals used to be used predominately in industrial instrumentation signal systems.

A device that can convert digital signals to analog signals is Modem

An analog-to-digital converter, or ADC as it is more commonly called, is a device that converts analog signals into digital signals. Analog information is transmitted by modulating a continuous transmission signal by amplifying a signal's strength or varying its frequency to add or take away data.

A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts between these two forms.

In general terms a data converter is a device that converts analog signals to digital data or vice versa. Devices that convert analog signals to digital are frequently referred to as ADC. Devices that convert digital signals to analog are called DAC.

Analog to Digital Converter samples the analog signal on each falling or rising edge of sample clock. In each cycle, the ADC gets of the analog signal, measures and converts it into a digital value. The ADC converts the output data into a series of digital values by approximates the signal with fixed precision.

After being denied Cray supercomputers, India started a program to develop indigenous supercomputers and supercomputing technologies.

The first super Computer in India was Param 8000 . It was an Initiative program of Center for Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC) in India which was started in 1980’s.

In 1991 Param 8000 became the first super computer of India.

Smaller and less expensive PC-based servers are replacing Mainframe in many businesses.

Mainframe computers (colloquially referred to as "big iron"[1]) are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing. They are larger and have more processing power than some other classes of computers: minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers.

Modern mainframes can run multiple different instances of operating systems at the same time. This technique of virtual machines allows applications to run as if they were on physically distinct computers. In this role, a single mainframe can replace higher-functioning hardware services available to conventional servers. While mainframes pioneered this capability, virtualization is now available on most families of computer systems, though not always to the same degree or level of sophistication.

Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output (I/O) and emphasize throughput computing.

Supercomputers are specially designed computers that perform complex calculations extremely rapidly.

A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. Performance of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). As of 2017, there are supercomputers which can perform up to nearly a hundred quadrillion FLOPS. As of November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems. Additional research is being conducted in China, the United States, the European Union, Taiwan and Japan to build even faster, more powerful and more technologically superior exascale supercomputers.

The IBM Blue Gene supercomputer uses the CNK operating system on the compute nodes, but uses a modified Linux-based kernel called I/O Node Kernel (INK) on the I/O nodes. CNK is a lightweight kernel that runs on each node and supports a single application running for a single user on that node.

A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system that is designed for network use. ... In particular, UNIX was designed from the beginning to support networking, and all of its descendants (i.e., Unix-like operating systems) including Linux and Mac OSX, feature built-in networking support.

IBM 7000 digital computer Has modular construction.

The IBM 7000 series is a series of large-scale (mainframe) computer systems that were made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s. The series includes several different, incompatible processor architectures. The 700s use vacuum tube logic and were made obsolete by the introduction of the transistorized 7000s. The 7000s, in turn, were eventually replaced by System/360, which was announced in 1964. However the 360/65, the first 360 powerful enough to replace 7000s, did not become available until November 1965. Early problems with OS/360 and the high cost of converting software kept many 7000s in service for years afterward.

Modular design, or "modularity in design", is a design approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules or skids, that can be independently created and then used in different systems. A modular system can be characterized by functional partitioning into discrete scalable, reusable modules; rigorous use of well-defined modular interfaces; and making use of industry standards for interfaces.

Mainframe computers are specifically designed to support hundreds or thousands of users concurrently for large-scale transaction processing. While supercomputers are faster, they are typically optimized for complex calculations rather than multi-user support.

Modem used to converts digital signals to analog signals. It enables a computer to transmit data.

Value added service is a popular telecommunication industry term for non-core services, all services beyond standard voice calls and fax transmissions. It can be used in any service industry, for services available at little or no cost.

Unit of speed used for super computer is GELOPS. GELOPS comes from word gel/ops.

The digital computer was developed primarily in USA.

Digital computer, any of a class of devices capable of solving problems by processing information in discrete form. It operates on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are expressed in binary code—i.e., using only the two digits 0 and 1. John Vincent Atanasoff (October 4, 1903 – June 15, 1995) was an American-Bulgarian physicist and inventor, best known for being credited with inventing the first electronic digital computer. Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital computer in the 1930s at Iowa State College.

digital computer is the most commonly used type of computer and is used to process information with quantities using digits, usually using the binary number system.

All are included in removable media except the following High disk drive.

Removable media is any type of storage device that can be removed from a computer while the system is running. Examples of removable media include CDs, DVDs and Blu-Ray disks, as well as diskettes and USB drives. Removable media makes it easy for a user to move data from one computer to another.

Disk usage (DU) refers to the portion or percentage of computer storage that is currently in use. It contrasts with disk space or capacity, which is the total amount of space that a given disk is capable of storing. Disk usage is often measured in kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB) and/or terabytes (TB).

An external hard drive is a portable storage device that can be attached to a computer through a USB or FireWire connection, or wirelessly. External hard drives typically have high storage capacities and are often used to back up computers or serve as a network drive.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode header is 5 byte. A telecommunications concept defined by ANSI standards for carriage of a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video signals. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) in a nutshell, is a switching and multiplexing transmission protocol. It uses a variation of packet switching, that utilizes small and fixed packet sizes, called cells.

A mobile phone that, apart from making calls, has a camera, surfs the net, sends e-mails, play digital music has calendar and many more features is the smart-phone. These smart-phones use Symbian operating system platforms and Windows smart-phone.

A smartphone is a handheld personal computer. It possesses extensive computing capabilities, including high-speed access to the Internet using both Wi-Fi and mobile broadband.

Symbian OS is an operating system designed for smartphones. The operating system enables multitasking and increased memory protection. The Symbian OS is designed for the specific requirements of 2.5G and 3G mobile phones.

In a 4 bit weighted register D/A converter, the register value corresponding to LSB is 32KΩ the register value corresponding to MSB will be 4Ω.

In the weighted resistor type DAC, each digital level is converted into an equivalent analog voltage or current.

DAC converter produces an output current of voltage proportional to digital quantity to its output. In the circuit op-amp is used as current to voltage converter.

Signals can easily be stored and transmitted in digital form; a DAC is used for the signal to be recognized by human senses or non-digital systems.

Intel has disclosed its silicon technology for high definition, large screen TVs. The new technology, code named cayley is based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS).

Liquid crystal on silicon is a micro display technology in which liquid crystals are fabricated on a silicon device that contains control electronics. These devices compete with digital light processing (DLP) technology in the projector and pico projector markets. Viewfinders in camera products are another key application area.

An important application of cryptography, used in computerized commercial and financial transaction is Digital signature.

Digital signature:-

A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for presenting the authenticity of digital messages or documents. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender, that the sender cannot deny having sent the message, and that the message was not altered in transit.

Cryptography:-

Cryptography is most often associated with scrambling plaintext (ordinary text, sometimes referred to as clear text) into cipher text (a process called encryption), then back again (known as decryption). 

Cryptography involves creating written or generated codes that allow information to be kept secret. Cryptography converts data into a format that is unreadable for an unauthorized user, allowing it to be transmitted without unauthorized entities decoding it back into a readable format, thus compromising the data.

Advantage of CMOS technology over a MOS is greater speed.

Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) is a technology for constructing integrated circuit. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. 

The CMOS(complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology is top in quality. Especially, when it comes to its features like low-static power utilization and noise resistance, CMOS technology conserves energy and it does not produce heat.

DCR is not changeable instruction.

DCR means Dynamic Contrast Ratio. Contrast ratio is the difference between light and dark on a screen, expressed by a number. If we take the brightest white on a screen, and the darkest black and compare the luminosity, we get the contrast ratio.

Design change request, also Document Change Request and Database Change Request.

Focus on manual records is not necessary for computerisation system in a bank.

Manual record keeping systems is keep invoicing, payment and other business transaction records electronically or manually. The principles are the same for each but keeping records electronically will make some important tasks easier.

IEEE 802-3 is Analog based non deterministic.

IEEE 802.3 is a working group and a collection of institute of electrical and electronic engineers (IEEE) standards produced by the working group defining the physical layer and data link layer’s media access control (MAC) of wired Ethernet. This is generally a local area network (LAN) technology with some wide area network (WAN) applications.

An example of digital rather than analog communication is DDS.

DDS:-

Direct digital synthesis (DDS) is a powerful technique used in the generation of radio frequency signals for use in a variety of applications from radio receivers to signals generators and many more. The technique has become far more widespread in recent years with the advances being made in integrated circuit technology that allow much faster speeds to be handled which in turn enable higher frequency DDS chips to be made.

Digital communication:-

Digital communication is a mode of communication. It occurs when the information or the thought is encoded digitally as discreet signals and then is electronically transferred to the recipients. Digital means of communication like messaging apps are surging in popularity all over the world.

Analog communication:-

Analog communication is a data transmitting technique in a format that utilizes continuous signals to transmit data including voice, image, video, electrons etc. An analog signal is a variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude which is generally carried by use of modulation.

6 bits are required to encode all 26 letters, 10 symbols and numerals.

If we want to represent one character from the 26-letter Roman alphabet (A-Z), then we need log2(26) = 4.7 bits. We will need 5 bits.

Resolution of 10 bit ADC is 1ms.

The only way to increase resolution without reducing the range is to use an ADC with more bits. A 10-bit ADC has 2^{^10}, or 1,024 possible output codes. There is no switching of IP channels and there is at least 1ms between enabling the ADC and starting the conversion.

The ADC reports a ratio metric value. This means that the ADC assumes 5V is 1023 and anything less than 5V will be a ratio between 5V and 1023. Analog to digital conversions are dependent on the system voltage.

An analog to digital converter (ADC) is an electronic device which converts varying analog signals into digital signals so that they can easily be read by the digital devices.

Keeping library in digital form is called digital library.

A digital library is an online database of digital objects that can include text, still images, audio, video, or other digital media formats. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks.

A digital library is a collection of documents in organized electronic form, available on the Internet or on CD-ROM (compact-disk read-only memory) disks. Depending on the specific library, a user may be able to access magazine articles, books, papers, images, sound files, and videos.

IEEE S02.3 uses straight binary encoding with 0 volts for 0 bit and 5 volts for 1 bit.

It leads to ambiguities, for avoiding ambiguities. We used Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding.

Manchester encoding:-

Manchester encoding is a synchronous clock encoding technique used by the physical layer to encode the clock and data of a synchronous bit stream. In this technique, the actual binary data to be transmitted over the cable are not sent as a sequence of logic 1's and 0's.

Differential Manchester encoding:-

Differential Manchester encoding scheme is a line code in which data and clock signals are combined to form a single 2-level self-synchronizing data stream. It is a differential encoding, using the presence or absence of transitions to indicate logical value.

Baseband system:-

A baseband bandwidth is equal to the highest frequency of a signal or system, or an upper bound on such frequencies.

Quantum Computer is the smallest and fastest computer imitating brain working.

Quantum computing is computing using quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement. A quantum computer is a device that performs quantum computing. Such a computer is different from binary digital electronic computers based on transistors. Whereas common digital computing requires that the data be encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses quantum bits or qubits, which can be in superpositions of states. A quantum Turing machine is a theoretical model of such a computer, and is also known as the universal quantum computer. The field of quantum computing was initiated by the work of Paul Benioff and Yuri Manin in 1980, Richard Feynman in 1982, and David Deutsch in 1985.

When UPC is used, the price of the item is located on the shelf and in computer storage.

Universal product code (UPC), a unique 12-digit number assigned to retail merchandise that identifies both the product and the vendor that sells the product. The UPC on a product typically appears adjacent to its bar code, the machine-readable representation of the UPC.

A barcode is an optical, machine-readable, representation of data; the data usually describes something about the object that carries the barcode.